• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.250-263
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• 2001

Objective : I refered to oriental medical records to study on the use Ohaeng-acupuncture through compared ${\ll}$Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ with . Methods : The original text about ${\ll}$Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ was used ${\ll}$Nan Jing Ben YI${\gg}$, annotations were excerpted and record that were necessary for this study. The structural formula was composed together to compare ${\ll}$Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ with . Results : ${\ll}$Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ deals with fundamental medical theories and gives differentiation of syndromes of some diseases in the form of questions and answers. ${\ll}$The Sixty nineth Difficulty, Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ 'Xu Ze Bu Qi Mu(虛者補其母), Shi Ze Xie Qi Zi (實者瀉其子)' that united ${\ll}$Ling Shu(靈樞) - Jing Mai(經脈篇)${\gg}$ 'Sheng Ze Xie Zhi(盛則瀉之) Xu Ze Bu Zhi(虛則補之)' with Ohaeng-xiangsheng theory is the base of the 'Bu Xie (補瀉)'. ${\ll}$The seventy fifth Difficulty, Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ 'Xie Nan Huo (瀉南方火) Bu Bei Shui (補北方火)' that based Ohaeng-xiangke theory and the 'Qu Xue(取穴)' takes the form of the 'Bu Mu Xie Zi (補母瀉子)' in standard of internal organs which are etiologic al cause named 'Shi(實)'.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.124-131
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study is to research for the formation of Ohaeng-acupuncture. Methods : I refered to ${\ll}$Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ (難經), ${\ll}$Ling Shu${\gg}$ (靈樞), ${\ll}$Zhen Jiu Ju Ying${\gg}$ (針灸聚英), ${\ll}$Yi Xue Ru Men${\gg}$ (醫學入門) and annotations were excerpted and record that notied the Ohaeng-acupuncture. Results : The results obtained as follows. 1. ${\ll}$Ling Shu${\gg}$ "Sheng Ze Xie Zhi, Xu Ze Bu Zhi"(盛則瀉之, 虛則補之) united with "Ying Sui Bu Xie"(迎隨補瀉), developed the principle of "Qu Xue" in ${\ll}$Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$. 2. ${\ll}$Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ explained the interdependent relations, interrestraining relations, the relations of subjugation and reverse restriction in illness condition between the five viscera according to the theory of generation, restriction, subjugation and reverse restriction in five elements. ${\ll}$Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ united five shu points (五兪穴) with five elements. 3. Zi jing Bu xie according to Xiang Sheng theory is develped from ${\ll}$Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ "Xu Ze Bu Qu Mu, Shi Ze Xie Qi Zi"(虛則補其母 實則瀉其子) to ${\ll}$Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ , ${\ll}$Zhen Jiu Ju Ying${\gg}$. 4. Ta jing Bu xie according to Xiang Sheng theory is develped from ${\ll}$Tu Zhu Nan Jing${\gg}$ to ${\ll}$Yi Xue Ru Men${\gg}$. 5. The principle of treatment according to Zi-Ta jing Bu xie based Xiang Ke is develped from ${\ll}$The seventy fifth Difficulty Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ to Sa Am Do In(舍岩道人).

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to compare Xingjian(LR2) Shaofu(HT8) with Dadun(LR1) Shaofu(HT8) on Blood Pressure in Hypertensive RAT induced by Two Kidney One Clip(2KIC). Methods : This experiments was to investigate the effects of LR2 HT8(originated from ${\ll}$Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ Shi Ze Xie Qi Zi), LR1 HT8(originated from ${\ll}$Ling Shu${\gg}$ Sheng Ze Xie Zhi) acupuncture on the blood pressure, cardiomegalic index, and plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide in hypertensive rat induced by 2K1C. Results: 1. Blood pressure was decreased significantly after third acupuncture of LR2 HT8. 2. Blood pressure was decreased significantly after acupuncture of LR2 HT8, but was increased after LR2 HT8. 3. Cardiomegalic index was not changed after acupuncture of LR2-HT8 and LR1-HT8 4. Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide was increased significantly after acupuncture of LR2 HT8 but LR1 HT8 was not changed.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.142-170
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• 2011

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate dizziness of Plain Questions $\ll$素問$\gg$ and Miraculous Pivot $\ll$靈樞$\gg$. Methods : We conducted a study on the original text paragraphs of Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ containing the dizziness and analysis of Yang, Ma, Zhang, Wang etc. We drew a parallel between dizziness from Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$and matching diagnoses from western medicine. Results : The results were as follows. 1. Dizziness in Ok Ki Jin Jiang Ron <玉機眞藏論> and Pyo Bon Byeong Jeon Ron <標本病傳論> had relation to liver and was similar to dizziness caused by tension, hypertension, anemia and cerebrovascular accident etc. in western medicine. 2. Dizziness in Ja Yeol<刺熱>, O Sa<五邪> and Hai Ron<海論> had relation to kidney and was similar to dizziness caused by aging and peripheral vertigo concurrent with tinnitus and difficulty in hearing in western medicine. 3. Dizziness in O Sa<五邪> had relation to heart(pericardium) and was similar to dizziness caused by cardiac output loss and psychogenic dizziness in western medicine. 4. In Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ the main etiology of dizziness was infirmity(虛), which were Qi(氣) of the upper portion of the body being insufficient(上氣不足), blood depletion(血枯), deficiency of marrow-reservoir(髓海不足) etc. 5. In Dae Hok Ron<大惑論> etiology and pathogenesis of dizziness were mentioned and dizziness was similar to dizziness caused by eye disorder, psychogenic dizziness and central dizziness in western medicine. 6. In Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ the meridian of acupuncture points which was used much for dizziness was Bladder Meridian. Aqupunture points used in treatment of dizziness were Ch'onju(天柱), Kollyun(崑崙), Taejo, Chok-t'ongkok(足通谷) etc. Conclusion : We found out etiology, pathogenesis, treatments of dizziness in Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$. Further we compared with western medicine to develop better understanding of dizziness.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

Objective : The aim of this experiments was to investigate the effects of Kyongo Puryu(originated from ${\ll}$Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$), Kyongo Um-gok(originated from ${\ll}$Ling Shu${\gg}$) acupuncture on the Blood Pressure, Cardiomegalic index, and plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide in Hypertensive RAT induced by 2K1C. Methods : The effects of Kyongo(L8) Puryu(K7), Kyongo(L8) Um-gok(K10) acupuncture on Blood Pressure in Hypertensive RAT induced by Two Kidney One Clip(2K1C). Results : I. Blood Pressure was decreased significantly after acupuncture of L8 K7. II. Cardiomegalic index decreased significantly after acupuncture of L8 Puryu, L8 K10. IlI. Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide was increased significantly after acupuncture of L8 K7.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.441-449
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• 2015

Studies on the flocculation of algae using various metal ions were carried out by measurements of optical density(OD) and zeta potential. Cyanobacteria were used as algaes. Flocculation efficiencies of cyanobacteria by an addition of metal ions were determined from OD values, and the effect of metal ions was greater in the order of $Al^{3+}$>$La^{3+}$>$Ho^{3+}$>$Fe^{2+}$>$Ca^{2+}$. Especially for trivalent metal ions, percentages of metal removed from cyanobacteria solutions on flocculation were measured, showing the same order as in flocculation efficiencies. Zeta potentials of cyanobacteria alone were measured with increasing the concentration, found to be all negative voltages, and were increased with increasing the concentration. The effect of pH on zeta potential of cyanobacteria solution was investigated. Below pH 5.5, the zeta potentials were steeply decreased with increasing pH, whereas in the range of $5.5{\leq}pH{\leq}10$ they were almost constant ($-46{\pm}1mV$) even with increasing pH. At a constant concentration of cyanobacteria ($A_{730}=0.25$), an increase in concentration of metal ions caused an increase in zeta potential of cyanobacteria solution, showing that the effect was greater in the order of $Al^{3+}$>$Ho^{3+}$>$La^{3+}{\gg}Mg^{2+}{\geq}Ca^{2+}{\gg}K^+$. At a constant metal concentration, zeta potentials were measured with increasing cyanobacteria concentration, showing that zeta potentials for $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ ions were negligibly changed, whereas those of $Ho^{3+}$ and $La^{3+}$ ions were decreased. Moreover, the effect of $Ho^{3+}$ ion on decreasing zeta potential was smaller than that of $La^{3+}$ ion. $Al^{3+}$ ions showed quite a different behavior that with increasing cyanobacteria concentration the zeta potentials increased and decreased thereafter. Hydrolysis of $Al^{3+}$ ions caused a difficulty to investigate coagulation or flocculation of cyanobacteria by measurement of zeta potential.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.133-148
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• 2001

From this book, $\ll$GeumGueyoryak Hakbyeongmaekjeungbyeongchi$\gg$, I finally got these conclusions of symptoms and pathology of Hakbyeong. 1. Hakbyeong has main symptoms of repetition of chillness and fever and its main pulse is pulse of Hyeon(弦) and position is in the middle of inside and outside. 2. Change in shape of pulse caused by Hakbyeong can have shape of pulse of Sak(數), Jee(遲), Kin(緊), Dae(大) and more kinds depending on patients constitution, the cause of disease, or whether he/she has been poisoned by other kinds. 3. After 15 days of symptoms, As Cheonki(天氣) and Inki(人氣) get stronger and Saki(邪氣) gets weaker, Jeongki(正氣) can be more recovered and the diseases can be disappeared. But if the disease dose not get away after another 15 days of showing symptom, that disease can be treated as cutting the Jingha under side of him/her. 4. The type of Hakbyeong which is diseased by the keeping the Haksa for long time, can be classified as Hagmo which has symptoms of chillness and fever outside, and of Jinggha inside, Danhag which has symptoms of difficulty with breathing, chest discomfort - caused by fever in the lung at ordinary times -, fever of extremities and nausea and that would make people worn out and thin after all, Onhag which has main symptoms of fever and Mohag which has symptoms of less fever and more chillness. 5. In this thesis it has been described, the Byulgabjunhwan(鼈甲煎丸), Baekhogagaejitang(白虎加桂枝湯), and Chokchilsan(蜀漆散) is the respective prescription for treatment of Hagmo, Onhag, and Mohag. From this conclusion, if the more research about the cause of disease, pathology and prescription of the each symptom from GeumGueyoryak hereafter, I could say more effective prophylaxis and treatment of epidemic disease like todays Hakbyeong can be found.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.23-46
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• 2005

The purpose of the paper Is to discuss and estimate early Popper's theory of probability, which is presented in his book, The Logic of of Scientific Discovery. For this, Von Mises' frequency theory shall be discussed in detail, which is regarded as the most systematic and sophisticated frequency theory among others. Von Mises developed his theory to response to various critical questions such as how finite and empirical collectives can be represented in terms of infinite and mathematical collectives, and how the axiom of randomness can be mathematically formulated. But his theory still has another difficulty, which is concerned with the inconsistency between the axiom of convergence and the axiom of randomness. Defending the objective theory of probability, Popper tries to present his own frequency theory, solving the difficulty. He suggests that the axiom of convergence be given up and that the axiom of randomness be modified to solve Von Mises' problem. That is, Popper introduces the notion of ordinal selection and neighborhood selection to modify the axiom of randomness. He then shows that Bernoulli's theorem is derived from the modified axiom. Consequently, it can be said that Popper solves the problem of inconsistency which is regarded as crucial to Von Mises' theory. However, Popper's suggestion has not drawn much attention. I think it is because his theory seems anti-intuitive in the sense that it gives up the axiom of convergence which is the basis of the frequency theory So for more persuasive frequency theory, it is necessary to formulate the axiom of randomness to be consistent with the axiom of convergence.