• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.660-664
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• 1998

Death of non-growing microorganisms in saline was studied to observe the inhibitory effect of NaCl in foods on the viability of microorganisms. When Leuconostoc mesenteroides LA10, Staphylococcus aureus B31 and Escherichia coli B34 were incubated in McIlvaine buffer with 0, 10, 20, 30% NaCl at $30^{\circ}C$, they survived best at pH 6, 5, 7, respectively. The survival of 5 lactic acid bacteria, 9 other bacteria and 2 yeasts was tested at pH 5, 6, 7 with 10% NaCl. Gram-positive bacteria survived in saline better than Gram-negative bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria and S. aureus survived better than other bacteria. The number of survivors decreased as concentrations of NaCl increased and as pH moved to acidic or alkaline side from the above-mentioned. When L. mesenteroides LA10 was incubated in saline with those materials which are known to protect microorganisms from the killing effect of NaCl, protective effect was not observed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.200-218
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• 2015

The purpose of the present study was to examine daily lives of elderly welfare recipients and their experiences with social welfare services. Researchers collected and analyzed data through individual interviews with 11 elderly welfare recipients. A major theme in the time context was "Daily lives enduring physical and mental sufferings alone and mismatches of social welfare services": 'Starting same tedious days: trading diligent work for basic living assistance', 'Forced ritual of having meals', 'Struggle with depressing night: not attentive welfare services at closing hours', 'Welfare services suspended in holidays', 'Mind and body withered by economic hardship in winter', 'Social support for enduring weary lives'. In the space context, a major themes was "Inadequate welfare services and social interaction in the context of social isolation": 'Unhygienic and unsafe living environment', 'Hiding places: spending tedious days in vacant lots', 'Community welfare centers useful only for healthy elderly', 'Differences and similarities of elderly in urban and rural areas', 'Receiving restricted medical services at hospitals', 'Hard-to-reach public institutions', 'ambivalence about living as welfare recipients'. Based on the findings, the researchers proposed implications for policy and practice to improve elderly welfare recipients' quality of life.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.39-50
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• 2012

The objective of this study is the quantitative analysis of climate change effects by performing several statistical analyses with hydrometeorological data sets for past 30 years in Geum river watershed. Temperature, precipitation, relative humidity data sets were collected from eight observation stations for 37 years(1973~2009) in Geum river watershed. River level data was collected from Gongju and Gyuam gauge stations for 36 years(1973~2008) considering rating curve credibility problems and future long-term runoff modeling. Annual and seasonal year-to-year variation of hydrometeorological components were analyzed by calculating the average, standard deviation, skewness, and coefficient of variation. The results show precipitation has the strongest variability. Run test, Turning point test, and Anderson Exact test were performed to check if there is randomness in the data sets. Temperature and precipitation data have randomness and relative humidity and river level data have regularity. Groundwater level data has both aspects(randomness and regularity). Linear regression and Mann-Kendal test were performed for trend test. Temperature is increasing yearly and seasonally and precipitation is increasing in summer. Relative humidity is obviously decreasing. The results of this study can be used for the evaluation of the effects of climate change on water resources and the establishment of future water resources management technique development plan.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.71-96
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• 2008

Arbitration is fundamentally a matter of contract, whereby contractual parties may only be required to submit a dispute to arbitration pursuant to their formal agreement. However, there are several important exceptions to this rule that have developed under common law notions of implied consent. These doctrines may serve either to benefit or to harm a nonsignatory to an arbitral agreement because either (1) the nonsignatory may compel a signatory to the agreement to arbitrate a dispute or (2) the nonsignatory may be compelled to arbitrate a dispute despite never having signed an arbitration agreement. The Court has a long-standing domestic policy of favoring arbitration, and these doctrines reflect that policy. 1. incorporation by reference An arbitration clause may apply to a party who is a nonsignatory to one agreement containing an arbitration clause but who is a signatory to a second agreement that incorporates the terms of the first agreement. 2. assumption An arbitration clause may apply to a nonsignatory who has impliedly agreed to arbitrate. Under this theory, the nonsignatory's conduct is a determinative factor. For example, a nonsignatory who voluntarily begins arbitrating the merits of a dispute before an arbitral tribunal may be bound by the arbitrator's ruling on that dispute even though the nonsignatory was not initially required to arbitrate the dispute. 3. agency A nonsignatory to an arbitration agreement may be bound to arbitrate a dispute stemming from that agreement under the traditional laws of agency. A principal may also be bound to arbitrate a claim based on an agreement containing an arbitration clause signed by the agent. The agent, however, does not generally become individually bound by executing such an agreement on behalf of a disclosed principal unless there is clear evidence that the agent intended to be bound. 4. veil piercing/alter ego In the corporate context, a nonsignatory corporation to an arbitration agreement may be bound by that agreement if the agreement is signed by its parent, subsidiary, or affiliate. 5. estoppel The doctrine of equitable estoppel is usually applied by nonsignatory defendants who wish to compel signatory plaintiffs to arbitrate a dispute. This will generally be permitted when (1) the signatory must rely on the terms of the contract in support of its claims against the nonsignatory, or (2) the signatory alleges that it and the nonsignatory engaged in interdependent misconduct that is intertwined with the obligations imposed by the contract. Therefore, this article analyzed these doctrines centering around case-law in America.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.489-495
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• 2016

In this study, the Warm-Mix Asphalt was prepared using a modified Sulfur Binder mixed with an additive of a polymer component in sulfur, which is an industrial by-product generated in the crude oil refining process. The dynamic stability and durability characteristics of the prepared Warm-Mix Asphalt was evaluated by the indirect tensile strength, the tensile strength ratio before and after water immersion and freezing-thawing, and the dynamic stability by wheel tracking test. The Warm-Mix Asphalt Mixtures using Modified Sulfur Binder has a tensile strength ratio before and after water immersion of 0.88, which is about 1.13 times that of the Warm-Mix formed modified Asphalt, and the tensile strength ration before and after freezing-thawing is also 0.82, thus, all tensile strength ratios satisfied the KS quality standard value of 0.75 or more. The indirect tensile strength was 1.6MPa which was twice the KS quality standard value of 0.8MPa, and about 1.24 times higher than that of normal heated asphalt 1.29MPa. In addition, the dynamic stability by the wheel tracking test was 14,075 times/mm, which was about 15 times higher than that of normal heated asphalt and about 3 times higher than that of the Warm-Mix formed modified Asphalt, showing excellent resistance to plastic deformation such as fatigue cracks.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between insomnia severity, depression, anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity and to find out the explanatory variables that account for the insomnia severity among depression, anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity in general population. 95 mentally healthy volunteers who visit health promotion center of Kangbuk Samsung hospital for their regular medical examination were requested to complete Athens Insomnia Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Association between total scores of Athens Insomnia Scale and other variables (total scores of Beck Depression Inventory excluded item 16, total scores of State Anxiety, total scores of Trait Anxiety, and total scores of Anxiety Sensitivity Scale) was assessed individually with partial correlations adjusted by age and then together using multiple regression analysis. The total scores of Athens Insomnia Scale were significantly associated with total scores of Beck Depression Inventory excluded item 16 (r=0.541, p<0.001), total scores of Trait Anxiety (r=0.642, p<0.001), total scores of State Anxiety (r=0.267, p<0.05), and total scores of Anxiety Sensitivity Index (r=0.312, p<0.01). Total scores of trait anxiety showed the highest correlation with the total scores of Athens Insomnia Scale and was the significant predictor to total scores of Athens Insomnia Scale among the other predictor variables (p<0.001). These results show that insomnia severity is positively correlated with depression, anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity. The correlation was strongest with trait anxiety. In addition, our results suggest that trait anxiety is associated with insomnia severity in general populations.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2000

The behavior of nucleation and crystallization in the $Li_2O_3-SiO_2$ glass heat-treated at different condition under the conventional and microwave processing was studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), and electrical conductivity measurement. Nucleation temperature and temperature of maximum nucleation rate in both conventionally and microwave heat-treated samples were 460~$500^{\circ}C$ and $580^{\circ}C$, respectively. It was expected that the probability for bulk crystallization increased in microwave heat-treated sample, compared to conventionally heat-treated one. Degree of crystallization increased with increasing crystallization temperature in both conventionally and microwave heat-treated samples. However, pattern of crystallization growth under microwave processing appeared to be quite different from that under the conventional one due to its internal or volumetric heating. Electrical conductivity of conventionally and microwave heat-treated samples were 1.337~2.299, 0.281~~$0.911{\times}10^{-7}\Omega {\textrm}{cm}^{-1}$, respectively.

• Clean Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.398-405
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• 2014

In the treatment of spent high energetic materials, the issues such as environmental pollution, safety as well as working capacity should be carefully considered and well examined. In this regard, incineration has been recommended as one of the most promising processes for the disposal of such explosives. Due to the fact that high energetic materials encompass various types and their different characteristics, the technology development dealing with various materials is not an easy task. In this study, rigorous modeling and dynamic simulation was carried out to predict dynamic physico-chemical phenomena for research department explosive (RDX). Plug flow reactor was employed to describe the incinerator with 263 elementary reactions and 43 chemical species. Simulation results showed that safe operations can be achieved mainly by controlling the reactor temperature. At 1,200 K, only thermal decomposition (combustion) occurred, whereas increasing temperature to 1,300 K, caused the reaction rates to increase drastically, which led to ignition. The temperature further increased to 3,000 K which was the maximum temperature recorded for the entire process. Case studies for different operating temperatures were also executed and it was concluded that the modeling approach and simulation results will serve as a basis for the effective design and operation of RDX incinerator.

• Clean Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2014

Because of the water scarcity caused by the increase of salinity in the underground water, seawater desalination stands out as one of the most promising solution. As there are so much energy costs in operating desalination plants, new hybrid process which is more effective should be researched. A geothermal VMD (vacuum membrane distillation) hybrid process is a competitive alternative for seawater desalination. Because geothermal energy has significant characteristics of high capacity factor to operate the power plant at full capacity for 24 hour per day, it can be a priority heat source of VMD superior to any other renewable energies such as solar and wind power. In this study, we design a geothermal VMD hybrid process, analyze it economically and finally compare the result with a case of conventional VMD process. Geothermal VMD hybrid process generates $23,822,409 of NPV (net present value) more than the conventional VMD process in case of 5% discount rate. The break-even point between these processes is 5.36 year. Sensitivity analysis indicates that steam cost is the most decisive influence variable to the economic outcome.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.19-26
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• 2020

This study analyzed the status and trend of gender wage gap among listed companies in KOPSI market over the 2000-2017 period. The main results of the study are as follows. First, the gender employment gap index for KOSPI listed companies stood at 39.81 in 2017, with 40 women per 100 men being employed. Although the absolute value of the proportion of female employment remains low, it has not only been higher than 33.74 in 2000 but has also increased steadily in recent years. In terms of the number of years of service, the average number of male employees in 2017 was 9.9 years, compared with 6.9 years for female employees, and the gender tenure gap decreased over the past few years. Finally, The gender wage gap index increased from 60.57 in 2000 to 67.87 in 2017. In addition, there are slight variations in the size of the company or industry, but consistent results have shown that the gender wage gap decreases in recent years. The findings suggest that our society is developing in a way that reduces the gender employment gap and the gender wage gap.