• the MEAT Journal
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• s.36 summer
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• pp.72-86
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• 2009

Microbial reduction, physicochemical property, and sensory evaluation of irradiated beef patty were investigated. The microbial counts of refrigerated beef patty were reduced to below the number of 3 logs after irradiation at 3 kGy. But no viable microorganism was detected in frozen beef patty irradiated at 3 kGy. Food additives such as nitrite, salt, phosphate and ascorbic acid did not affect on the inactivation of microorganism by irradiation. The irradiation effect on the water holding capacity was not significant, but frozen irradiated beef patty showed higher water holding capacity than refrigerated beef patty. The drip loss of irradiated beef patty did not show significant differences according to irradiation doses. Considering the influence of food additives, the irradiated beef patty mixed with salt and phosphate showed lower drip loss than that without food additives. In refrigerated beef patty, TBARS values were increased with increase of irradiation doses and showed lower values in the beef patty mixed with food additives than that without food additives. The redness of refrigerated beef patty showed highest values at 3 kGy of irradiation and then decreased with increasing irradiation doses, while in the frozen beef patty did not show distinct tendency according to the irradiation doses or food additives. In sensory evaluation. the irradiated beef patty showed unpleasant smell as compared with the non irradiated beef patty, but showed somewhat higher score in smell at the sample contained ascorbic acid regardless of irradiation doses.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.211-216
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• 2018

This study was intended to analyze the effects of the selection of excellent design product by the KIDP(Korea Institute of Design Promotion) on the business performance of the company focused on the start-up with relatively low competitiveness. According to the statistics of KIDP in 2013, a design accounted for 27.53% of the factors affecting the sales of products and a design was the most important factor among the factors affecting the sales of products for the small sized company in terms of the scale of company. In addition, looking at the trend by industry in the data collected for this study, the technology-based industry showed a relatively higher growth rate than the retail industry and other industries. In this study, the author surveyed 186 companies of the companies that recognized the importance of design in difficult management conditions and received excellent design product certificate from KIDP(2013, 2014 and 2015) and empirically verified whether there was any difference in business performance between the start-ups with a business history of less than 7 years and the ongoing firms with a business history of more than 7 years. To evaluate the value of design, we used analytical method of measuring related values by comparison between groups. In addition, we also analyzed the difference in business performance(sales) between manufacturing companies, where the role of design was relatively large, and non-manufacturing companies among companies that received the excellent design product certificate. We have established a study hypothesis that the selection of excellent design product by the KIDP would have more positive effect on the business performance(sales) of the start-up compared to the ongoing firm, and conducted an empirical analysis by comparing both the year before and the year after the selected year. As a result, we found that the selection of excellent design product by the KIDP has a positive effect on the business performance of the start-up, and the selection of excellent design product has a significant effect on the difference in business performance between manufacturing and non-manufacturing companies. This study was conducted in the hope that the government actively supports the design-related policies so that the selection of excellent design product become an important indicator of the business performance of the start-up, and thus the design management will be a way to enhance the competitiveness of the start-up.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiation doses during CT transmission scan by changing tube voltage and tube current, and to estimate the radiation dose during our clinical whole body $^{137}Cs$ transmission scan and high quality CT scan. Radiation doses were evaluated for Philips GEMINI 16 slices PET/CT system. Radiation dose was measured with standard CTDI head and body phantoms in a variety of CT tube voltage and tube current. A pencil ionization chamber with an active length of 100 mm and electrometer were used for radiation dose measurement. The measurement is carried out at the free-in-air, at the center, and at the periphery. The averaged absorbed dose was calculated by the weighted CTDI ($CTDI_w=1/3CTDI_{100,c}+2/3CTDI_{100,p}$) and then equivalent dose were calculated with $CTDI_w$. Specific organ dose was measured with our clinical whole body $^{137}Cs$ transmission scan and high quality CT scan using Alderson phantom and TLDs. The TLDs used for measurements were selected for an accuracy of ${\pm}5%$ and calibrated in 10 MeV X-ray radiation field. The organ or tissue was selected by the recommendations of ICRP 60. The radiation dose during CT scan is affected by the tube voltage and the tube current. The effective dose for $^{137}Cs$ transmission scan and high qualify CT scan are 0.14 mSv and 29.49 mSv, respectively. Radiation dose during transmission scan in the PET/CT system can measure using CTDI phantom with ionization chamber and anthropomorphic phantom with TLDs. further study need to be peformed to find optimal PET/CT acquisition protocols for reducing the patient exposure with same image qualify.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.307-314
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• 2016

Energy harvesting technique is to utilize energy that is always present but wasted. In this study, we have developed the energy harvester of the hybrid method utilizing both vibration and pressure of the vehicle traveling a road or parking lot. In the previous study, we have developed a prototype energy harvester, improved hybrid energy harvester, and developed a final product that offers improved performance in the hybrid module. The results were published in the previous paper. In this study, we installed the finally developed hybrid module in the actual parking lot. And we measured the power generation performance due to pressure and vibration, and the running speed of the vehicle when the vehicle is traveling. And we compared the results with those obtained in laboratory conditions. In a previous study performed in laboratory conditions the maximum power of the energy block was 1.066W when one single time of vibration, and 1.830W when succession with 5 times. On the other hand, in this study, we obtained the average power output of 0.310W when the vehicle is running at an average 5 km/h, 0.670W when at an average 10 km/h, and 1.250W when at an average 20 km/h, and 2.160W when at an average 5 km/h. That is, the higher the running speed of the vehicle has increased power generation performance. However, when compared to laboratory conditions, the power generation performance of the energy block in driving speed by 20km/h was lower than those in laboratory conditions. In addition, when compared to one time of vibration of laboratory conditions, power generation performance was higher when the running speed 20km/h or more and when five consecutive times in laboratory conditions, it was higher when the running speed 30km/h or more. It could be caused by a difference of load conditions between the laboratory and the actual vehicle. Thus, applying the energy block on the road would be more effective than that on the parking lot.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.310-310
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• 2014

ZnO박막은 넓은 밴드갭 (3.37 eV), 높은 여기 결합 에너지 (60 meV)를 가지는 육방정계 우르자이트(hexagonal wurtzite) 결정구조를 가지는 II-VI족 화합물 반도체로, 가시광선 영역에서의 높은 광학적 투과도 특성과 자외선 파장에서 발광이 가능한 장점을 가진다. 최근, ZnO박막 성장 기술이 상당히 발전하였지만, 아직까지도 p-형 ZnO박막 성장 기술은 충분히 발전하지 못하여 ZnO의 동종접합 LED는 아직 상용화되지 않고 있는 실정이다. 따라서, 많은 연구 그룹에서 p-GaN, p-SiC, p-diamond, p-Si 등과 같은 p-type 물질 위에 n-type ZnO를 성장시킨 이종접합 다이오드가 연구되고 있다. 특히, p-GaN의 경우 ZnO와의 격자 불일치 정도가 1.8 % 정도로 작다는 장점이 있어 많은 연구가 이루어 지고 있다. 일반적으로 c-축을 기반으로 한 극성ZnO 발광다이오드에서는 자발 분극과 압전 분극 현상에 의해 밴드 휨 현상이 발생하고, 이로 인해 전자와 정공의 공간적 분리가 발생하게 되어 발광 재결합 효율이 제한되고 있다는 문제가 발생한다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 극성 (0001) 및 비극성 (10-10) n-ZnO/p-GaN 발광다이오드의 성장 및 발광 소자의 전기 및 광학적 특성에 대한 비교 연구를 진행하였다. 금속유기 화학증착법을 이용하여 c-면과 m-면 위에 각각 극성 (0001) 및 반극성 (11-22) GaN박막을 $2.0{\mu}m$ 성장시킨 후 Mg 도핑을 한 p-GaN을 $0.4{\mu}m$ 성장시켜 각각 극성 (0001) 및 반극성 (11-22) p-GaN템플릿을 준비하였다. 이후, N2분위기 $700^{\circ}C$에서 3분동안 열처리를 통하여 Mg 도펀트를 활성화시킨 후 원자층 증착법을 이용하여 동시에 극성 및 반극성 p-GaN의 위에 n-ZnO를 $0.11{\mu}m$ 성장시켜 이종접합구조의 발광소자를 형성하였다. 이때, 극성 (0001) p-GaN 위에는 극성의 n-ZnO 박막이 성장되는 반면, 반극성 (11-22) p-GaN 위에는 비극성 (10-10) n-ZnO 박막이 성장됨을 HR-XRD로 확인하였다. 극성 (0001) n-ZnO/p-GaN이종접합 발광다이오드의 전계 발광 스펙트럼에서는 430 nm 와 550 nm의 두 피크가 동시에 관찰되었다. 430 nm 대역의 파장은 p-GaN의 깊은 준위에서 발광하는 것으로 판단되며, 550 nm 피크 영역은 ZnO의 깊은 준위에서 발광되는 것으로 판단된다. 특히, 10 mA 이하의 저전류 주입시 550 nm의 피크는 430 nm 영역보다 더 큰 발광세기를 나타내고 있다. 하지만, 10 mA 이상의 전류주입 하에서는 550 nm의 영역보다 430 nm의 발광세기가 더욱 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이것은 ZnO의 밴드갭이 3.37 eV로 GaN의 밴드갭인 3.4 eV다 작기 때문에 우선적으로 ZnO의 깊은 준위에서 발광하는 550 nm가 더욱 우세하지만, 지속적으로 전류주입 증가에 따른 캐리어 증가시 n-ZnO에서 p-GaN로 전자가 넘어가며 p-GaN의 깊은 준위인 430 nm에서의 피크가 우세해지는 것으로 판단된다. 반면에, 비극성 (10-10) n-ZnO/반극성 (11-22) p-GaN 구조의 이종접합 발광다이오드로 전계 발광 스펙트럼에서는 극성 (0001) n-ZnO/p-GaN에 비하여 매우 낮은 전계 발광 세기를 나타내고 있다. 이는, 극성 n-ZnO/p-GaN에 비하여 비극성 n-ZnO/반극성 p-GaN의 결정성이 상대적으로 낮기 때문으로 판단된다. 또한, 20 mA 영역에서도 510 nm의 깊은 준위와 430 nm의 발광이 관찰되었다. 동일한 20 mA하에서 두 피크의 발광세기를 비교하면 430 nm의 영역은 극성 n-ZnO/p-GaN에 비하여 매우 낮은 값을 나타내고 있다. 이는 반극성 (11-22) p-GaN의 경우 극성 (0001) p-GaN에 비하여 우수한 p-형 특성에 기인한 것으로 판단된다.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2003

Laccase produced by Pycnoporus cinnabarinus SCH-3 isolated from Korea was partially purified using ultrafiltration, anion exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography, The laccase was produced as the predominant extracellular phenoloxidase during primary metabolism. Neither lignin peroxidase nor manganese-dependent peroxidase were detected in the culture fluid. In order to examine the effect of inducers in laccase production, 2,5-xylidine was added in the culture of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus SCH-3. Addition of 2,5-xylidine enhanced 25-fold laccase production. Purified laccase was a single polypeptide having a molecular mass of approximately 66 kDa, as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and carbohydrate content of 9%. $K_{m}\;and\;V_{max}$ values for laccase with ABTS [2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline 6-sulfonic acid)] as a substrate (Lineweaver-Burk plot) was determined to be $44.4{\mu}M\;and\;56.0{\mu}mole$, respectively. The optimal pH for laccase activity was found to be 3.0. The enzyme was very stable for 1 hour at $60{\circ}C$. Half-life ($t_{1/2}$) of the enzyme was about 10 min at $80{\circ}C$. Spectroscopic analysis of purified enzyme indicated that the enzyme was typical of copper-containing protein. Substrate specificity and inhibitor studies for laccase also indicated to be a typical fungal laccase. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the P. cinnabarinus SCH-3 laccase showed 94% of homology to the N-terminal sequences of laccases from P. cinnabarinus PB and P. coccineus.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.142-163
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• 2020

In the early Joseon dynasty, the meritorious vassals' portrait of Jeokgae (1467, 1476), Jeongguk (1506)·Jeongnan (1507), and Wisa (1545) were defined as the 2^nd period of the official uniform, in which the acheongsaek HeukDanryung appeared and settled. A total of seven portraits were analyzed, including three portraits of Jeokgae (1467, portrait production 1476) Son-so, Oh Jachi, and Jang Malson, and four portraits of Jeongguk (1506)·Jeongnan (1507) Yoo Sunjung, Hong Gyeongju, Lee Woo, and Yoo Hong. In the portrait of the Jeokgae wearing a Yebok HeukDanryung, in the case of the Samo, the height of the Samo, which had been raised at the beginning of King Seongjong, was lowered again, and the parietal part was rounded. The pattern was not expressed on the wide oval side wings of the Samo. In addition, the pattern was not expressed on the acheongsaek Danryung, Dapho, and Cheolrik. The colors of Dapho and Cheolrik were unified in green and red, respectively. The Mu of Danryung and Dapho was expressed as 'in and out wrinkled Mu', and the shoes were expressed in Baekhwa. Another feature is that the Jeokgae's portrait is expressed not as the Pumgye at the time of appointment, but as the Pumgye of the portrait production time. In the portrait of the Jeongguk·Jeongnan wearing a Sibok HeukDanryung, the height of the Samo lowered from the Jeokgae was maintained, while the parietal part was slightly narrowed and bent forward. The side wings of the Samo were expressed as an oval with a uniform width, and still the pattern was not expressed on the side wings. The pattern was not expressed in the costume of the Danghagwan's portrait, but the cloud pattern began to be expressed in the costume of the Dangsanggwan's portrait. And the Danryung was expressed as single Danryung without lining. In the portrait of Dangsang, the red Dapho and green Cheolrik were expressed, and in the portrait of Dangha, the green Dapho and blue Cheolrik were expressed. Therefore, it was found that the color of the undergarment was distinguished according to the Dangsang and Dangha. In Danryung and Dapho, the 'in and out wrinkled Mu' were maintained. The shoes were expressed in Heukhwa, and the rank badge and rank belt reflect the Pumgye at the time of the appointment. On the other hand, the portrait of Wisa could not be confirmed, but through the recording painting of the reign of King Meongjong, it was found that it was similar to the Danryung system of the reign of King Jungjong. Through the 2^nd period of the meritorious vassal's portrait of Jeokgae, it was confirmed that the HeukDanryung outfit began to be used as the official uniform of the meritorious vassal's portrait, and that the Pumgye of the portrait production time was reflected in the portrait. After the meritorious vassal's portrait of Jeongguk, the pattern began to be expressed in the costumes, and in particular, it was possible to distinguish Dasang and Dangha by the presence or absence of the HeukDanryung's pattern. In addition, it was confirmed that the expressed aspect of the official uniform was consistent with the practices and regulations at the time.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2011

Five different composition UV-cured poly(urethane acrylate-co-acrylic acid) (PU-co-AA) films have been prepared by reacting isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI), polycaprolactone triol(PCLT), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate(HEA), and different weight ratio trimethylolpropane triacrylate(TMPTA) and acrylic acid(AA) as diluents, and characterized using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR). The adhesion properties onto the stainless steel, morphology, mechanical hardness, and electrical property of UV-cured PU-co-AA films were investigated as a function of acrylic acid(AA) content. All the PU-co-AA films are structure-less and the molecular ordering and packing density decreased with increasing content of AA due to the flexible structure and -COOH side chains in AA. The crosscut test showed that PU-co-AA films without AA and with low content of AA showed 0% adhesion(0B) and the adhesion of PU-co-AA films in the range of 40-50% AA increased dramatically as the content of AA increases. The pull-off measurements showed that the adhesion force of PU-co-AA films to stainless steel substrate varied from 6 to 31 kgf /$cm^2$ and increased linearly with increasing AA content. The mechanical hardness also decreased as the content of AA increases. This may come from relatively linear and flexible structure in AA and low crystallinity in PU-co-AA films with higher content of AA. The higher AA-containing PU-co-AA films showed higher dielectric constant due to the increase of polarization by introducing AA monomer. In conclusion, the physical properties of UV-cured PU-co-AA films are strongly dependent upon the content of AA and the incorporation of AA in polyurethane acrylate is very useful way to increase the adhesion strength of UV-curable polymers on the stainless steel substrate.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2013

Purpose: To investigate the UV-B blocking rate of eyeglasses lens which can prevent enzymes denaturation in cornea. Methods: The denaturation degree of RNase A and catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) was determined by using Acrylamide gel electrophoresis after UV-B irradiation of 312 nm for 1, 3, 6, 24 and 96 hours. Also, the inhibitory effect of eyeglasses lens having UV-B blocking rate of 50%, 80%, 95% and 99% on the enzymes denatration was measured. Results: The denaturation of RNase A was induced by 1 hour-irradiation of UV-B. To inhibit RNase A denaturation after UV-B irradiation between 1 hour and 6 hours, UV-B blocking lens of 95% were effective. UV-B blocking lens of 99% suppressed the inhibition of RNase A denaturation after the UV-B exposure between 24 hours and 96 hours. The denaturation of catalase was not induced by 1 hourirradiation of UV-B. To inhibit enzyme denaturation after UV-B irradiation between 1 hour and 6 hours, UV-B blocking lens of 50% were effective. UV-B blocking lens of 95% suppressed the inhibition of enzyme denaturation induced by UV-B irradiation between 24 hours and 96 hours. The SOD denaturation was not induced by UV-B irradiation shorter than 6 hours exposure. The UV-B blocking lens of 50% could inhibit SOD denaturation after the UV-B irradiation for 24 hours. When SOD was exposed to UV-B for 96 hrs, SOD denaturation was inhibited by eyeglasses lens with UV blocking rate higher than 95%. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that the proper UV-B blocking rates of eyeglasses lens to inhibit the enzymes denaturatioin was different according to the types of enzymes and its inhibitory effect was effective only when eyeglasses lens had higher than certain UV-B blocking rate.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.197-203
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• 2005

Purpose : Changes in metalloproteinases(MMP) activity have been demonstrated in several disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis and tumor metastasis. More importantly, increased myocardial MMP activity has been reported to occur in both clinical and experimental forms of dilated cardiomyopathy. There was no report about MMP in adriamycin(ADR)-induced cardiomyopathy. The purpose of this study was to investigate gene expression of MMP and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases(TIMP) in ADR-induced cardiomyopathy and clarify the relationship between MMP and cytokines. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups. The first group was control. The second group was given intraperitoneal injections of ADR(5 mg/kg) twice a week over two weeks. Serum concentrations of MMP, TIMP, interleukin(IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$ were measured. RNA extraction was performed from frozen rat hearts. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was employed. cDNA Microarray analysis was performed by using a set of 5,184 sequence-verified rat cDNA clones. Results : Serum MMP and TIMP levels were not significantly different between the two groups. IL-6 was $36.8{\pm}2.8pg/mL$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ $2.2{\pm}2.7pg/mL$ in the ADR group. They were significantly higher than in the control group. Serum MMP correlated significantly with TNF-${\alpha}$(r=0.41, P<0.05). There was no gene expression of MMP, IL-6 or TNF-${\alpha}$ in the hearts of both groups. Gene expression of TIMP was significantly depressed in the hearts of the ADR group. Conclusion : These results suggested a potential role for TNF-${\alpha}$ in the regulation of extracellular matrix remodeling in ADR induced cardiomyopathy. Rapid screening of multiple decreased gene expression by DNA chip may be a useful diagnostic test to detect early cardiac injury before developing ADR induced cardiomyopathy.