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A Preprocessing System for Multi-Lingual Machine Translation of Web Pages (웹용 다국어 기계번역을 위한 전처리기)

  • 이영우;안동원;서진원;정성종
    • Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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    • 1998.10c
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    • pp.204-206
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    • 1998
  • 여러 언어들로 작성된 웹문서들을 다국어 기계번역기에서 번역하기 위해서는 우선 해당 웹문서가 어떠한 언어로 작성되었는지를 알아내야 한다. 코드 분석을 통하여 웹문서를 작성한 언어를 알게되면 해당 언어를 번역하는 기계번역기를 작동시킬 수 있다. 또한, 웹문서에서 기계번역의 대상은 HTML 태그를 제외한 일반 문장이다. 따라서, 웹용 기계번역의 전처리기에서 웹문서에서 HTML 태그를 분리하여야 하며 번역이 완료된 후 번역된 문서에 HTML 태그를 복원하여 웹브라우저에서 번역된 문서를 볼 수 있어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 웹용 다국어 기계번역을 위한 전처리기의 태그관리기와 코드인식기를 설명한다.

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A joint statistical model for word spacing and spelling error correction (띄어쓰기 및 철자 오류 동시교정을 위한 통계적 모델)

  • Noh, Hyung-Jong;Cha, Jeong-Won;Lee, Gary Geun-Bae
    • Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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    • 2006.10e
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    • pp.25-31
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    • 2006
  • 본 논문에서는 띄어쓰기 오류와 철자 오류를 동시에 교정 가능한 전처리기를 제안한다. 제시된 알고리즘은 기존의 전처리기 알고리즘이 각 오류를 따로 해결하는 데에서 오는 한계를 극복하고, 기존의 noisy-channel model을 확장하여 대화체의 띄어쓰기 오류와 철자오류를 동시에 효과적으로 교정할 수 있다. N-gram과 자소변환확률 등의 통계적 방법과 어절변환패턴 사전을 이용하여 최대한 사전을 적게 이용하면서도 효과적으로 교정 후보들을 생성할 수 있다. 실험을 통해 현재 단계에서는 만족할 만한 성능을 얻지는 못하였지만 오류 분석을 통하여 이와 같은 방법론이 실제로 효용성이 있음을 알 수 있었고 앞으로 더 많은 개선을 통해 일상적인 대화체 문장에 대해서 효과적인 전처리기로서 기능할 수 있을 것으로 기대 된다.

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Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Aboveground Biomass and Distribution of Nutrient Content of Pinus rigida and Larix kaempferi Plantations in Yangpyeong area, Gyeonggi Province (질소와 인 시비가 경기도 양평지역 리기다소나무와 낙엽송 조림지의 지상부 생체량과 양분농도에 미치는 영향)

  • 이임균;손요환;오정수
    • Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.1-18
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    • 2004
  • Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on aboveground biomass and distribution of nutrient content in tree components were determined in adjacent 41-year-old plantations of Pinus rigida Miller and Larix kaempferi Gordon on a similar soil in Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi Province. Fertilizer was experimentally applied at the three levels [control(C), 200 N kg/ha+25 P kg/ha(LNP), and 400 N kg/ha+50 P kg/ha(HNP)] in June, 1996. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows: Total aboveground biomass of P. rigida and L. kaempferi stands was 149, 145ton/ha for control, 166, 149ton/ha for LNP, and 152, 170ton/ha for HNP, respectively, and did not differ between the tree species. Aboveground biomass of P. rigida and L. kaempferi plantations were distributed as follows: stemwood>branch>stembark>foliage. Biomass of understory vegetation was 1,111kg/ha for P. rigida and 907kg/ha for L. kaempferi, and comprised 0.6~0.7% of the total aboveground biomass of the plantations. The concentrations of all nutrients(N, P, K, Ca, Mg) were generally higher in L. kaempferi than in P. rigida because of high nutrient uptake characteristics of Larix spp. Nutrient concentrations in tree components of P. rigida and L. kaempferi plantations were not significantly different among treatments, whereas they were significantly different between species and among tree components. The nutrient concentration in tree components of both tree species decreased in order of foliage>branch>stembark>stemwood. The contents of all nutrients were higher in the fertilized plots than in the control plots, generally the highest in LNP for P. rigida and in HNP for L. kaempferi. Total nutrient(N+P+K+Ca+Mg) contents of aboveground biomass were 703kg/ha for P. rigida and 869kg/ha for L. kaempferi, respectively.

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Decay rate and Nutrient Dynamics during Litter Decomposition of Pinus rigida and Pinus koraiensis (리기다소나무와 잣나무 낙엽의 분해율 및 분해과정에 따른 영양염류 함량 변화)

  • Won, Ho-yeon;Lee, Young-sang;Jo, Soo-un;Lee, Il-hwan;Jin, Sun-deok;Hwang, So-young
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.32 no.6
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    • pp.557-565
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    • 2018
  • We examined the nutrient dynamics during the leaf litter decomposition rate and process of Pinus rigida and Pinus koraiensis in Gongju for 21 months from December 2014 to September 2016 as a part of National Long-Term Ecological Research Program in Korea. The remaining weight rate of P. rigida and P. koraiensis leaf litter was $58.27{\pm}4.13$ and $54.08{\pm}4.32%$, respectively, indicating that the P. koraiensis leaf litter decomposed faster than P. rigida leaf litter. The decay constant (k) of P. rigida leaf litter and P.koraiensis leaf litter after 21 months was 0.95 and 1.08, respectively, indicating that P. koraiensis leaf litter decayed faster than P. rigida leaf litter probably due to the difference of nitrogen concentration between the two. The C/N ratio of P. rigida and P. koraiensis leaf litter was 64.4 and 40.6, respectively, initially, and then decreased to 41.0 and 18.9, respectively, after 21 months. The C/P ratio of P. rigida and P. koraiensis leaf litter was 529.8 and 236.5, respectively, and then decreased to 384.1, 205.2, respectively, after 21 months. The contents of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were 6.78, 0.83, 2.84, 0.99, and 2.59 mg/g, respectively, in the P. rigida leaf litter and 10.90, 1.87, 5.82, 4.79, and 2.00 mg/g, respectively, in the P. koraiensis leaf litter, indicating that the elements except the magnesium showed higher contents in P. koraiensis. After 21 months elapsed, remaining N, P, K, Ca, and Mg was 88.4, 77.6, 26.7, 50.5 and 44.5%, respectively, in decomposing P. rigida, and 114.4, 61.3, 7.6, 115.2 and 72.0%, respectively, decomposing P. koraiensis leaf litter.

Biochemical Substances from Normal Needles and Infested Needles Attacked by Thecodiplosis japonensis in Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and Pinus rigida (소나무, 해송(海松) 및 리기다소나무에 있어서 건전엽(健全葉)과 솔잎혹파리 피해엽(被害葉)의 생화학적(生化學的) 물질비교(物質比較))

  • Han, Sang Urk;Lee, Don Koo;Chon, Sang Keun
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.50 no.1
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    • pp.49-55
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    • 1980
  • Monoterpenes, phenolic substances, growth substances and total nitrogen from normal needles and infested needles attacked by Thecodiplosis japonensis were compared for Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and Pinus rigida. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1. Major monoterpene components in P. densiflora needles were ${\beta}$-phellandrene, ${\alpha}$-pinene and those in P. rigida needles were ${\beta}$-pinene and ${\alpha}$-pinene. In P. rigida resistant to this insect, infested needles showed higher ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene and myrcene but lower camphene, limonene and ${\beta}$-phellandrene than normal needles. 2. Orcinol, catechol ferulic acid, salicylic acid and five unknowns were detected in P. rigida needles whereas orcinol, catechol, ferulic acid and four unknowns in P. densiflora needles. 3. Tryptophan, a precursor of IAA, was detected in larvae and also in gall tissues of both P. densiflora and P. thunbergii needles. This fact shows that growth substances may involve in gall formation by Thecodiplosis japonensis. 4. Total nitrogen contents per unit needle weight were neither significantly different between P. densiflora and P. rigida, nor between normal and infested needles.

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Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Vegetation near the Closed Daeseong Coal Mine in Keumsan, Chungnam (충남 금산 폐탄광지역의 토양 및 식물체내 중금속 오염)

  • 민일식;송석환;김명희
    • Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.41-51
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    • 1998
  • The research was conducted to measure the heavy metal pollution of soils and vegetations adjacent to the closed Daeseong coal mine in Keumsan, Chungnam. The studied area was divided into two sites ; the coal-bearing polluted and the non-polluted without coal. The samples of the weathered soils and vegetations(Miscnthus sinenis(MS) and Pinus rigida(PR)) were collected from both area. Cr, Mo, Ni, and Fe concentrations were high in the polluted soils, whereas Co, Sc, and Zn concentrations were high in the non-polluted soils. In the vegetations, Co, Cr, Sc, and Fe concentrations in the roots of MS and PR growing on the polluted sites were higher than the above-ground. However, on the non-polluted sites, Mo and Ni concentrations had an opposite trend. In the above-ground parts, high heavy metal concentrations (except Cr) were shown in MS of the non-polluted sites, whereas in the roots, heavy metal concentrations (except Zn) were high in the polluted sites. In the average heavy metal concentrations of two plants, most elements (except Zn) were lower in the plants than the soils. Comparing with vegetations and adjacent forest soils, heavy metal concentrations of the MS were similar to those of soil concentrations relative to the PR, suggesting that absorptions of the elements were higher in the MS than the PR.

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Antimicrobial & Physiological Characteristics of Ethanol Extract from Pinus rigida Miller Leaves (리기다소나무 잎 에탄올 추출물의 항균 및 생리특성)

  • Oh, Byung-Tae;Choi, Sung-Gil;Cho, Sung-Hwan
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.13 no.5
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    • pp.629-633
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    • 2006
  • Pinus rigida Miller leaf extract (PRLE) showed antimicrobial activity remarkably against food pathogenic and spoilage bacteria at concentrations of $100{\sim}250{\mu}g/mL$. Alcohol-soluble PRLE had higher antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E-coli than any other-soluble PRLE such as butanol, ethyl acetate, ether and water. As PRLE concentration increased alcohol-soluble PRLE increased the remarkable inhibitory zone of microbial growth on the microbial media. PRLE showed good stability against temperature and pH in the range of $40{\sim}150^{\circ}C$ and $4{\sim}11$, respectively. This may indicate that PRLE can be a potential anti-microbial agent for industrial application. In addition, SEM of Listeria monocytogenes suggested that it antimicrobial component would perturb the functions of microbial cell membranes synergistically. In the feeding experiment the formaldehyde content in the serum of formalin-fed and PRLE-treated me decreased remarkably due to the lysis of formaldehyde and the rate of hemoglobin biosynthesis was recovered to the orignal state within a short breeding time.

기술현황분석 - 풍력발전기 동적 시뮬레이션을 위한 NREL 프로그램군에 관한 소개 - 전처리기를 중심으로

  • Bang, Je-Seong;Im, Chae-Hwan;Kim, Jae-Dong
    • 기계와재료
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.74-83
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    • 2011
  • 풍력발전기 동적 시뮬레이션 프로그램 개발을 위해 미국풍력기술연구센터(NWTC)의 프로그램군에 대해 분석하고 이를 소개하였다. 본 편에서는 에어포일 데이터를 생성하는 AirfoilPrep, IEC 61400-1 기준의 극한 조건에 해당하는 허브 높이의 바람 데이터를 생성하는 IECWind, 통계적인 방법에 의해 전 영역에 대한 난류 바람 데이터를 생성하는 TurbSim, 복합재료 블레이드의 구조적 특성치를 계산하는 PreComp, 블레이드와 타워의 모드 형상을 구하는 BModes와 같은 전처리기를 중심으로 설명하였다.

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