• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.198-205
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• 2021

For twenty years, in the EU there has been a trend of a lack of maritime infrastructure and a redundance of the road one, which has a negative impact on the economy. The intermodal transport market structure in the EU has not changed over the past ten years. The stability of transport systems due to the lack of changes in the transport market remains under threat, affecting supply chains and networks through the optimization of warehousing and transportation costs. The research methodology is based on a quantitative assessment of cause-and-effect relations between economic growth and transport and logistics in the EU. A statistical analysis of security indicators, intermodal and modal transport, international trade in goods within the EU and in the world trade in goods, the dynamics of GDP of the EU countries, the level of openness of the EU economy, investment and maintenance costs of different modes of transport and infrastructure has been carried out. The results show that in 2000- 2010 there were positive changes in the transport and logistics infrastructure of the EU, which had a positive effect on trade, openness of the economy of the EU, GDP growth. However, at that time, negative effects of environmental impact and the load on road and rail transport were accumulating. Investment in different modes of transport is limited, and technical maintenance and infrastructure maintenance costs form a significant part of GDP of the EU. A slowdown in economic growth leads to budget constraints and infrastructure financing gap. As a result, the freight and passenger intermodal and modal transport market structure remains virtually unchanged. The load on rail and road transport remains stable, despite the reduced level of transport hazards. Transport productivity has declined over the past ten years. Herewith, the intensification of trade and the openness of the EU economies require constant modernization and innovative renewal. The EU policy in this direction remains normative, uncontrolled, which is reflected in investment differences within the EU and maintenance costs.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.141-145
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• 2006

In this study, $Eu^{2+}$ ion was used as an activator in order to enhance the PL(photoluminescene) and PSL(photostimulated luminescence) intensity of $MCl_2:Eu^{2+}$(M = Ca, Sr, Ba)phosphors and the chracteristics of PL and PSL of the phosphors were investigated. The emission of $MCl_2:Eu^{2+}$(M = Ca, Sr, Ba) phosphors shows a shift wavelength when the host caution changes. The optimal preparing conditions of $CaCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor were 0.5 mol％ of $EuCl_2$ and the sintering temperature were $745^{\circ}C$, 45 min. in $H_2$ atmosphere. The PL and PSL spectra of $CaCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ locate in the range of $365{\sim}388\;nm$, peaking at 370 and 380 nm. The optimal preparing conditions of $BaCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor were 0.5 mol％ of $EuCl_2$ and the sintering temperature were $905^{\circ}C$, 45 min. in $H_2$ atmosphere. The PL and PSL spectra of $BaCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ locate in the range of $370{\sim}460\;nm$, peaking at 398 nm. The optimal preparing conditions of $SrCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor were 0.5mol％ of $EuCl_2$ and the sintering temperature were $840^{\circ}C$, 45min. in $H_2$ atmosphere. The PL and PSL spectra of $SrCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ locate in the range of $380{\sim}440\;nm$, peaking at 407 nm. The dose response of the $MCl_2:Eu^{2+}$(0.5 mol%)(M = Ba, Sr) phosphors were linear within $0.25{\sim}200\;mGy$ of 100 kV X-ray and the PSL intensity of the $SrCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ and $BaCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ phosphors faded to approximately 60 and 40% respectively after 120 min at room temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.184-189
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• 2013

$Ba_2SiO_4:Eu^{2+}$ ($B_2S:Eu^{2+}$) powders were prepared by firing the dry gel obtained by the sol-gel and the hybrid process (sol-gel and combustion), respectively, and their structure and luminescence were investigated. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used as a Si source. The phase transition was observed with the TEOS content. With 1.2M TEOS, the powders prepared by the sol-gel process without prior calcination were composed of the $B_2S:Eu^{2+}$ single phase, whereas those by the sol-gel and the hybrid process with prior calcination consisted of the dominant $B_2S:Eu^{2+}$ and minor $BaSiO_3:Eu^{2+}$ ($BS:Eu^{2+}$) phases and their emission intensities were approximately two times higher than those without prior calcination. The hybrid process could reduce the process time innovatively compared to the sol-gel process, even though the former was a little inferior to the latter in the emission intensity of $B_2S:Eu^{2+}$. With 1.1M TEOS, the $B_2S:Eu^{2+}$ single phase was obtained by the hybrid process, and its green emission was observed at 505 nm originated from the $4f^65d^1{\rightarrow}4f^7$ transition of $Eu^{2+}$ ions.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.1568-1571
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• 2005

We have evaluated thermal stability of a $BaAl_2Si_2O_8:Eu^{2+}$ $(BAS:Eu^{2+})$, which have polymorph property such as hexagonal, monoclinic structure depending upon firing temperature. When both polymorph $BAS:Eu^{2+}$ were baked in air at 500 $^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of $monoclinic-BAS:Eu^{2+}$ was maintained of the initial intensity. However, the PL intensity of $hexagonal-BAS:Eu^{2+}$ decreased significantly, corresponding to about 34 %. From analyses of Rietveld refinement, the difference of thermal stability of both $BAS:Eu^{2+}$ can be ascribed to both crystal structure of host materials and the average interatomic distances between $Eu^{2+}$ ion and oxygen their crystal structure which plays a key role of shield for Eu2+ ions against oxidation atmosphere.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4440-4444
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• 2012

The purpose of the paper is to draw conclusions form the EU's cluster policy for Korean government policy. The paper consists of five chapters. Chapter two develops theoretical underpinnings of clusters. In chapter three are the research methods shown. Chapter four describes the EU policy for clusters. In chapter is drawn a conclusion and policy implications are discussed. Academic contribution of this study is academically analyzed the first time the research of EU Cluster and Policy of the EU Cluster is to enhance the innovative for SMEs technology.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.1499-1502
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• 2005

Dense $BaMgAl_{10}O_{17}:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor particles with a spherical shape have been synthesized through spray pyrolysis method using basic aluminum nitrate precursor as a spray solution. This $BaMgAl_{10}O_{17}:Eu^{2+}$ particles prepared by the spray pyrolysis have shown the stronger emission intensity compared to the commercially-available $BaMgAl_{10}O_{17}:Eu^{2+}$. However, thermal stability of the BAM:Eu b lue phosphor is very poor due to changing from $Eu^{2+}$ to $Eu^{3+}$ at the thermal process, so brightness of the phosphor decreases. To improve the thermal stability of the dense BAM:Eu phosphor, the spherical BAM:Eu particles were coated with pure $BaMgAl_{10}O_{17}$ layer using the hydrolysis reaction in a solution system. The synthesized powders were characterized by XRD, SEM and PL. On the other hand, the emission properties of the BAM:Eu phosphors coated with $BaMgAl_{10}O_{17}$ layer before and after thermal treatment at $500^{\circ}C$ for 30 min were estimated under VUV excitation. The brightness of the coated phosphor was higher than that of the uncoated phosphor. Also, the coating thickness of BAM layer in the BAM:Eu particles was optimized.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.4835-4843
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• 2011

Europe outlined its technological development strategy in the "EU 2020 Strategy". The goal is to lift the EU's technological level above that of the United States or Japan. In particular the EU 2020 Strategy aims to make the EU the world's leading knowledge society. The research purpose of that article is to focus on international technological cooperation. Chapter two examines the EU's international technological cooperation approach. Chapter three analyses the EU 2020 Strategy in terms of development, background and content. Chapter four looks at the involved countries for technological cooperations and scrutinises possible policy alternatives. In chapter five is given a conclusion.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.89-115
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• 2009

By measuring the consumption risk sharing for the EU regions, we evaluate the performance of various risk sharing channels for the EU. We identify which countries are likely to form the highest risk sharing group among the EU regions by using the DFFITS and DFBETAS diagnostics derived in a statistical regression. Our finding suggests that most western European countries seem to display homogeneous degree of risk sharing. In addition, our result confirms that high risk sharing regions as well as low risk sharing regions are mainly located in many eastern European countries that joined the EU later than western European countries, and implies that the EU members are still dichotomized at large in terms of consumption risk sharing.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.355-375
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• 2022

In this study, LCA based on EU PAS 2050 and Product Category Rules (PCR) was conducted for steel products with the highest proportion of Korea's exports to the EU among the carbon border adjustment items that were passed by the EU Parliament in June and applied to imports from 2025. Carbon emissions were calculated by (ISO 14040) analysis. As a result of the analysis, the total emission is 394,000 tons, and when converted to the EU ETS weekly price, it is 39,000.000 euros, which is about 5% of the export amount of 734 million dollars. This is the same effect as a 5% tariff increase. This study applies international standards in calculating the carbon footprint and provides information that is closest to the expected amount to be imposed in the future EU CBAM, providing the effect of enabling exporters to establish trade strategies and international competitiveness measures in advance.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.493-497
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• 1998

The synthesis of $Sr_{1-x}Eu_xAl_2O_4$ (x=0.005~0.2;mol%) phosphors and its properties of both photoluminescence and long-phosphorescent were investigated as a function of $Eu_2O_3$ composition. The peak wavelengths (520 nm) of phosphorescence spectra were found not to vary with the $Eu_2O_3$ composition (x) of $Sr_{1-x}Eu_xAl_2O_4$ crystals. Single phase of $SrAl_2O_4$ which determined by XRD and PL was obtained with the compositions of x<0.05 mol%. After the removal of light excitation (360 nm), the excellent after-glow characteristics of the phosphorescence were obtained with the $Eu_2O_3$ compositions of x<0.05 mol%, although the after-glow intensities for all phosphors vary exponentially with the times.