• 한방비만학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was performed to assess the effect onf abdominal obesity treatment on changes in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat. Methods : The study was conducted on 61 abdominally obese patients (13 men and 48 women). Measures of body weight, waist circumference, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat area by CT scan, and V/S ratio (Viscero-subcutaneous fat ratio) were acquired before and after Kirindiet therapy. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to est the effects of teatment. Results : Following a mean of 68 days of treatment, waist circumference (-15%), abdominal total fat (-40%), subcutaneous fat (-37.9%), visceral fat (-47.8%) and V/S ratio (-11.1%) were significantly reduced (p<0.05). The change in V/S ratio in female patients was not statistically significant (p=0.491) whereas the change in the V/S ratio in male patients was significant indicating a greater loss of visceral fat (p=0.017). Please check that my changes reflect what the study found Conclusions : The reduction in visceral fat was greater than for subcutaneous fat in male patients but not for female patients.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.360-366
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics of low- fat pork patties containing fat replacers. Carrageenan(CA) in combination with pectin(PE) or potato starch(PO) was added as fat replacers and physicochemical properties were evaluated in low-fat pork patties cooked by oven-roasting or pan-frying. Uncooked and cooked pork patties formulated with fat replacers were higher in moisture and ash content and lower in fat content than those of control. The cooking yield and reduction in diameter of pork patties were significantly improved by the addition of fat replacers(p<0.05). Pork patties formulated with CA had the highest fat retention, while CA+PE had the highest water holding capacity. Hunter s L(lightness) value was not different from among patties and a(redness) and b(yellowness) values were higher in carrageenan-based patties than those of control patties. Hardness was higher in carrageenan-based patties than that of control and cohesiveness and springiness showed no difference among patties. Sensory analysis showed that flavor, juiciness and palatability of carrageenan-based patties were superior to control patties and combined use of CA with PE or PO provided improved acceptability of low-fat pork patties over that from using single carrageenan.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.286-290
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• 2021

Objectives: The use of fat grafts in maxillofacial sculpturing is currently a common technique. Unlike fillers, autologous fats unite with facial tissues, but long-term results may still be unsatisfactory. Sharing long-term follow-ups can be helpful in making outcomes more predictable. Materials and Methods: The data from patients who were admitted from 2014 to 2016 for fat augmentation were collected. In all cases, fat grafts were injected by blunt cannula using a tunneling technique in different planes. A fan shape order for the malar, periorbital, nasolabial fold, mandibular angle and body, and perioral area was established. Results: Autologous fat was used for different sites of the maxillofacial regions. Of 15 patients, two patients were not satisfied due to fat graft resorption. For this, further injections were performed six months after the first injection using preserved fat grafts. One patient continued to be dissatisfied. There were no other complications related to fat transplants. Conclusion: Fat transplantation is a safe, reliable, and non-invasive method for facial contour and facial soft tissue defect restoration. Additional methods such as mesenchymal stem cells along with fat injection increase the survival rate of transferred fat.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권9호
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• pp.649-659
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• 2022

A long-term energy nutritional imbalance fundamentally causes the development of obesity and associated fat accumulation. Lysosomes, as nutrient-sensing and lipophagy centers, critically control cellular lipid catabolism in response to nutrient deprivation. However, whether lysosome activity is directly involved in nutrient-induced fat accumulation remains unclear. In this study, worm fat accumulation was induced by 1 mM glucose or 0.02 mM palmitic acid supplementation. Along with the elevation of fat accumulation, lysosomal number and acidification were also increased, suggesting that lysosome activity might be correlated with nutrient-induced fat deposition in Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, treatments with the lysosomal inhibitors chloroquine and leupeptin significantly reduced basal and nutrient-induced fat accumulation in C. elegans. The knockdown of hlh-30, which is a critical gene in lysosomal biogenesis, also resulted in worm fat loss. Finally, the mutation of aak-2, daf-15, and rsks-1 showed that mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1) signaling mediated the effects of lysosomes on basal and nutrient-induced fat accumulation in C. elegans. Overall, this study reveals the previously undescribed role of lysosomes in overnutrition sensing, suggesting a new strategy for controlling body fat accumulation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.740-747
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• 2014

Background Autologous fat graft has become a useful technique for correction of acquired contour deformity in reconstructed breasts. However, there remains controversial regarding the efficacy and safety of the practice for reconstructive breast surgery. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 102 patients who had secondary fat grafting after breast reconstruction. Fat harvest, refinement and injection were done by Coleman's technique. All patients were followed up postoperatively within 1 month and after 6 months including physical examination and ultrasonography. In 38 patients, the reabsorption rate was calculated by serial changes of thickness between skin and pectoral fascia in the ultrasonic finding. Locoregional recurrence rate was compared with control group of 449 patients who had breast reconstruction without fat graft in the same time period. Results Average 49.3 mL fat was injected into each breast. The most common location of fat graft was upper pole, followed by axilla, lower and medial breasts. During 28.7 months of average follow-up period, 2.9% of total patients had symptoms of palpable mass on fat graft side and ultrasonography identified fat necrosis and cyst formation in 17.6% of the patients. Calculated fat reabsorption rate was 32.9%. Locoregional recurrence was occurred in 1 patient (0.9%) and the rate was not different significantly with control group (2%). Conclusions Although further studies are required to provide surgeons with definitive guidelines for the implementation of fat grafting, we propose autologous fat graft is an efficient and safe technique for secondary breast reconstruction.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.141-156
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• 1998

This histological study was performed to investigate the effects of .Paljeungsan-gagambang on the epididymal fat cell size, number and the fat drop area of hepatic lobule of rats fed High Fat Diet. Paljeungsan-gagambang was orally administered to the rats of sample group 26mg per 200g of rat's weight everyday for 4 weeks, and the control group were just fed with equal amount of saline solution. Then they are the epididymal fat cell size, epididymal fat cell numberand fat drop area of hepatic lobule that were measured. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The size of the epididymal fat cell was decreased significantly as compared with the control group. 2. The number of the epididymal fat cells was decreased significantly as compared with the control group in distribution chart classified by cell size 3. The Area(%) of the Fat drops in the hepatic lobule was decreased significantly as compared with the control group. According to the above results, it is considered that Paljeungsan-gagambang have effects on the decrease of the epididymal fat cell size, number and fat drop area of hepatic lobule of rats fed high fat diet; Thus, the adminisrtation of Paljeungsan-gagambang is considered to have an improving effect on obesities and liver diseases caused by high fat diet.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.523-532
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• 2013

Fat shot은 골프에서 공보다 뒤땅을 먼저 치게 되는 샷의 공식 용어이다. 본 연구에서는 fat shot과 정상적인 샷의 동작을 비교 분석하였다. K 대학교 교원 5명을 연구대상자로 선정하였으며, 개인별 fat shot이 최소 5개 체크될 때까지, 샷을 계속하게 하였다. AD, MBS, TBS, MDS, IMP, MF를 분석 시점으로 설정하였고, 구간 소요시간, 지면반력 패턴, 백스윙 크기, 팔꿈치 각도, 코킹 각도, 골반과 몸통의 회전, 골반 선속도 각속도 등을 분석하였다. 변인별 차이를 확인하기 위해 대응표본 검증을 실시하였다. Fat shot의 주요 원인으로 간주되는 다운스윙에서의 빠른 코킹 풀림, 다운스윙 초기의 오른 팔꿈치 신전, 뒷발에 체중을 실은 채로 하는 스윙 등의 형태는 나타나지 않았다. 백스윙 크기와 X-Factor 크기, 골반과 몸통의 회전각도, 골반의 회전각속도에서도 두 샷 간 차이가 나지 않았다. 그러나 정상적인 샷에 비해 Fat shot은 다운스윙 초반이 아닌, 후반부 임팩트 바로 직전의 다소 급격한 체중 이동 형태와 다운스윙 과정 중 골반의 타겟 방향으로의 급격한 가 감속, 그리고 골반의 수직 상방으로의 다소 작고 늦은 타이밍의 움직임 속도패턴을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.154-163
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• 1988

Effects of alchohol and fat content in a balanced diet on chemical composition and morphology of liver were investigated in growing rats. Fourth eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing about 160g were divided into 4 groups ; high fat diet group, alcohol-administered high fat diet group, low fat diet group and alcohol-administered high fat diet group, low fat diet group and alcohol-administered low fat diet group. High and low fat diets supplied 30% and 12%, respectively, of total calorie intake from fat, and alcohol was given by adding ethanol in drinking waster at 10%. Diets contained adequate amounts of all nutrients required for rats, including lipotrpoic agents(choline and methionine) to minimize effects of factors other than alcohol on liver damage. Ratios of liver weight to body weight were statistically different among groups. Liver/dody weight ratios alcohol-administered rats were significantly higher than those of non-alcohol groups after 6 weeks treatment. Although total lipid and triglyceride per gram liver were increased in alcohol-administered rats, especially low fat diet fed rats, the values were not significantly different. Opticmicroscopical observation revealed increase in cell size and no change in morphology of liver. Examination of hepatocytes by electron microscopy showed that fat droplets were observed in all groups but enlarged in the alcohol-administered low fat diet fed rat. Contents of protein, cholesterol and phospholipid were not affected by alcohol consumption. The level of lipid peroxide was significantly lower in the livers of alcohol-administered rats than in the livers of non-alcohol groups. The results of this study indicate that even moderate alcohol drinking and dietary fat content did not affect any significant change in composition and morphology of liver until 6 week treatment but that even moderate alcohol drinking caused some signs of steatosis of liver.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2001

Objectives : Ma-huang is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, derived from Ephedra sinica Stapf and other Ephedra species, used to treat asthma, nose and lung congestion, and fever with anhidrosis. It contains 0.5-2.5% by weight of total alkaloids, of which ephedrine accounts for 30 to 90%. Recently, Ma-huang has been used as a source of ephedrine in many dietary supplements formulated for the treatment of obesity, since ephedrine has been found to be effective in inducing weight loss in the obese. In this study the effects of the methanol extract of Ma-huang on the adipocyte of epididymal and brown fat pads in rats fed a high fat diet for six weeks were studied. Methods : Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing an average 94g (4 weeks old) were fed either a regular diet (RE) or a high fat diet (HF), and the HF group was subdivided into a Ma-huang methanol extract (30mg/100g body weight) group (HF+MH). The weight of epididymal fat pad and brown adipose tissue were measured. The cell size and cell number per unit area of epididymal fat pad were investigated. Results : The yield weight of methanol extract of Ma-huang was 3.63mg per l00g of Ma-huang. The body weight gain of the HF group was similar with that of the HF+ MH but higher than that of the RE. The weights of the epididymal fat pads and brown adipose tissue of the RE group were lower than those of HF and HF+MH groups. The cell sizes and numbers per unit area of epididymal fat pads of the RE and HF+MH groups were larger than those of HF group. The cell numbers per unit area size of epididymal fat pads were the smallest in the RE group. Conclusions : It could be concluded that the Ma-huang extract has no effect on the epididymal fat pads in rats fed a high fat diet and the clinical application of Ma-huang for the treatment of obesity should be re-considered.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.64-72
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• 2002

Objective: Ramulus mori (RM) has been known to be effective for the treatment of obesity. To show the effectiveness of RM in a more scientific way, RM extract was prepared and evaluated in high fat diet rats by measuring the changes of body weight and lipid metabolism as described briefly below. Methods: 200 g of crushed RM was extracted withmethyl alcohol. The extract was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 33.4 g. For 10 weeks, control group rats were fed a high fat diet, while the test group rats were fed with the same diet plus RM extract. The normal group was fed with a normal diet. 150 mg of RM extract per 1 kg of body weight was added to the diet in the test group rats. Results: The control group rats on the high fat diet gained weight significantly, whereas the test group rats on the high fat diet plus RM extract gamed less weight. The significant increase of liver weight caused by the high fat diet was also inhibited by the RM extract treatment. Total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels of serum in the high fat diet rats were remarkably increased, whereastheir levels on the high fat diet plus RM extract were less increased. While serum HDL-cholesterol levels were remarkably decreased in the high fat diet, its level was less decreased in the high fat diet plus RM extract. Furthermore, we observed that the activities of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase increased under the high fat diet, while their activities under the high fat diet plus RM extract were getting back nearly to the normal levels of the normal diet rats. Conclusions: These result show that the obesity caused by a high fat diet was effectively inhibited by an RM extract. Our results also showed that the abnormal lipid metabolism caused by a high fat diet was effectively cured by adding RM extract.