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Analysis of Gene Expression in Helicobacter pylori-associated Nodular Gastritis in Children Using Microarray (소아의 Helicobacter pylori 감염에 의한 결절성 위염의 유전자 발현 양상 분석)

  • Yang, Hye-Ran;Ko, Jae-Sung;Seo, Jeong-Kee
    • Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.7-22
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    • 2010
  • Purpose: Nodular gastritis is a characteristic finding of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference in gene expression in the gastric mucosa of H. pylori-infected and non-infected children, and to analyze the difference in gene expression using cDNA microarray analysis of nodular gastritis caused by H. pylori infection. Methods: Twelve children (6 boys and 6 girls; mean age 9.8 years) who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were included in the study. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the presence of H. pylori infection and nodular gastritis on endoscopic examination. Gastric mucosa tissue was kept at $-70^{\circ}C$ and RNA was extracted to perform cDNA microarray analysis in each patient. Results: cDNA microarray analysis in children revealed a clear distinction between H. pylori-infected and non-infected gastric mucosa. Specifically, 182 over-expressed genes and 29 under-expressed genes were identified in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa compared to non-infected mucosa. H. pylori-infected nodular gastritis revealed different gene expression patterns from H. pylori-infected normal gastric mucosa; five genes were over-expressed and five genes were under-expressed. Conclusion: In the presence of H. pylori infection, gastric mucosa shows distinct differences in gene expression, and nodular gastritis with H. pylori infection in children may be associated with over- or under-expression of some genes. Further studies are required to clarify the host response and the pathogenesis of nodular gastritis in children.

Observation of Response to PPD Skin Test and Local Side Reactions at Multiple Inoculation Sites after Percutanous Inoculation with BCG Tokyo 172 Strain (경피용 건조 B.C.G. 백신(Tokyo 172주) 접종 후 국소 반응과 투베르쿨린 양전율에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Jin Soo;Sohn, Young Mo
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.201-210
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    • 2000
  • Purpose : We observed response to PPD skin test and local side reactions among subjects who received inoculation with Tokyo 172 BCG strain by percutaneous method using multiple puncture device. Methods : 138 infants and young children were enrolled at Yongdong Severance Hospital and 7 private clinics. 5TU PPD skin test were performed at 4 months after inoculation. The local reactions at multiple puncture site were observed in 3 days, 4~6 weeks, 36 weeks, and 48 weeks after inoculations and physical check up was done for evaluation of lymphadenopathy. Results : During 48 weeks of observation period, 96 subjects among 138 who were enrolled were followed up completely with records of PPD skin test and observation of local side reactions, presenting with the photos. The size of the induration after 48 hours of PPD skin test, was less than 5mm in six subjects(6.3%), greater than 10mm in sixty seven subjects(70.0%) and greater than 12mm in forty six subjects(47.9%). All subjects showed inflammatory reaction and pustules at multiple puncture sites and only just small papules, ulcer and pustules remained 4-6 weeks later. Eight to twelve weeks later, all local inflammatory skin reactions disappeared with remaining crust. After 48 weeks, 4(4.2%) subjects showed no scar with only faint stain on the puncture site. More than 70% of subjects showed more than 10 faint pin-point scars on the sites. However, the size of scar was clearly smaller compared to that of intradermal inoculation. There were no cases of lymphadenopathy. Conclusion : We observed good immune response to 5TU PPD skin test among the infant and young children who were immunized with percutanous inoculation of Tokyo 172 BCG strain. We could not find any severe local scar at inoculation sites. A degree of satisfaction of the parents whose children received the percutaneous injection was very high.

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Factors Influencing Compliance with Anti-Tuberculosis Therapy (폐결핵 환자의 치료 순응과 관련된 요인)

  • Kim, Cheon-Tae;Lee, Kyeong-Soo;Kang, Pock-Soo
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.29 no.1 s.52
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    • pp.79-90
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    • 1996
  • The purpose of the study was to determine factors influencing compliance with anti-tuberculosis therapy. The study subjects were 104 tuberculosis patients who have received the initial treatment in 3 health centers of Kyongju-City, Dalseong-Gun in Teagu and Kumi-City. Data were collected between September and October 1995. The patients were classified into the improved group and the non-improved group according to outcomes of 3 month treatment with short-term therapeutic regimen. To find factors influencing compliance with anti-tuberculosis therapy, multiple logistic regression was made. There was no significant differences between the improved group and the non-improved group in sex, age, education level, occupation, family pattern, and habitual change regarding smoking and drinking. The level of knowledge about anti-tuberculosis therapy in the improved group was significantly higher than the non-improved group(p<0.01). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that family support for not forgetting medication (p<0.05) wis a predictor of improvement and knowledge about anti-tuberculosis therapy(p=0.054), regularity of medication(p=0.062), and consultation to family, doctor and nurse(p=0.075) were marginal predictors of improvement. Treatment must be given to every patient confirmed as having tuberculosis and must be given free of charge to the patients. The requirements for adequate chemotherapy are prescribed in the correct dosage and taken regularly by the patient for a sufficient period to prevent relapse of the disease after cure. It is suggested that education to the patients should be reinforced and connectedness between patients and tuberculosis control workers and family should be solidated.

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우리나라의 모자보건사업 (여성과 어린이 건강문제와 증진방안)

  • Park Jeong-Han
    • 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2002.07b
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    • pp.3-17
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    • 2002
  • 국민건강은 국가발전의 기본조건이다. 국민건강은 건강한 어린이의 출산에서 비롯되고, 건강한 어린이의 출산을 위하여 여성이 건강해야 한다 따라서 여성과 어린이 건강보호와 증진을 위한 모자보건사업은 국가보건사업 중 최우선 사업으로 추진되어야 한다. 우리나라의 모자보건사업은 1960대부터 보건소를 통하여 가족계획, 산전관리, 안전분만유도, 예방접종을 중심으로 하였다. 1980년대에 들어와 전국민의료보험의 실현과 국민생활수준의 향상 등으로 산전관리 수진율과 시설분만율이 급격히 증가하여 1990년대 후반에는 거의 100%에 도달하였고, 가족계획실천율도 1991년에 79.4%까지 증가하여 합계출산율이 1.6으로 감소하였고, 어린이 기본예방접종률도 90%이상이 되어 전염병 발생률이 현저히 감소하였다. 전통적인 모자보건사업 관련 지표들이 이렇게 향상되자 일선 보건요원에서부터 중앙정부의 정책결정권자에 이러기까지 모자보건사업에 대한 관심도가 떨어져 중앙부처의 모자보건업무 담당 부서도 축소되고, 모자보건 사업도 쇠퇴하였다. 그러나 어린이와 여성의 건강실태를 자세히 들여다보면 심각한 문제들이 대두되고 있다. 시설 분만율의 증가에 따라 제왕절개분만율이 40%대까지 급증하였고, 모유수유률은 10%대로 떨어졌다. 어린이의 체격은 커지고 있으나 체력은 떨어지고, 비만한 어린이가 급증하여 당뇨병과 같은 성인병 유병률이 어린이들에게 증가하고, 사고에 의한 어린이 사망과 장애가 늘고 있다. 또한 청소년들의 흡연율과 음주률이 증가하고, 성적 성숙이 빨라지고 사회의 개방풍조로 성(性)활동 연령이 낮아지고 성활동이 증가하여 혼전임신과 성폭력이 증가하고 있다. 여성들은 일찍 단산하고, 폐경 연령은 높아지고, 평균수명은 길어져 중년기와 장년기 그리고 노년기가 길어져 각종 만성질환에 이환될 기회가 늘어났다. 이러한 시기의 중요 건강문제들은 뇌혈관질환, 폐암, 유방암, 골다공증, 뇨실금 등과 같이 해결하기 어려운 것들이다. 이렇게 어린이와 여성들에게 새로운 건강문제들이 대두되고 있으나 이에 대한 대응정책이 없었고, 따라서 새로운 모자보건사업이 개발되지 않았으며 일선 보건요원의 훈련도 없었다. 그리고 이러한 건강실태를 파악하여 대책을 마련하고, 보건사업을 평가할 수 있는 보건정보체계가 없는 실정이다. 1990년대 중반에 소수의 학자들이 어린이와 여성건강문제의 심각성을 제기하고, 모자보건사업 활성화의 필요성을 주장하여 보건복지부가 '모자보건선도보건사업'이라는 이름으로 1999년부터 2001년까지 3년간 23개 보건소에서 시범사업을 시행하였다. 이 시범사업에서는 한정된 자원으로 여성과 어린이 보건문제를 효과적으로 해결하기 위해 새로운 보건사업의 개발과 효율적으로 수행하는 방법의 개발에 역점을 두어 많은 성과를 거두었다. 시범사업의 경험을 바탕으로 2002년에는 전국의 45개 보건소로 확대해나가고 있다. 모자보건선도보건사업에서는 임산부가 대상이었던 기존의 모자보건사업과는 달리 신생아, 영유아, 학동기 어린이, 청소년, 그리고 신혼부부에서부터 장년기 여성에 이르기까지 사업대상을 확대하고 생애주기에 따라 지역사회 건강문제해결을 목표로 한 보건사업을 수행하도록 하였다. 사업수행 과정에서 보건소는 지역내 대학과 협력체계를 구축하여 기술적 지원을 받고, 보건요원의 교육 훈련을 통해 사업기획 능력과 전문지식과 기술을 향상시켰고, 보건교육에 필요한 시설과 장비를 구입하였고, 민간의료기관과 연계하여 보건서비스의 질을 향상시켰다. 모자보건 선도보건소에서 제공하는 서비스는 취약계층 중심의 보건교육, 상담 및 지도, 고위험대상자 조기발견 및 민간기관 의뢰 및 주구관리, 질병 조기발견을 위한 검진 의뢰, 지역 보건통계 생산과 관리, 그리고 지역내 가용자원 안내 등이며, 저소득층에 대해서는 민간의료기관에 의뢰 또는 검진비용을 지원하였다. 이와 같이 지역사회 민간기관과 협력체계를 구축함에 따라 대상자를 지속적으로 관리할 수 있는 정보를 공유하게 되었고, 건강증진 및 질병예방, 치료, 사후관리를 포함한 지속적이고 포괄적인 서비스를 제공할 수 있게 되었다. 특히 고위험 및 건강의심 대상, 임부와 장년기 여성에 대해서는 건강검진서비스를 과감히 민간기관에 의뢰, 위탁하친 보건소는 상담자, 정보관리자로서의 역할로 전환할 수 있었다. 그러나 사업관리자의 양적 평가에 대한 고정관념과 질적 평가에 대한 인식부족, 기본 생정통계와 정보체계의 미비로 인한 부정확한 통계생산, 사업요원의 전문지식과 기술 부족, 그리고 인력부족 등이 문제점으로 대두되었다. 효율적인 사업확산과 조기 정착을 위해 중앙정부의 일관성 있는 정책과 재정적 지원이 필수적이며, 보건정보체계확립, 그리고 공공보건기관과 민간의료기관간의 공식적인 협력체계확립이 필요하다. 사업추진 모니터링 및 평가, 조정을 위하여 중앙에 '모자보건 선도사업 기술지원단'을 구성하여 운영하고, 프로그램 운영이 잘되는 보건소를 특성화 보건소로 지원 육성하고, 사업요원의 업무 적정화를 위한 보건소 조직과 기존 보건사업체계의 평가와 재편이 필요하다. 보건사업요원의 자질 향상을 위한 지속적인 교육 훈련 시스템과 보건통계생산 관리를 위한 정보체계의 구축이 요구된다. 모자보건사업관련 보건교육자료를 수집하고 개발하여 전국 보건소에 공급하는 중앙 보건교육자료 및 정보센터가 필요하다.

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Some hair mineral contents of non-violent criminal and normal control (건강인(健康人)과 비폭력(非暴力) 범죄자(犯罪者)의 두발(頭髮)중 일부 금속원소(金屬元素) 함량(含量))

  • Hong, Sung-Cheul;Kim, Doo-Hie
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.26 no.1 s.41
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    • pp.110-125
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    • 1993
  • This study was designed to determine whether non-violent criminal and normal control on the basis of concentration of levels of trace mineral and toxic metal by analysis of human scalp hair. The subjects were selected 87 nonviolent criminal from a prison population and 120 normal control from periodic health checks for study. Hair samples were taken from the napes and Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI) was performed also. Five trace mineral (Zn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Na) and two toxic metal (lead, cadmium) contents were determined by an atomic absorption spectrometer. The contents of zinc and magnesium in hair of non-violent criminal were significantly lower than the control group (p<0.01). In the case of lead and cadimum, mean value of criminal group was significantly higher than control group. Significantly higher T-score of MMPI was seen in non-violent criminal group fur psychopathic deviate (Pd), paranoia scale (Pa), and Mania scale (Ma) than control group, but T-score of depression scale (D) was significantly higher in the control group. In the non-violent criminal group, the content of copper inversely proportion to T-score of Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Mf, Pa, Pt, Sc, Si except Ma, also Zinc inversely proportion to T-score of Hy, Mf, Pa, Pt. These results suggest that difference of some hair mineral contents exist between criminal and normal control group. Thus further studies are necessary to determine whether violent and nonviolent criminal group attributed biochemical imbalance with carefully constructed and controlled studies.

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Mercury Contents of Scalp Hair by Consumption Pattern of Fishes, Shellfishes and its Products (어패류와 그 제품 섭취양상에 따른 두발중 총수은 및 유기수은 함량)

  • Lee, Won-Shik;Kim, Doo-Hie
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.27 no.1 s.45
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    • pp.44-58
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    • 1994
  • This study was conducted to examine the levels of total and organic mercury in the scalp hair of the elementary school children and adults, and their relationship with the consumption pattern of fishes and shellfishes. The scalp hair samples were collected from the occipital part of 115 children and 131 adults in costal, urban and rural areas of Kyungpook province from June to August 1991. The mercury content was analysed by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (model IL. 555) with atomic vapor accessory (model IL. 440). The total and organic mercury contents of hair were significantly higher (p<0.01) among the children who prefer fish and/or shellfish (7.728 ppm, 6.610 ppm), and canned fish and/or fish pastes (6.969 ppm, 5.885 ppm) than those who prefer meat (4.822 ppm, 3.905 ppm) and vegetables (3.974 ppm, 3.224 ppm). The children who prefer to eat the canned fish without cooking showed a higher mercury content than the children who prefer to eat it as stew or mixed with vegetables (p<0.01). There was a dose-response relationship between the intake frequency of canned fish, raw fish and cooked fish and the content of total and organic mercury of hair, the children who eat fish almost everyday showed 2 times higher than those who eat rarely (p<0.01). The mercury content in the hair of the children who eat raw fish was significantly higher than that of the children who eat boiled or broiled fish (p<0.01). The total and organic mercury contents of adult scalp hair increased with age up to the forties and slightly decreased in the fifties. The mercury contents of those who were engaged in the fishery and raw fish restaurant were 2 times higher than those of the farmers. The mercury content of the persons who were favorite dishes of fish and shellfish were most high, and who prefer raw fish were 2 times higher than those of the persons who prefer vegetables and broiled fish. The contents of total and organic mercury in adult scalp hair showed also a increasing tendency with the intake frequency of raw and cooked fish.

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The Effects of Wearing Protective Devices among Residents and Volunteers Participating in the Cleanup of the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill (허베이스피릿호 유류유출사고 방제작업 참여자의 보호장비착용 효과)

  • Lee, Seung-Min;Ha, Mi-Na;Kim, Eun-Jung;Jeong, Woo-Chul;Hur, Jong-Il;Park, Seok-Gun;Kwon, Ho-Jang;Hong, Yun-Chul;Ha, Eun-Hee;Lee, Jong-Seung;Chung, Bong-Chul;Lee, Jeong-Ae;Im, Ho-Sub;Choi, Ye-Yong;Cho, Yong-Min;Cheong, Hae-Kwan
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.89-95
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    • 2009
  • Objectives : To assess the protective effects of wearing protective devices among the residents and volunteers who participated in the cleanup of the Hebei Spirit oil spill. Methods : A total of 288 residents and 724 volunteers were surveyed about symptoms, whether they were wearing protective devices and potential confounding variables. The questionnaires were administered from the second to the sixth week following the accident. Spot urine samples were collected and analyzed for metabolites of 4 volatile organic compounds(VOCs), 2 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), and 6 heavy metals. The association between the wearing of protective devices and various symptoms was assessed using a multiple logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables. A multiple generalized linear regression model adjusted for the covariates was used to test for a difference in least-square mean concentration of urinary biomarkers between residents who wore protective devices and those who did not. Results : Thirty nine to 98% of the residents and 62-98% of volunteers wore protective devices. Levels of fatigue and fever were higher among residents not wearing masks than among those who did wear masks(odds ratio 4.5; 95% confidence interval 1.23-19.86). Urinary mercury levels were found to be significantly higher among residents not wearing work clothes or boots(p<0.05). Conclusions : Because the survey was not performed during the initial high-exposure period, no significant difference was found in metabolite levels between people who wore protective devices and those who did not, except for mercury, whose biological half-life is more than 6 weeks.

The Effect of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor on Chronic Cyclosporine Nephropathy in Salt Depleted Rats (저염식이를 이용한 cyclosporine 신독성에서 angiotensin converting enzyme Inhibitor의 영향)

  • Lee Eun-Ju;Lee Eun-Sil;Hah Jung-Hi;Kim Yong-Jin;Park Yong-Hoon
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.127-135
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    • 2000
  • Purpose: Cyclosporine(CsA) is a potent immunosuppressant but the use of CsA is associated with various side effects, especially nephrotoxicity. In tile kidney, salt depletion activates tile renin-angiotensin-aldosteron(RAS) system and accentuates chronic CsA nephropathy. We postulate that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors(ACEI) can prevent chronic CsA nephropathy, since ACEI may inhibit this cascades. This study was aimed to assess the effect of ACEI on chronic cyclosporin nephropathy in salt depleted rats. Methods: 36 Fischer-344 rats were divided into 6 goups. Group I received normal salt diet(NSD). Group II received a low salt diet(LSD). Group III received CsA with a NSD. Group IV received CsA with a LSD. Group V received NSD+CsA with ACEI. Group VI received LSD+CsA with ACEI. Rats were sacrificed after six weeks and the glomerular filtration rate(GFR), serum sodium, potassium and whole blood cyclosporine levels were measured. Renal tissues me sampled for the observation of histological changes. Results: No differences in blood CsA level & serum sodium were found between groups during the course of this experiment. Serum potassium in group VI was significantly increased compared with group IV and V (P<0.05). In groups treated with CsA only and in those where CsA was combined with ACEI, GFR was found to be significantly more decreased in LSD than NSD, and GFR in group V was significantly decreased in comparison with group III (P<0.05). Renal histologic lesions associated with CsA which consisted of cortical interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and hyalinization of arterioles were more severe in tile LSD group. But, no differences were observed between tile groups treated with CsA and ACEI, and the groups treated with only CsA. Conclusion: Salt depletion associated with the activation of the RAS system accentuated chronic CsA nephrotoxicity, but, ACEI could not reduce the functional and morphological changes of salt depleted kidneys, in which nephropathy can be exacerbated in spite of the blocking of the angiotensin II pathway. further studies are required to elucidate whether Am ameliorated the effect of salt-depleted CsA nephrotoxicity upon the effective renal blood flow.

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Analysis of Postnatal Acquisition Factors of the Normal Flora in Infants with Urinary Tract Infection (영아 요로감염에서 정상 세균총의 생후 획득 요인에 관한 분석)

  • Shim, Yoon-Hee;Kim, Hee-Jung;Lee, Seung-Joo
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.195-202
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    • 2007
  • Purpose : The normal flora, which was suggested to prevent infection, is acquired first from the birth canal and develops by dietary factors. Here presents a case-control study, aimed to evaluate the postnatal acquisition factors relating to the achievement of the normal flora in infants with urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods : 115 UTI infants, admitted at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital from 2004 to 2005 and 116 age-matched control infants, who had visited well baby clinic, were evaluated. The suggested postnatal acquisition factors of the normal flora such as vaginal delivery, breast feeding, probiotics and yogurt intake and their relationship with UTI were evaluated. Results : The rate of vaginal delivery was 50%(58/l15) in UTI infants, which was not significantly different from 60%(69/116) in control infants(P>0.05). In the infants with UTI, the feeding pattern(breast milk 19%, mixed 26%, formula 55%) was significantly different from that(44%, 19%, 37%) in control infants(P<0.05). This significant difference was shown only in infants less than 6 months of age, but was not in infants over 6 months of age. The rate of probiotics intake in UTI infants was 4%(4/115), which was significantly lower than 27% (32/116) in control infants(P<0.05). The rate of regular intake of yogurt in UTI infants over 6 months of age was 27%(6/23), which was not significantly different from 35%(8/23) in control infants(P>0.05). The odds ratios of breast feeding and probiotics intake against UTI were significantly low as 0.30 (95% Cl 0.17-0.55)(P<0.01) and 0.03 (95% Cl 0.01-0.07)(P<0.01). Conclusion : The significantly lower rates of breast feeding and probiotics intake in UTI infants suggest that these dietary factors might have preventive effects in infants with UTI.

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Predictive Value for Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children with Urinary Tract Infection (요로감염 환아에서 방광요관 역류를 예측할 수 있는 인자에 대한 연구)

  • Lee, Seung-Hyun;Noh, Sung-Hoon;Oh, Jeung-Eun;Kim, Min-Sun;Lee, Dae-Yeol
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.62-69
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    • 2008
  • Purpose: The most concerning issue in children with urinary tract infection(UTI) is the probability of underlying genitourinary anomalies and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), which is frequently associated with renal scarring and eventually end-stage renal disease. Therefore, voiding cystourethrography(VCUG) is usually recommended at the earliest convenient time for children with UTI. However, VCUG is an invasive procedure that requires catheterization and exposure to X-ray. In this study, we aimed to determine the predictability of clinical, laboratory and imaging parameters for VUR in children with UTI. Methods: Data of children with bacteriologically proven UTI who underwent VCUG were evaluated retrospectively for clinical(age, gender, fever), laboratory(leukocytosis, ESR, CRP, pyuria, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine) and imaging(renal ultrasound and DMSA renal scan) findings. First, children with UTI were divided into two groups according to the presence of VUR as non-VUR group and with VUR group, and clinical, laboratory variables were compared between these groups. Second, patients who had VUR were reclassified as low-grade VUR(grade I-II) group and high-grade(grade III-V) VUR group according to grading of VUR, and clinical, laboratory and imaging variables were compared between these groups. Results: Among 410 children with UTI, 137 had VUR and 78 high-grade VUR. Fever, leukocytosis, ESR, CRP, pyuria were associated with VUR. In addition, abnormal findings of ultrasonography and DMSA renal scan were closely related to VUR. However, these clinical and laboratory variable in patients with high grade VUR were not different significantly, compared to those with low-grade VUR group. Conclusion: Fever, leukocytosis, ESR, CRP seems to be potentially useful predictors of VUR in pediatric patients with UTI. In addition, renal ultrasonography and DMSA renal scan findings supported the presence of VUR. Further study of these findings could limit unnecessary VCUG in patients with UTI.

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