• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.589-602
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• 2008

This article studies on disability pensioners' characteristic with multinomial logit and logistic regression model. Seven factors are examined on whether each factor is reflected in degree of disability in the disability pension. By incorporating multinomial logit and logistic regression model, effectiveness and characteristic of the seven factors are investigated on the degree of disability. Result shows all the seven factors are significant on the degree of disability, while among the seven, five factors, age, sex, type of coverage, type of category, insured duration show a trend in degree of disability and the other two, cause of disability and class of standard monthly income are not effective on trend in degree of disability. Results from analyses might be useful for disability pension management.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.67-94
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• 1987

본(本) 연구(硏究)의 목적(目的)은 공무원연금제도(公務員年金制度)의 장래(將來) 재정안정(財政安定)을 위한 연금급여구조(年金給與構造)의 개선방안(改善方案)을 제시하기 위한 것이며, 이를 위하여 가입후(加入後) 연금수급(年金受給)을 마칠 때까지의 갹출(醵出) 및 급여과정(給與過程)의 시뮬레이션을 통하여 공무원연금(公務員年金) 가입자(加入者)의 수익률(收益率), 손익분기점(損益分岐點) 및 급여수준(給與水準) 등을 분석(分析)하였다. 분석결과(分析結果) 공무원연금제도(公務員年金制度)의 현급여구조(現給與構造)가 지속(持續)된다면 재정위기(財政危機)가 초래될 것으로 전망된다. 이는 퇴직시점(退職時點)의 최종보수(最終報酬)를 기준으로 연금액(年金額)을 산정하고 공무원(公務員)의 퇴직연령(退職年齡)이 일반적으로 낮으며 수급자(受給者)의 평균수명이 길어져 연금액지출(年金額支出)이 증대되고 있기 때문이다. 이에 대한 대안(代案)으로 국민연금(國民年金)의 산정방법(算定方法)(전가입자평균보수(全加入者平均報酬)와 가입자개인(加入者個人)의 전가입기간평균보수(全加入期間平均報酬)를 기준으로 연금(年金)을 산정(算定))을 적용하고 연금수급시점(年金受給時點)을 60세부터로 하는 경우를 검토하여 본 결과 현저한 재정안정효과(財政安定效果)뿐 아니라 소득재분배효과(所得再分配效果)도 가져 오는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 이러한 개선방안(改善方案)은 연금수급자(年金受給者)들에게 충격을 줄 수 있으므로 적정수익률(適正收益率)을 감안한 점진적(漸進的) 개선(改善)이 바람직하다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.2 s.30
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• pp.185-193
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to observe the pattern of change in medical care utilization over time in early years of insurance coverage. The source of data is the benefit records file of a voluntary medical insurance society for covering the four-year period, from 1982 to 1985. The measure of medical care utilization used in this study is the age-sex standardized percentage of the enrollee who have visited a physician over total analytical population during a three-month period. For six cohorts by the year of enrollment ($1979{\sim}1984$), the relationship between the utilization and duration of insurance coverage was examined controlling for the calender year and season. In the analysis, logistic multiple regression and residual analysis were employed. It was observed that medical care utilization rapidly increased during the early stage of insurance coverage, and after then increased at a slower rate over time to become almost stable in about twenty months.

• Journal of Teachers' Pension
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• v.2
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• pp.47-102
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• 2017

오늘날 대다수의 선진 국가들은 고령화 사회에 대비하여 자국의 노후소득보장 제도를 대대적으로 개혁해 오고 있다. 우리나라의 경우에서도 지난 2015년 사학연금제도의 개혁이 이러한 취지에 해당될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 고령화 사회의 문제가 단순히 노인부양비용의 증가 그 자체가 아니라, 평균수명의 증가에도 불구하고 늘어나게 된 노후의 삶에 대한 시간적 배분이 근로와 여가에 걸쳐 균형적으로 이루어지지 않고, 사회적 부양을 필요로 하는 노후의 여가만 일방적으로 늘어나고 있다는 점을 문제점으로 지적하였다. 따라서 이러한 차원에서 볼 때 고령화 사회의 문제는 생애근로기간의 연장을 통해서만 효과적으로 극복할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다, 하지만 이와는 반대로 개인별로 건강상태나 가족상황 등의 이유로 생애근로주기의 연장이 불가능한 사람들을 위하여 별도의 제도적 장치가 추가적으로 마련되어야 할 것이다. 종합해 보면, 고령화 사회의 노동시장 문제는 개인별로 다양한 욕구나 능력을 반영하여 각자에게 다양한 선택권을 보장해 줄 수 있는 방향으로 개선되어야 할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 고령화 사회에 대비하여 연금수급연령 상향조정의 필요성을 사학연금제도를 중심으로 살펴보고, 대신 그로 인해 발생할 수 있는 소득공백문제와 연금가입경력 공백문제 등 제반의 충격을 흡수할 수 있는 제도적 장치로서 점진적 퇴직제도의 도입방안을 제안하였다. 개략적으로 사학연금제도에 있어서 점진적 퇴직모형은 법정연금수급연령의 인상 일정에 따라 다음과 같이 운영하는 방안을 제안하였다. 먼저 법정연금수급연령이 60세로 유지되는 2022년까지의 단기적 대책으로서 여기서 점진적 퇴직의 자격연령은 모든 가입자에게 60세로 적용하도록 한다. 이 경우 가입자들의 신분구분에 따라 각각 교수 5년, 교원 2년(문제해결에 대한 정책적 의지에 따라 이행구간을 확장할 수도 있음) 그리고 교직원 0년의 조기의 점진적 퇴직이 허용되므로, 현재 교원이나 교수의 임용대란문제에 효과적으로 대응을 할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 다음으로는 2023년 이후 2033년 사이 법정연금수급연령의 인상단계에 해당되는 기간 동안의 대책으로서 여기서는 교수, 교원, 교직원에게 적용되는 정년연령과 매년도 법정연금수급연령 사이의 기간을 조기의 점진적 퇴직 이행구간으로 정하도록 한다. 그리고 이러한 이행구간에 상당하는 기간만큼 후기의 점진적 퇴직 이행구간을 별도로 설정하여 그에 적절한 혜택이 주어질 수 있도록 한다. 마지막으로 2033년 이후부터는 교수, 교사, 교직원의 신분구분 없이 모두에게 적용되는 사항으로서 65세를 기준으로 그 이전의 5년은 사학연금의 적용을 받는 조기의 점진적 퇴직 그리고 그 이후의 5년은 국민연금의 적용을 받는 후기의 점진적 퇴직이 이루어질 수 있도록 한다. 그리고 전체 10년의 점진적 퇴직 이행구간 동안 개인별로 퇴직시점이나 퇴직형태의 선택이 자유롭게 이루어질 수 있도록 하기 위하여 보험수리의 원칙에 입각한 감액률 또는 가산율의 엄격한 적용을 제안하였다. 그리고 고령계층이 자신의 근로시간을 단계적으로 단축할 수 있도록 하고, 그 과정에서 발생하게 되는 소득의 감소부분은 별도의 제도적 방법(가교연금, 시간가치적립계정 등)으로 충당하도록 하는 방안을 제안하였다. 나아가 점진적 퇴직제도의 운영방식은 근로시간의 단축뿐만 아니라 작업부담의 경감 등에 대해서도 인정을 해주도록 해줌으로써 임금피크제도의 기능과 연계가 가능할 수 있도록 할 것을 제안하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.931-946
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• 2015

Many multiple life insurance products consider benefits that are contingent on the combined survival status of two lives. To value premiums of the insurance products accurately, we need to consider the impact of the survivorship of one life on another. To show a dependence relation between married couple, we calculate correlation coefficients by using married couples data from National Pension Service and the results show some positive dependence between them. Moreover, by analyzing the death after bereavement, we find a evidence that mortality rates increase after the death of a spouse and, in addition, that this phenomenon, the broken-heart syndrome, diminishes over time. The results of this study can support the method to calculate the premium of multiple life insurance reflecting more realistic joint mortality rates.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.726-738
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• 2016

This paper aims to examine structural relationship between the influence factors of customer loyalty, hypothesizing that m-CRM characteristics, market orientations, relationship quality and relationship length plays a crucial role in achieving customer loyalty in insurance companies. Total of 255 valid sample data were used to test study hypotheses. By using Structure Equation Modeling(SEM) method, the results show that m-CRM characteristics and customer orientation significantly influence to relationship quality except competitor orientation and all relationship quality are very significantly influence to customer loyalty being consisted of customer retention and word of mouth effect. In addition, the modulation effect of relationship length is confirmed about relationship between relationship quality and customer loyalty. A real situation we conducted our research may enable academics and practitioners to understand the antecedents and outcomes of m-CRM implementation in terms of market orientation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.2
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• pp.233-240
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate members' affiliation motive to Forest Management Cooperative which is the main managemental body of the private forests and management problems of the organization to find out a solution of the problems and set active promotion plan. The questionnaire about the management of the cooperatives was done by interviewing the members at Seoha Inboh Forest Management Cooperative in Ulsan-gun, Kyongsangnam-do and Sechong Forest Management Cooperative in Chinan-gun, Chollabuk-do from July to August in 1993. Twenty interviewees were selected in the order of their business quantity on the forest from the members who reside in their villages. Integrated matters such as were members' affiliation motive, benefit after their affiliation, management system, incorporation of the organization and other issues concerning to managemental plans questioned. During the survey period, other data about management of the cooperatives were collected from the related organizations and opinions of every president of nine cooperatives in the investigated regions. The majority of the members agreed that the cooperative is an independent forest organization and evaluated the Training and Extension Service Center high. However, their participations in the cooperative such as forest technical training and cooperative forest management were low since they have not earned any income from their forest management.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.339-347
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• 2013

Recently, Korean medium-sized medical organizations require innovative strategies. Network-driven concerns in Korean medical organization have been a front burner issue to enhance economic and managerial efficiencies. Effective network-driven collaboration depends upon effective processes and economics strategies among medical providers group. From this motivation, we studied and provided the systems' theoretical background and networked hospital system structures. The aim of suggested research model in this paper is to overcome demerit of stand-alone medium-sized hospitals and analyze a system dynamics model to measure managerial performances. The developed system dynamics model is to quantify the effects of network strategy based on the historical financial data of real-life hospitals network experiences. The network effects are resulted in efficiencies and effectiveness enhancements in competitiveness through advertisement and effective education system. The simulations of system dynamics results can explain the improvement in financial outcome by joining in the network group. The network effects are shown more effective in dental hospital than other groups. In conclusion, it is expected that network effects have a critical influence of managerial, marketing, and medical collaboration performance for any type of medical hospitals.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.65-73
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the changes in distance refractive power and reading addition that occur after wearing corrective glasses for prebyopia. Methods: The subjects aged 42 to 75 years who had no ophthalmologic diseases and did not undergo cataract or retina surgery, had a corrected visual acuity of 20/20 and did not have a previous history of wearing corrective glasses for presbyopia. These subjects were divided into 3 groups: the control, reading spectacles and multifocals wearing group and they were measured for distance refractive power and reading addition at their visit. The maximum follow-up period was 73 months. Results: As for distance refractive power, the power tends to shift to hyperopia depending on age (r=0.486, p<.001) and 50.0% of the subjects increased plus power during this study period. Plus power Increments per year in distance refractive power in the reading spectacle wearing group were significantly different with control and multifocals wearing group (p<.05). On the other hand, the multifocals wearing group's increments were not different with control. Increments in reading addition were also increased in the reading spectacles group than in the control and multifocals wearing groups (p<.05). Conclusions: The age related hyperopic shift could be occurred in the elderly people, routine refraction is mandatory. And reading spectacles could induce an age related hyperopic shift and the additional need for reading addition that the prescription of multifocals may reduce changes in distance refractive power and reading addition.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.103-111
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• 2016

Seasonal dynamics of kelp forest-forming algae, Ecklonia cava population formed following the large-scale disturbance by Typhoon 'Bolaven' in August 2012 were investigated in Jeju Island, Korea. Morphological characteristics, recruits density, mortality rate, total density and biomass were monitored bimonthly from June 2013 to June 2015. Total and longest blade lengths, and individual weight of E. cava showed distinct seasonal trends. Stipe length increased from winter to spring, but did not show increase or reduced from summer to autumn. This indicates that morphological characteristics of E. cava are mainly affected by the change of blades. The optimal temperature for E. cava growth was about $15-18^{\circ}C$ during winter to spring while the growths were inhibited at the water temperature above $20^{\circ}C$ during summer. E. cava exhibited very low recruitment during spring-summer. However, high recruitment was observed on April 2015 when canopy cover was very low due to low density. This indicates that recruitment of E. cava was controlled not by seasonal effects but by physical factors such as canopy and space. The mortality rate of juvenile plants was highest due to their unstable settlement. By June 2015, 34 months after the disturbances, E. cava was almost recovered to the pre-disturbance population size structure. These results suggest that recovery of kelp forest following the large-scale disturbance requires a considerable period of time (more than three years). This study should provide valuable ecological information on management, restoration and protection of kelp species.