• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.163-171
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• 1980

Recently, Bacillus has been identified as one of food poisoning bacteria especially in products of cereal foods in foreign countries. Therefore, the quantitative distribution of Bacillus cereus in market foods, its physiological characteristics, growth rate by temperature and heat resistance of its spore were examined. Thirty two samples of cooked rice, 20 samples of kimbab(cooked rice rolled with laver), 23 samples of rice cake, 13 samples of rice ana 13 samples of barley were collected from restaurents and food stores in Busan, Korea during the period from May to November in 1980. Forty samples of 101 samples submitted to the test appeared positive for Bacillus cereus showing abut $40\%$ in detection ratio. Detection ratio of Bacillus cereus was higher than $50\%$ in barley and rice, and about $30\%$ in rice products. Average Bacillus cereus content of in the samples was $2.6\times10^6/g$ in cooked rice, $2.3\times10^6/g$in kimbab, $4.9\times10^4/g$ in rice cake while that in rice and barley was about $10^3/g$. The result of biochemical tests of the bacterium was $100\%$ positive in catalase, egg yolk reaction, gelatin hydrolysis and glucose fermentation, $100\%$ negative in xylose, arabinose and mannitol oxidation, about $90\%$ positive in acetoin production, $80.0\%$ positive in nitrate reduction and citrate utilization and $55.0\%$ positive in starch hydrolysis test. Isolation ratio of Bacillus ceresus which showed haemolysis positive and starch hydrolysis negative results, was about $38\%$ in 40 strains examined. It is known that those strains has a close relation to food poisoning accident. Growth rate and generation time of Bacillus cereus isolated from the cooked rice were $0.34hr^{-1},\;2.02hr\;at\;20^{\circ}C,\;0.73hr^{-1},\;0.95hr\;at\;30^{\circ}C\;and\;0.49hr^{-1},\;1.44\;hr\;at\;40^{\circ}C$ respectively. Heat resistance value of Bacillus cereus spores suspended in phosphate buffer solution was $D_{90}=29.0min,\;D_{95}=8.7min,\;D_{98}=3.7\;min\;and\;D_{101}=2.3\;min(z=10.5)$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 1987

Optical properties of sea water were studied in the Sagami Bay, Japan, based on the data obtained from six oceanographic stations in June, 1985. The observation of surface irradiance and underwater irradiance of sea water for eight kind of wavelengths (378, 422, 481, 513, 570, 621, 653, 677 nm) of sun light was conducted using the underwater irradiameter $(Isigawa\;\#\;SR-8)$. The mean attenuation coefficient of the sea water was appeared to be 0.166 $(0.061\~0.644)$ and the attenuation coefficient of the sea water for wavelength appeared such as 0.121 for 378 nm, 0.105 for 422 nm, 0.097 for 481 nm, 0.099 for 513 nm, 0.138 for 570 nm, 0.253 for 621 nm, 0.258 for 653 nm, 0.253 for 677 nm. The transparency was 12.9 m $(7.2\~18m)$, water color was $(5\~10m)$ in the study area and the sun altitude was $70.79^{\circ}\;(57.44^{\circ}\~78.42^{\circ}C)$ The relationship between attenuation coefficient (K) ana transparency (D) was $K=2.87/D(1.06/D\~5.48/D)$. The rates of light penetration for eight kind of wavelenths (378, 422, 481, 513, 570, 621, 653, 677 nm) were computed with reference to the surface light intensity respectively, The mean rate of light penetration in proportion to depths were $77.93\%\;(52.52\~94.06\%)$ in 1 m layer, $35.46\%\;(4.00\~73.64\%)$ in 5m layer, $18.71\%\;(0.24\~54.23\%)$ in 10m layer and $7.00\%\;(0.007\~27.58\%)$in 20m layer. The rate of light penetration at the transparency layer with reference to the surface light intensity was shown as $13.02\%\;(0.42\~34.78\%)$.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.37-60
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• 1983

The uterus receives adrenergic terminals from the mesenteric ganglia and considerably large amount of catecholamines have been shown to be contained in this organ. On the other hand, the activities of epinephrine, norepinephrine or adrenergic nerve on uterine motility is so complicated that many controversial results have been reporter. Recently, a large number of reports concerning the changes of uterine catecholamines content have appeared, but little is known about the role of uterine catecholamines in their activities on uterine motility. The present experiments were undertaken to determine the significance of the intrinsic uterine catecholamines in the physiology of uterus. Female albino rabbits weighing approximately 2 kg were employed in this experiment. uterine strip3 were prepared and suspended in a constant temperature $bath(38^{\circ}C)$ containing 100 ml of Locke's solution aerated with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. Spontaneous motility was recorded on a smoked drum with an isotonic lever. The catecholamines concentration of the uterus was determined according to the Procedure described of Shore and Olin (1958). Human uterus obtained from patients was also used to determine the catecholam ines content of myometrium. Followings are summarized results. 1) On the non-pregnant rabbit uterine strips, epinephrine and norepinephrine significantly elevated the tonus and stimulated the spontaneous motility. Pretreatment with dichloroisoproterenol(DCI), an adrenergic beta-receptor blocker, enhanced the stimulatory activity of epinephrine or norepinephrine. On the other hand, pretreatment with dibenamine, an adrenergic alpha-receptor blocker, rendered the uterine muscle to exhibit inhibition after the administration of epinephrine or norepinephrine. Following the treatment with both DCI and dibenamine, epinephrine or norepinephrine produced no appreciable effects on the spontaneous motility of the uterus. These results suggest there exist both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors in the uterine muscle and the response to epinephrine of the former is predominant over that of latter in the non-pregnant uterus of rabbits. The total catecholamines concentration of the non-pregnant uterus was $351\;m{\mu}g/g$ and the fractional concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine were $125\;m{\mu}g/g(35.7%)$ and $226\;m{\mu}g/g$ respectively. It is interesting to note that the catecholamines content of uterus was characterized by a high fractional corcentration of epinephrine relative to norepinephrine. 2) On the pregnant rabbit uterine strips, the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine varied according to the period of pregnancy. The response to epinephrine of adrenergic beta receptor of uterus increased during pregnancy, and the effect of catecholamine was inhibitory in the early pregnancy but became stimulatory as the pregnancy progressed. This stimulating action on the uterine motility was found to occur through the action of norepinephrine. The uterine catecholamines concentration was markedly reduced during pregnancy. The catecholamines concentration was started to decrease in the early pregnancy, reached the lowest level in the mid-pregnancy and then started to increaae again in the late pregnancy when the total catecholamines content became the highest level of all. This increase of catefholamines in late pregnancy was chiefly due to the increase of norepinephrine. These results suggest that the uterine motility may be related to the catecholamines content, especially norepinephrine content in the uterus. 3) Bilateral oophorectomy of rabbits results in a marked shrink of the uterus in size. The spontaneous motility of the uterine segment of these animals was very weak and irregular. Norepinephrine produced inhibitory effect, whereas epinephrine was stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the uterine segment. The total catecholamines tontent in whole uterus was markedly reduced. The injection of estrogen into the oophorectornized rabbit increased the weight of uterus to approximately three times of that of oophorectornized animal. The apontaneous motility and the response to epinephrine and norepinephrine of the uterine segment were greatly enhanced. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine produced a marked stimulatory effects of the uterine motility. The uterine content of catecholamines, particularly epinephrine, was markedly increased. The injection of progesterone into the oophorectornized rabbit increaeed the weight of uterus to approximately 2.5 times of that of eophorectornized animal. The spontaneous motility of the uterine segment was weak and irregular. Epinephrine produced stimulatory effect at high concentrations but norepinephrine always prcdnced inhibitory effect on the uterine segment. The uterine content of catecholamines, particularly of norepinephrine, was markedly reduced. These results suggested that ovarian hormones play an important role not only on the growth and spontaneous norepinephrine of uterus but also on the catecholamines content and responee to epinephrine and norepinephrine of the uterus. 4) The intraperitoneal injection of reserpine(3 mg/kg) into the non-pregnant, pregnant and oophorectornieed rabbits markedly decreased the uterine content of catecholamines, particularly of the norepinephrine. The stimulatory response to epinephrine and. norepinephrine of the uterine segment of these reserpinized ratbits was markedly reduced whereas the inhibitory response to these catecholamines was enhanced. This finding further support the close relationship between the uterine catecholamines content and uterine response to epineptrire and norepinephrine. 5) In the human uterus, the concentration of epinephrine was actrally greater than that of norepinephrine and it was significantly greater during the proliferative phase of the menstrtal cycle. In the human pregnant uterus, the concentrations of toth epinephrine and ncrefinephrine were markedly reduced and showed about 45 percent rednction after 6-8 weeks of ectopic Pregnancy. At full term ana during labor, the concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine at placental sites were less than those found in the non-pregnant group. Of interest was the finding that the norepinephrine concentration of uterus from toxemic patients was two and half times higher than that of lower uterine segment of the nontoxemic pregnant individuals. Also the epinephrine concentraticn was slightly increaeed.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 1982

The effects of xanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction on brain microsomal $Na^+-K^+-ATPase$ activity were studied to see possible involvement of oxygen free radicals in pathologic change occurring in ischemic state of CNS accompanied by cerebral vascular occlusion or impact injury. When microsomal fraction was incubated with xanthine ana xanthine oxidase, $Na^+-K^+-ATPase$ activity of the fraction was markedly inactivated (80% inactivation) whereas btssl $Mg^{++}-ATPase$ was much less sensitive (less than 10% inactivation) compared to that of $Na^+-K^+-ATPase$. The inactivation was observed only in the presence of both xanthine and xanthine oxidase, not either of them alone, and the extent of inactivation was dependent on the concentration of xanthine. In an attempt to determine which of the oxygen species was responsible for the inactivation, the ability of various scavengers to overcome the inactivation was tested. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2)octane were shown to reverse the inactivation of the ATPase in dose-dependent manner. In contrast, mannitol as well as other $OH{\cdot}$quenchers were ineffective in limiting oxygen radical-induced inactivation. Thus $O_{\bar{2}}{\cdot},\;H_2O_2$ and $^1O_2$ were implicated to be mediators involved in the inactivation. Since oxygen radicals are suspected as being a cause of the peroxidative damaging process in train ischemia, the ATPase inactivation by oxygen radicals may be a possible contributing factor which gives rise to functional derangement of nerve cells observed in the pathologic process.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.189-195
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• 1978

Using the skins of conger eel, Astroconger myriaster, and hagfish, Eptatretus burzeri, from fillet manufactory, the optimum conditions of skin glue processing were investigated and physical ana chemical properties of the product were also determined. The yields of conger eel and hagfish skin to the total body weight were $10.6\%$ and $11.4\%$, respectively. The optimum processing conditions for conger eel skin glue were the extraction of skins which were previously tinted with $0.3\%$ calcium hydroxide solution for one hour, in water at pH 5.5 and $60^{\circ}C$ for four hours. The additional water was six times sample weight. In case of the hagfish skin glue, the liming time with $0.3\%$ calcium hydroxide solution was suitable for three hours, and the skins were extracted with water as much as nine times sample weight at pH 5.0 and $60^{\circ}C$ for three hours. The contents of crude protein of conger eel and hagfish skin glue were $91.5\%$ and $90.2\%$, respectively. The content of crude lipid was slightly higher than that of chemical grade gelatin. Relative viscosity, melting point, gelation temperature and jelly strength of conger eel skin glue were 13.6, $15.2^{\circ}C$, $6.2^{\circ}C$ and 13.0g respectively and those of hagfish skin glue were 12.9, $14.8^{\circ}C$, $4.3^{\circ}C$ and 23.3g respectively. The turbidity of conger eel skin glue and hagfish skin glue were slightly superior to those of dry glue.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 1984

In an effort to elucidate the physiological characteristics in cardiopulmonary function, electromyogram(EMG), and blood chemistry in athletic high school students, an analysis of electrocardiogram(ECG) and EMG, pulmonary function test, venous blood gas analysis($Pvo_2$ and$Pvco_2$), and measurement of heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, blood glucose and blood lactate were made for 16 to 19 year-old high school students who were divided into athletic (n=19) and non-athletic (n=20) group. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) ECG intervals in athletes were longer than in non-athletes, and the difference was significant in R-R, Q-T and T-P intervals. Resting heart rate in athletes was 56.3/min showing a bradycardia compared with 79.8/min in non-athletes. Amplitudes of R and T waves in lead $V_5$ were significantly higher than in non-athletes. 2) Pulmonary function parameters in athletes showed higher values than in non-athletes. Parameters which showed significant differences were FEV 0.5, PEF, FEF 25%, PIF and FEF $200{\sim}1.200\;ml. 3) Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate after exercise were significantly elevated from resting values. Heart rate and respiratory rate showed greater increase in non-athletes, while blood pressure showed greater increase in athletes. 4) $Pvo_2$ was lowered ana $Pvco_2$ was elevated after exercise, and there was no significant difference between two groups. 5) Blood glucose and lactate levels were elevated after exercise. The difference was significant in blood lactate, and was greater in non-athletes. 6) EMG amplitude was steadily increased with increasing load of exercise, and the increase was greater in athletes than in non-athletes.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 1977

For this study 3 samples of the home-made meju and 3 samples of the improved meju were selected according to their characteristics. A total of 25 strains of true fungi were isolated from the samples of the home-made meju and identified by the Key of Alexopoulos and Raper, using a strain Aspergillus oryzae A-113 as a control. Amylolytic and proteolytic enzyme activities of the isolated strains were investigated ana the results obtained were as follows. 1. The 25 strains from the home-made meju were identified into 2 Aspergillus oryzae, 14 Asp. flavus, 6 Penicillum spp. 1 Candida sp 1 Spicaria sp and 1 Rhizopus sp. 2. The 3 strains from the improved meju were all identified as Aspergillus oryzae. 3. Aspergillus flavus, A-B, from the home-made meju was found to he the strongest strain in ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity and also to be similar to the strains of Aspergillus orzae from improved meju. 4. Aspergillus flavus, A-7, from the home-made meju was found to be the strogest strain in ${\beta}-amylase$ activity and stronger than that from the improved meju. 5. Aspergillus flavus B-3, was found to be the strongest strain in protease activity and stronger than that from the improved meju. 6. Some of the strains from the home-made meju turned out to be harmful strains, such as Penicillium spp. which secrete antibiotics, Asp. flavus which secretes mycotoxin, Candida sp which causes skin diseases, Spicaria sp. which is a insect pathogen. 7. Rhizopus sp was also found but it has not been proved to be harmful.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 1966

Various relationships with the leaf yield per 1,000m in the length of mulberry branch were investigated. The results obtained are as followings. 1. Relationship with the mulberry varieties. There were little differences of the leaf yield among the mulberry varieties, being 106∼109kg in an average and the distributions of the leaf yield were of 60∼160kg class for Morus bombycis Koidz, 50-17kg class for Morus Lhou(Ser.) Koidz and 50∼180kg class for Morus alba L. Otherwise, 79 per cent of all varieties was between 80∼140kg class to which 85 per cent of only Morus Lhou(Ser.) Koidz belonged. There was one or two peaks for each strains, for example, the peak at 80∼90kg class and at 120∼140kg class in Morus bombycis Koidz showed the best yield, the peak at 90∼100kg class in Morus alba L. and 100∼110kg class in Morus Lhou(Ser.) Koidz. 2. Relationship with the pruning. The multi-stemed pruning showed 149kg mulberry leaf yield which was more 75 per cent increase than the low-stemed pruning, 85kg. 3. Relationship with the degree of cutting off. The leaf yield varied according to the degree of cutting off the branch, such as, 166kg in 1/3 cutting off the branch and 180kg in $\frac{1}{2}$ which were more 19 per cent and 34 per cent increase of 140kg in non-cutting off the branch, respectively. The main cause of the leaf increase was thought because of the increase of young branch. 4. Relationship with the branch diameter. In the relation to the leaf yield per 1,000m in branch length, there was no significance comparing 66kg for thin branch with 80kg for medium one ana the thick branch had 150kg leaf yield and increased 88 per cent when compared with the medium one. In the relation to the leaf yield per l0cm in diameter, 811g leaves for thin branch and 875g for medium one were produced, but there was no significance between them. Thick branch had 1,461g, and increased 67 per cent when compared with medium one and the average yield was 1,201g for total branch.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 1999

Purpose : Brain metastases are the most frequent metastatic neurologic complication of systemic cancer. Even if the prognosis of brain metastases is grave, with available treatments, most patients experience effective palliation of neurologic symptoms and meaningful extension of life. We evaluated the clinical features and prognostic factors of the patients who were diagnosed as solid tumors with brain metastasis and received radiotherapy for brain metastases. Materials and Methods: Between January 1987 and January 1998, 71 patients with brain metastases from solid malignancy were included. We reviewed neurologic symptoms and signs of patients and evaluated improvememt of neurologic symptoms and signs. Survival durations after brain metastasis were ana lysed according to several factors such as age, performance status, primary malignancies, the pre-sence of brain metastasis at initial diagnosis of primary tumor, multiplicity of brain metastass, the presence of metastases other than brain, and treatment method. Results: Frequent symptoms associated with brain metastasis were headache (47.9$\%$), motor weakness (40.8$\%$), nausea and vomiting (19.7$\%$) and mental change (19.7%). Palliation of these symptoms was accomplished in 64.9$\%$ of cases. The overall median survival time was 16 weeks and 1- and 2-year survival rates were 15.0$\%$ and 5.1$\%$ respectively. Patients without extracranial metastases (n=27) had longer median survival than patients with extracranial metastases (33 weeks vs 10 weeks, p=0.0018). In patients with single brain metastasis (n=37), the median survival time was longer in patients treated with surgery plus radiotherapy than in patients treated with radiotherapy alone (40 weeks vs 16 weeks, p=0.0438). Conclusion: Patients who has brain metastases only constitute a prognostically favorable group and they may be benefited from radiotherapy and surgery if indicated.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2002

The present study was aimed to examine the effect of different host plants on the biological property of cotton caterpillar, outbreak pest of cucurbit vegetables. The feeding and oviposition preferences toward cucumber and pumpkin were greater than those toward watermelon, oriental melon, and melon. The periods of egg and larva fed on oriental melon, melon, and pumpkin were longer than those on watermelon and cucumber. The longest pupal period was 10.5 days from cucumber. The hatching rate, pupation rate, emergence rate, and survival rate were observed from different host plants. The hatching rate was the highest on cucumber (87.2%) and the lowest on melon (72.8%). The pupation rate on watermelon and oriental melon (90.0% and 89.1%, respectively) was higher than that on cucumber (62.0%). The emergence rate on cucumber and pumpkin (93.5% and 92.0%, respectively) was higher than that on oriental melon (78.7%). The survival rate from hatching to emergence on watermelon (76.0%) was the highest, and the lowest on cucumber (50.0%). The adult period on melon (21.0 days) was the longest, and the shortest on cucumber (15.5 days) among 5 host plants. Average number of eggs per female on cucumber (281.8 eggs) was the highest, and the least on oriental melon (96.6 eggs). The survivorship on cucumber was the longest (30 days), and the shortest on pumpkin (17 days). The preoviposition period on oriental melon and melon (3.4 days) was longer than that on watermelon (2.1 days) and mean generation time in day (T) on melon was the longest (47.2 days) though they were not significant. The net reproductive rate per generation (R$_{o}$) on cucumber, 191.3, was the highest and the highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (r$_{m}$) was observed from cucumber as 0.127. All these results suggest that the growth ana reproduction of cotton caterpillar varies depending upon the kind of host plants. The analysis of the life table revealed that cucumber and pumpkin were the favorable host plants of cotton caterpillar.