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Role of TiO2 Decoration on SnO2 Nanorods for Highly Sensitive and Selective Acetone Detection (TiO2장식을 통한 SnO2 nanorods의 CH3COCH3 감지 특성 개선)

  • Ji-Hyeong Lee;Woon-Hyun Jo;Heewon Lim;Jae-Hwan So;Ha-gyeong Bae;Jae Han Chung;Young-Seok Shim
    • Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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    • v.33 no.5
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    • pp.318-325
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    • 2024
  • In this study, we fabricated TiO2-decorated SnO2 nanorods (TSNRs) via glancing-angle deposition to achieve highly sensitive and selective CH3COCH3 detection. The gas-sensing properties of the TSNRs were systematically investigated, and the optimal sensing performance was achieved at 350℃ by 2-nm-thick TSNRs. When the sensors were exposed to 50 ppm of various gases (CH3COCH3, C2H5OH, C5H8, CH4, and CO), the 2-nm-thick TSNRs demonstrated a 4.6-fold increase in response (Ra/Rg-1=134) to CH3COCH3 compared with bare SnO2 nanorods (Ra/Rg-1=29.5) and exhibited excellent selectivity. In a high-humid environment (relative humidity = 80%), the 2-nm-thick TSNRs indicated a low theoretical detection limit of ≈5.31 ppb for CH3COCH3. These results suggest the significant potential of the proposed sensor for use in Internet-of-Things applications, particularly under extreme environmental conditions.

Physicochemical and Diastase Activity Properties for Domestic and Imported Honey (국내산 및 수입산 벌꿀의 물리적 특성 및 Diastase 활성 평가)

  • Juae Gil;Wang Yeol Lee;Hye-kyung Kim
    • Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.64-71
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    • 2024
  • This study investigated the electrical conductivity, pH, and diastase activity characteristics of 31 types of domestic and imported honey, which are not currently used in the Korean honey grading system, to determine the feasibility of introducing these indicators into the honey grading system. The results showed that the moisture content of domestic and imported honey is around 20%, indicating that domestic quality standards are relatively well controlled, and the pH values are distributed in the range of pH 3.91 to 6.31. The electrical conductivity of domestic and imported honey ranged from 0.09-1.51mS/cm, which showed a large difference between the samples. Although there was a large difference of electrical conductivity from the honey types, further research is needed to determine whether it is applicable to Korean honey. Finally, in the case of diastase activity, Korean honey showed relatively high DN values compared to imported honey from Vietnam, New Zealand, the United States, and China. Therefore, diastase activity is an important indicator for evaluating the quality of honey, and further research is needed to confirm its feasibility as an additional indicator for the domestic honey grading system in Korea. This study evaluated the physical properties and enzyme activity characteristics of domestic and imported honey, and is expected to provide basic information for the establishment of a honey grading system, thereby improving consumer trust in the honey grading system and enhancing the development of honey distribution in Korea.

Acousitc analyses in the imitation of emotional speech in children with typical development (일반 아동의 감정 발화 모방 능력: 음향학적 분석을 중심으로)

  • Subeen Kim;Jungeun Kim;Soohyoung Cho;Hyosun Lee;Seongyun Moon;Youngmee Lee
    • Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.49-57
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    • 2024
  • This study aimed to investigate the acoustic characteristics of emotional speech in typically developing children. Thirteen preschoolers (4-5.9 years old) and 22 school-aged children (6-9.9 years old) participated in the study. The children were asked to imitate 15 utterances based on emotional utterances representing three different emotional expressions (happy, sad, and angry). Basic measures of the frequency, intensity, and duration of emotional expressions in the children's utterances were obtained as averages. We found that both preschoolers and school-aged children differentially imitated the emotional utterances in terms of basic frequency, intensity, and duration depending on the type of emotion (happy, sad, angry). In particular, we found that school-aged children spoke more slowly than preschoolers when expressing sadness. These results suggest that preschoolers and school-aged children can express emotions by modulating vocal pitch, intensity, and duration. In addition, school-aged children tended to modulate the duration parameter of prosodic elements to express different emotions compared to preschoolers. In general, differences in duration between developing children may be influenced by the maturity of the child's speech and language development.

Research Trends of CV23 Electroacupuncture: A Literature Review Focusing on PubMed and Domestic Studies (염천(CV23)의 전침치료 연구 동향 : Pubmed와 국내논문을 중심으로)

  • Chae-Rim Yoon;Su-Hyun Choi;Nahyun Jeong;Dahee Jeong;Yoohyun Sim;Hae-in Jeong;Na-Yeon Ha;Jinsung Kim
    • The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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    • v.45 no.4
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    • pp.663-680
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    • 2024
  • Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the research trends of electroacupuncture (EA) at CV23. Methods: Studies published until July 2024 were searched on PubMed and domestic databases (OASIS, ScienceON, RISS, KISS, KCI, KMbase, and DBpia) using the keywords "CV23", "lianquan", "electroacupuncture", "염천", "전침", and "전기자극". Results: A total of 16 studies were selected. There were 6 randomized controlled trials, 1 case report, and 9 experimental studies. Of the 16 papers selected, 15 examined the effect of EA at CV23 on improving swallowing function. Clinical studies found that EA at CV23 was effective in improving dysphagia, aphasia, and drooling symptoms through mechanisms such as increased hyolaryngeal movement, normalization of pathologically elevated NO, ET, and improvement of excitement of the swallowing motor cortex. According to experimental studies, EA at CV23 activates the brain region associated with swallowing function, promotes the swallowing reflex by increasing neurotransmitters, improves electromyography of the swallowing muscles, and improves blood flow around CV23. Conclusion: Electroacupuncture at CV23 may be an effective and safe method for post-stroke dysphagia, post-stroke aphasia, and post-stroke drooling. In the future, research should be conducted in different diseases and high-quality studies should be conducted.

Study on Squeak Noises in Car AVN Materials under High Load and Low Speed Conditions (고하중 저속 조건에서의 자동차 AVN 소재의 스퀵 소음에 관한 연구)

  • Tae Ho Park;HuiYing Jin;Jin Woo Jang;Jonghwan Suhr
    • Composites Research
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    • v.37 no.5
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    • pp.427-433
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    • 2024
  • As the automotive industry transitions from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) to battery electric vehicles (BEVs), customers are becoming increasingly aware of and demanding solutions to squeak noises, especially from audio, video, and navigation (AVN) components. These noises occur under relatively high load and low speed conditions and cannot be reproduced on commercial friction test equipment. Therefore, a new friction testing machine was developed and evaluated in this study. This machine is a pin-on-disk type tribometer that can set up the squeak noises test conditions for AVN component materials and quantitatively measure acceleration, sound pressure, and displacement due to friction. The developed equipment was evaluated through two types of tests: the noise evaluation of well-known contact pairs, and the comparison test of the friction coefficient repeatability. The test results confirm that the developed test machine can be utilized for the evaluation of the squeak noise. In addition, it was also found that the characteristics of squeak noise in high load and low speed conditions can be defined as groan noise. Moreover, displacement, friction force, acceleration was found to have a relationship with sound amplitude with relation of more than R2 = 0.75. Acceleration can be a key parameter to predict squeak noise, since it has a strong correlation (R2 = 0.94) in high load low speed conditions.

A Single Patterning Process-based Flexible Capacitor Fabrication Technique using Simultaneous Patterning Technology of Upper and Lower Electrodes (상하부 전극 동시 패터닝 기술을 이용한 단일 패터닝 공정 기반 유연 캐패시터 제조 기술)

  • Geon Woo Sim;Yoohan Ma;Dongwook Ko;Jongbok Kim
    • Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.100-105
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    • 2024
  • A flexible capacitor is a flexible device that can store electrical energy between two electrodes and is an important component of electronic circuits. Electrode patterning in the capacitor is essential for the application to various fields such as display units, and photolithography technology is mainly used for the patterning process. While photolithography technology has the advantage of high technological maturity, it has the disadvantage of requiring expensive process equipment, being harmful to the environment, and having high process costs because two electrodes must be individually patterned. In this study, we studied the process to simultaneously pattern the upper and lower electrodes of a capacitor by non-photolithographic patterning technology based on adhesion control and fabricated a flexible capacitor. Then, we investigated the effect of external stress and nanomaterial addition on the characteristics of the capacitor. As a result, the number of capacitor fabrication processes was significantly decreased based on simultaneous patterning technology for the upper and lower electrodes. In addition, the characteristics of the capacitor were improved by adding inorganic nanomaterials and a flexible capacitor with flexibility to various stresses was successfully fabricated.

Development of the manufacturing process for gallium oxide nanopowder using recycled gallium through electrowinning (전해채취로 회수된 갈륨을 이용한 산화갈륨 나노분말 제조공정 개발)

  • Jung Won Park;Kyoung Joo Yu;Jun Beom Kwon;Hyukjae Lee
    • Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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    • v.34 no.5
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    • pp.149-155
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    • 2024
  • Gallium, a key material in TFT (Thin-Film Transistor) targets and LED (Light Emitting Diode), is highly sought after due to its scarcity, making the recovering and recycling from waste resources. This study develops a process to recover high-purity gallium contained in an alkaline electrolyte and to produce gallium oxide nanopowder for IGZO (Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide) targets. Through an investigation of the electrowinning process conditions, the effects of various process factors and the optimal conditions are identified. It is found that the concentration of NaOH significantly affects purity. By employing two rounds of electrowinning followed by acid washing, gallium with a purity of over 99.995 % is successfully recovered. Using this recovered gallium as a starting material, gallium oxide is produced via a gas-phase synthesis. It is observed that while higher temperatures increase the yield, the purity decreases. Ultimately, at 1,260℃, gallium oxide nanopowder with a purity exceeding 99.995 % is obtained with a yield close to 90 %. The gallium oxide nanopowder predominantly exhibits a size of approximately 2 ㎛ and a spherical shape, suggesting favorable characteristics for subsequent processes such as sintering.

The Relations between Financial Constraints and Dividend Smoothing of Innovative Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (혁신형 중소기업의 재무적 제약과 배당스무딩간의 관계)

  • Shin, Min-Shik;Kim, Soo-Eun
    • Korean small business review
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.67-93
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    • 2009
  • The purpose of this paper is to explore the relations between financial constraints and dividend smoothing of innovative small and medium sized enterprises(SMEs) listed on Korea Securities Market and Kosdaq Market of Korea Exchange. The innovative SMEs is defined as the firms with high level of R&D intensity which is measured by (R&D investment/total sales) ratio, according to Chauvin and Hirschey (1993). The R&D investment plays an important role as the innovative driver that can increase the future growth opportunity and profitability of the firms. Therefore, the R&D investment have large, positive, and consistent influences on the market value of the firm. In this point of view, we expect that the innovative SMEs can adjust dividend payment faster than the noninnovative SMEs, on the ground of their future growth opportunity and profitability. And also, we expect that the financial unconstrained firms can adjust dividend payment faster than the financial constrained firms, on the ground of their financing ability of investment funds through the market accessibility. Aivazian et al.(2006) exert that the financial unconstrained firms with the high accessibility to capital market can adjust dividend payment faster than the financial constrained firms. We collect the sample firms among the total SMEs listed on Korea Securities Market and Kosdaq Market of Korea Exchange during the periods from January 1999 to December 2007 from the KIS Value Library database. The total number of firm-year observations of the total sample firms throughout the entire period is 5,544, the number of firm-year observations of the dividend firms is 2,919, and the number of firm-year observations of the non-dividend firms is 2,625. About 53%(or 2,919) of these total 5,544 observations involve firms that make a dividend payment. The dividend firms are divided into two groups according to the R&D intensity, such as the innovative SMEs with larger than median of R&D intensity and the noninnovative SMEs with smaller than median of R&D intensity. The number of firm-year observations of the innovative SMEs is 1,506, and the number of firm-year observations of the noninnovative SMEs is 1,413. Furthermore, the innovative SMEs are divided into two groups according to level of financial constraints, such as the financial unconstrained firms and the financial constrained firms. The number of firm-year observations of the former is 894, and the number of firm-year observations of the latter is 612. Although all available firm-year observations of the dividend firms are collected, deletions are made in the case of financial industries such as banks, securities company, insurance company, and other financial services company, because their capital structure and business style are widely different from the general manufacturing firms. The stock repurchase was involved in dividend payment because Grullon and Michaely (2002) examined the substitution hypothesis between dividends and stock repurchases. However, our data structure is an unbalanced panel data since there is no requirement that the firm-year observations data are all available for each firms during the entire periods from January 1999 to December 2007 from the KIS Value Library database. We firstly estimate the classic Lintner(1956) dividend adjustment model, where the decision to smooth dividend or to adopt a residual dividend policy depends on financial constraints measured by market accessibility. Lintner model indicates that firms maintain stable and long run target payout ratio, and that firms adjust partially the gap between current payout rato and target payout ratio each year. In the Lintner model, dependent variable is the current dividend per share(DPSt), and independent variables are the past dividend per share(DPSt-1) and the current earnings per share(EPSt). We hypothesized that firms adjust partially the gap between the current dividend per share(DPSt) and the target payout ratio(Ω) each year, when the past dividend per share(DPSt-1) deviate from the target payout ratio(Ω). We secondly estimate the expansion model that extend the Lintner model by including the determinants suggested by the major theories of dividend, namely, residual dividend theory, dividend signaling theory, agency theory, catering theory, and transactions cost theory. In the expansion model, dependent variable is the current dividend per share(DPSt), explanatory variables are the past dividend per share(DPSt-1) and the current earnings per share(EPSt), and control variables are the current capital expenditure ratio(CEAt), the current leverage ratio(LEVt), the current operating return on assets(ROAt), the current business risk(RISKt), the current trading volume turnover ratio(TURNt), and the current dividend premium(DPREMt). In these control variables, CEAt, LEVt, and ROAt are the determinants suggested by the residual dividend theory and the agency theory, ROAt and RISKt are the determinants suggested by the dividend signaling theory, TURNt is the determinant suggested by the transactions cost theory, and DPREMt is the determinant suggested by the catering theory. Furthermore, we thirdly estimate the Lintner model and the expansion model by using the panel data of the financial unconstrained firms and the financial constrained firms, that are divided into two groups according to level of financial constraints. We expect that the financial unconstrained firms can adjust dividend payment faster than the financial constrained firms, because the former can finance more easily the investment funds through the market accessibility than the latter. We analyzed descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and median to delete the outliers from the panel data, conducted one way analysis of variance to check up the industry-specfic effects, and conducted difference test of firms characteristic variables between innovative SMEs and noninnovative SMEs as well as difference test of firms characteristic variables between financial unconstrained firms and financial constrained firms. We also conducted the correlation analysis and the variance inflation factors analysis to detect any multicollinearity among the independent variables. Both of the correlation coefficients and the variance inflation factors are roughly low to the extent that may be ignored the multicollinearity among the independent variables. Furthermore, we estimate both of the Lintner model and the expansion model using the panel regression analysis. We firstly test the time-specific effects and the firm-specific effects may be involved in our panel data through the Lagrange multiplier test that was proposed by Breusch and Pagan(1980), and secondly conduct Hausman test to prove that fixed effect model is fitter with our panel data than the random effect model. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. The determinants suggested by the major theories of dividend, namely, residual dividend theory, dividend signaling theory, agency theory, catering theory, and transactions cost theory explain significantly the dividend policy of the innovative SMEs. Lintner model indicates that firms maintain stable and long run target payout ratio, and that firms adjust partially the gap between the current payout ratio and the target payout ratio each year. In the core variables of Lintner model, the past dividend per share has more effects to dividend smoothing than the current earnings per share. These results suggest that the innovative SMEs maintain stable and long run dividend policy which sustains the past dividend per share level without corporate special reasons. The main results show that dividend adjustment speed of the innovative SMEs is faster than that of the noninnovative SMEs. This means that the innovative SMEs with high level of R&D intensity can adjust dividend payment faster than the noninnovative SMEs, on the ground of their future growth opportunity and profitability. The other main results show that dividend adjustment speed of the financial unconstrained SMEs is faster than that of the financial constrained SMEs. This means that the financial unconstrained firms with high accessibility to capital market can adjust dividend payment faster than the financial constrained firms, on the ground of their financing ability of investment funds through the market accessibility. Futhermore, the other additional results show that dividend adjustment speed of the innovative SMEs classified by the Small and Medium Business Administration is faster than that of the unclassified SMEs. They are linked with various financial policies and services such as credit guaranteed service, policy fund for SMEs, venture investment fund, insurance program, and so on. In conclusion, the past dividend per share and the current earnings per share suggested by the Lintner model explain mainly dividend adjustment speed of the innovative SMEs, and also the financial constraints explain partially. Therefore, if managers can properly understand of the relations between financial constraints and dividend smoothing of innovative SMEs, they can maintain stable and long run dividend policy of the innovative SMEs through dividend smoothing. These are encouraging results for Korea government, that is, the Small and Medium Business Administration as it has implemented many policies to commit to the innovative SMEs. This paper may have a few limitations because it may be only early study about the relations between financial constraints and dividend smoothing of the innovative SMEs. Specifically, this paper may not adequately capture all of the subtle features of the innovative SMEs and the financial unconstrained SMEs. Therefore, we think that it is necessary to expand sample firms and control variables, and use more elaborate analysis methods in the future studies.

Ecological Studies on the Transition of Sheath Blight of Rice in Korea (한국(韓國)에서의 벼 잎집무늬마름병 발생변동(發生變動)에 관(關)한 생태학적(生態學的) 연구(硏究))

  • Yu, Seung-hun
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.283-316
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    • 1977
  • In an attempt to obtain a basic information to develop an effective integrated system of controlling sheath blight of rice in Korea, the transition of this disease, the variation of cultural characters and pathogenicity of the pathogen, environmental conditions affecting the disease outbreak and varietal resistance have been investigated. 1. Rice sheath blight which has been minor disease in the past was widely spread, especially since 1971. This disease has promptly spread all over the country and infected 65.2% of total rice growing area in 1976. Various factors are considered to be related to such transition of this disease. Above all, increace of application of nitrogenous fertilizer, early season and earlier cultivation of rice, introduction of more susceptible "Tongil" varieties etc. must be important factors influencing the outbreak of this disease. 2. Great variations in cultural characteristics-such as mycelial growth rate, color of the medium, amount of the aerial mycelium, shape and color of the sclerotia- and in the pathogenicity of isolates of the pathogen, Thanatephorus cucumeris Dank were observed. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth also varied with isolates, from $25^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$. There were not necessarily any correlation between curtural characteristics and pathogenicity of isolates of Thanatephorus cucumens. 3. Mycelial grow th of isolates of Thanatephorus cucumens on the PDA medium were correlated with the air temperatures of the region where the isolates were collected. The isolates from the regions with high temperature grew well on PDA medium at $35^{\circ}C$ than those from the region with low temperature, on the other hand, the isolates from the regions with the low temperature grew well on the same medium at $12^{\circ}C$ than those from the regions with high temperature. 4. Pectin polygalacturonase (PG) and cellulase (Cx) were most active on the 3rd day after inoculation on the leaves of rice plant with Thanatephorus cucumeris, whereas pectin methylestrase (PE) was most active on the 4th day after inoculation. Relationship between the activities of PE of isolates and the strength of pathogenicity of isolates was obtained, but PG and cellulase activities were not correlated with pathogenicity of isolates. 5. The tolerence of sclerotia from in-vitro culture to low temperature varied with their water content, the dried cultural sclerotia were more tolerent than wet ones, Dried cultural sclerotia maintained almost 100% germinability for 45 days at $-20^{\circ}C$, whereas wet sclerotia lost viability at $-5^{\circ}C$. The germination ratio of the sclerotia after overwintering changed from 18% to 70% according to the water content of the test paddy fields and the ratio was low in wet paddy condition. 6. To investigate the host range of this fungi in and near paddy field, 17 weeds were inoculated with fungi. The lesions of sheath blight disease was obserbed on Sagittaria trifolia L., Echinochloa crusgalli P. Beauv., Monochoria vaginal is Presl, Polygonum Hydropiper L., Eclipta prostrata L., Digitaria sanguinalis Scapoli. 7. When the level of nitrogen applied was doubled over standard level, total nitrogen content in rice sheath increased, ami when silicate was applied, starch content in rice sheath decreased, inducing the rice plants more susceptible to sheath blight disease. Increased dressing of potash ferilizer reduced the incidence of sheat blight disease. 8. The percentage of infected stems in the early period increased more in the narrow hill plot than in the wide hill plot, but in the late period this tendency was inversed; the percentage of infected stems as well as severity in the wide hill plot increased more compared to the narrow hill plot, and the disease severity in the one plant per hill plot was also low. The number of stems in the wide hill plot was more than the number of stems in the narrow hill plot. This indicates that the microclimate, such as the relative humidity, in the narrow hill plot was more favorable for the development of this disease. 9. There was a high negative correlation between the disease severity of varieties to the sheath blight and the maturity of the varieties, that is, the early varieties were more susceptible than the late ones, and much-tillering varieties usually showed more infection than less tillering varieties. 10. No relationship was obtained between the percentage of infected stems in the early period and the severity after heading, whereas a distinct relationship was obtained between former and latter after Aug. 10.

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On the Bibliographies of Chinese Historical Books - Classifying and cataloguing system of six historical bibliographies - (중국의 사지서목에 대하여 -육사예문$\cdot$경적지의 분류 및 편목체재 비교를 중심으로-)

  • Kang Soon-Ae
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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    • v.24
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    • pp.289-332
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    • 1993
  • In china, six bibliographies of offical historical books are evaluated at the most important things among the systematically-editing bibliographies. These bibliographies would be usful to study the orign of classical sciences and their development, bibliographic research of Chinese classics, bibliographic judgement on genuine books, titles, authors, volumes. They could be refered to research into graving, correcting, and existence of ancient books. therefore, these bibliographies would be applied to estimation the phase of scientific and cultural development. The study of these bibliographies has been not yet made in Korea. This thesis lays its importance on the background of their appearance, their classification norms, organizing system of their catalogue, and comparison between their difference. 1. Editing and compiling of Chilyak (칠약) by Liu Chin (유흠) and official histories played an important role of entering an apperance of historical book's bibliographies. Chilyak has been lost. However, its classification and compiling system of classical books would be traced by Hansoyemunji(한서예문지) of which basic system is similar to Chilyak. It classified books according to their scientific characteristic. If a few books didn't have their own categories, they were combined by the circles parallel to the books' characteristic. With the books classified under the same scientific characteristic, they were again divided into the scientific schools or structures. It also arranged the same kinds of books according to the chronology. The some books wi th duplicate subjects were classified multiplely by their duplicate subject. 2. Ssu-ma Chon's (사마천) The Historical Records (Saki, 사기) and Pan Ku's (반고) The History of the Former Han Dynasty (Hanso, 한서) has also took effects on appearance of historical books' bibliographies. Covering overall history, Saki was structured by the five parts: The basic annals(본기), the chronological tables (표), the documents (서), the hereditary houses (세가), biographies (열전). The basic annals dealt with kings and courts' affairs according to the chronology. The chronological tables was the records of the annals. The documents described overall the social and cultural systems. The hereditary houses recorded courts' meritorious officials and public figures. The biographies showed exemplars of seventy peoples selected by their social status. Pan Ku(반구)'s The History of the Former Han Dynasty(한서) deserved to be called the prototype for the offical histories after Saki's (사기; The Historical Records) apperance. Although it modelled on Saki, it had set up its own cataloguing system. It was organized by four parts; the basic annals (본기), the chronological tables (표), treatises(지), biographies (열전). The documents in the Hanso(한서) was converted into treatises(지). The hereditary houses and biographies were merged. For the first time, the treatise with The Yemunji could operate function for historical bibliographies. 3. There were six historical bibliographies: Hansoyemunji(한서예문지), Susokyongjeokji (수서경적지), Kudangsokyongjeokji(구당서경적지), Shindangsoyemunji (신당서예문지), Songsayemunji (송사예문지), Myongsayemunji (명사예문지). 1) Modelling on Liu Chin's Chilyak except Chipryak(집략), Hansoyemunji divided the characteristic of the books and documents into six parts: Yukrye(육예), Cheja(제자), Shibu(시부), Pyongsoh(병서), Susul(수술), Pangki(방기). Under six parts, there were thirty eight orders in Hansoyemunji. To its own classification, Hansoyemunji applied the Chilyak's theory of classification that the books or documents were managed according to characteristic of sciences, the difference of schools, the organization of sentences. However the overlapped subjects were deleted and unified into one. The books included into an unsuitable subject were corrected and converted into another. The Hansoyemunji consisted of main preface (Taesoh 대서), minor preface (Sosoh 소서) , the general preface (Chongso 총서). It also recorded the introduction of books and documents, the origin of sciences, the outline of subjects, and the establishment of orders. The books classified by the subject had title, author, and volumes. They were rearranged by titles and the chronological publication year. Sometimes author was the first access point to catalogue the books. If it was necessary for the books to take footnotes, detail notes were formed. The Volume number written consecutively to order and subject could clarify the quantity of books. 2) Refering to Classfication System by Seven Norms (칠분법) and Classification System by Four Norms(사분법), Susokyongjeokji(수서경적지) had accomplished the classification by four norms. In fact, its classification largely imitated Wanhyosoh(완효서)'s Chilrok(칠록), Susokyongjeokji's system of classification consisted of four parts-Kyung(경), Sa(사), Cha(자), Chip(칩). The four parts were divided into 40 orders. Its appendix was again divided into two parts, Buddihism and Taiosm. Under the two parts there were fifteen orders. Totally Susokyongjeokji was made of six parts and fifty five orders. In comparison with Hansoyemunji(한서예문지), it clearly showed the conception of Kyung, Sa, Cha, Chip. Especially it deserved to be paid attention that Hansoyemunji laied history off Chunchu(춘추) and removed history to Sabu(사부). However Chabu(사부) put many contrary subjects such as Cheja(제자), Kiye(기예), Sulsu(술수), Sosol(소설) into the same boundary, which committed errors insufficient theoretical basis. Anothor demerit of Susokyongjeokji was that it dealt with Taiosm scriptures and Buddism scriptures at the appendix because they were considered as quasi-religion. Its compilation of bibliographical facts consisted of main preface(Taesoh 대서), minor preface(Sosoh 소서), general preface (Chongsoh 총서), postscript (Husoh 후서). Its bibliological facts mainly focused on the titles. Its recorded authors' birth date and their position. It wrote the lost and existence of books consecutive to total number of books, which revealed total of the lost books in Su Dynasty. 3) Modelling on the basis of Kokumsorok(고분서록) and Naewaekyongrok(내외경록), Kudangsokyongjeokji(구당서경적지) had four parts and fourty five orders. It was estimated as the important role of establishing basic frame of classification by four norms in classification theory's history. However it had also its own limit. Editing and compling orders of Kudangsokyongjeokji had been not progressively changed. Its orders imitated by and large Susokyongjeokji. In Its system of organizing catalogue, with its minor preface and general preface deleting, Kudangsokyongjeokji by titles after orders sometimes broke out confusion because of unclear boundaries between orders. 4) Shindangsoyemunji(신당서예문지), adding 28,469 books to Kudangsokyongjeokji, recorded 82,384 books which were divided by four parts and fourty four orders. In comparison with Kudangkyongjeokj, Sindangsoyemunji corrected unclear order's norm. It merged the analogical norms four orders (for instance, Kohun 고훈 and Sohakryu 소학류) and seperated the different norms four orders (for example, Hyokyong 효경 and Noneuhryu 논어류, Chamwi 참위 and Kyonghaeryu 경해류, Pyonryon 편년 and Wisaryu 위사류). Recording kings' behaviors and speeches (Kikochuryu 기거주류) in the historical parts induced the concept of specfication category. For the first time, part of Chipbu (집부) set up the order of classification norm for historical and literatural books and documents (Munsaryu 문사류). Its editing and compiling had been more simplified than Kudangsokyongjeokji. Introduction was written at first part of bibliographies. Appendants except bibliographic items such subject, author, title, volume number, total were omitted. 5) Songsayemunji(송사예문지) were edited in the basis of combining Puksong(북송) and Namsong(남송), depending on Sabukuksayemunji(사부국사예문지). Generally Songsayemunji had lost a lot of bibliographical facts of many books. They were duplicated and wrongly classified books because it committed an error of the incorrectly annalistic editing. Particularly Namsong showed more open these defaults. Songsayemunji didin't include the books published since the king Youngchong(영종). Its system of classification was more better controlled. Chamwiryu(참위류) in the part of Kyongbu(경부) was omitted. In the part of history(Sabu 사부), recordings of kings' behaviors and speeches more merged in the annals. Historical abstract documents (Sachoryu 사초류) were seperately arranged. In the part of Chabu(자부), Myongdangkyongmaekryu(명당경맥류) and Euisulryu(의술류) were combined. Ohangryu(오행류) were laied off Shikuryu(시구류). In the part of Chipbu(집부), historical and literatural books (Munsaryu 문사류) were independentely arranged. There were the renamed orders; from Wisa(위사) to Paesa(패사), Chapsa (잡사) to Pyolsa(열사), Chapchonki(잡전기) to Chonki(전기), Ryusoh(류서) to Ryusa(류서). Introduction had only main preface. The books of each subject catalogued by title, the volume number, and author and arranged mainly by authors. Annotations were written consecutively after title and the volume number. In the afternote the number of not-treated books were revealed. Difference from Singdangsohyemunji(신당서예문지) were that the concept and boundary of orders became more clearer. It also wrote the number of books consecutive to main subject. 6) Modelling on Chonkyongdangsomok (경당서목), Myongsayemunji(명사예문지) was compiled in the basis of books and documents published in the Ming Danasty. In classification system, Myongsayemunji partly merged and the seperated some orders for it. It also deleted and renamed some of orders. In case of necessity, combining of orders' norm was occured particulary in the part of Sabu(사부) and Chabu(자부). Therefore these merging of orders norm didn't offer sufficient theretical background. For example, such demerits were seen in the case that historical books edited by annals were combined with offical historical ones which were differently compiled and edited from the former. In the part of Chabu(자부), it broke out another confusion that Pubga(법가), Meongga(명가), Mukga(묵가), Chonghweongka's(종횡가) thoughts were classified in the Chapka(잡가). Scriptures of Taiosim and Buddhism were seperated from each other. There were some deleted books such as Mokrokryu(목록류), Paesaryu(패사류) in the part of history (Sabu 사부) and Chosaryu(초사류) in the part of Chipbu(집부). The some in the each orders had been renamed. Imitating compiling system of Songsayemunji(송사예문지), with reffering to its differ-ence, Myongsayemunji(명사예문지) wrote the review and the change of the books by author. The number of not-treated books didn't appear at the total. It also deleted the total following main subject.

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