• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.11-20
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use and perception of adults concerning bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) products. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from 502 residents in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk area. According to the survey more females in their 20s responded than males (45.2 and 54.8%, respectively). In total, 82.6% of respondents had an income of under 4,000,000 won per month and most were living in the city. The results regarding knowledge about bokbunja products showed that the bokbunja wine score was highest (3.66), and intake frequency showed that over half of the respondents had never eaten bokbunja products. The preference for bokbunja wine by males was higher than that for females, whereas the others products showed higher scores for females than for males. When asked about how they knew about bokbunja products, 37.0% of males and 46.9% of females responded a family member or neighbor. When purchasing bokbunja products, males and females answered that they considered taste, country of origin, and manufacturer, and price. Approximately 48% of the respondents answered that they purchased bokbunja products in the grocery and department store. As a result, popularization of bokbunja products was based on product development and sales promotion, and the product development factor significantly influenced preference for bokbunja products.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.191-199
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine in vitro development of porcine embryos constructed by the microinjection of cultured fetal fibroblast cells into porcine oocytes matured in vitro. Single fetal donor cells were deposited into the perivitelline space of enucleated oocytes, followed by electrical fusion and activation. Activated embryos were cultured in NCSU-23 medium supplemented with 5％ FBS, at 38.5$^{\circ}C$ for 6 to 8 days in 5％ $CO_2$ and air. In experiment 1, fusion rates of nuclear transfer embryos did not differ for fetal fibroblast cells incubated in 5％ FBS + NCSU-23 or 5％ FBS + TL Heaps medium, nor did fusion rates of donor cells differ between 1-8 hr incubation durations. Fusion rates for the four treatment subclasses ranged from 72.1％ to 78.0％. In experiment 2, Pre-synchronization in medium containing 0.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/m Hoechst 33342 an increase from 0 and 8 versus 15 h culture an increased percentage of porcine fibroblast cells in G2/M at the end of the synchronization period (12.4％, 17.5％ and 47.6％). Neither an increase in the concentration of H 33342 (0.2-1.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) nor a longer exposure time (12h, 18h and 24h) increased the proportion of porcine G2/M fibroblasts. In experiment 3, fusion rates did not differ significantly far nuclear transfer embryos constructed using donor cells cultured in 5％ FBS + NCSU-23 medium for 1-2, 6-8 or 12-14 days (60.0％, 73.3％ and 62.5％), respectively. The cleavage rate for nuclear transplant embryos using fetal fibroblast cells cultured for 1-2 days was 44.0％, significantly less than 56.7％ and 50.0％. for 6-8 or 12-14 days duration of culture, respectively. In experiment 4, the proportions of nuclear transfer embryos that developed to the $\geq$2 cell and to the blastocyst stage were not affected significantly by culture medium (5％ FBS + NCSU-23 or 5％ FBS + TL-Heaps) or by $O_2$ concentration of the culture (5％ vs 10％). Rates of development to the $\geq$2 cell stage ranged from 65.9％ to 70.1％, and development rates to the blastocyst stage ranged from 9.8％ to 12.5％ for the four treatment subclasses. Developmental rate was highest for embryos cultured in 5％ FBS + NCSU-23 under a gas atmosphere of 5％ $O_2$ in air.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.20 no.2 s.22
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• pp.312-321
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• 1987

To investigate the maternal and child factors associated with early detection of cerebral palsy, 74 mothers of cerebral palsy children who were born since January 1, 1980 and being treated at Taegu Rehabilitation Center for the Handicapped, Rehabilitiation Center of Taegu University, St. Paul Children's House and Pusan Welfare Association of Cerebral Palsy Children were interviewed from February to April 1987. There is no association between age of child when parents noticed the child's abnormality and educational level of father but it tend to be detected earlier when education level of mother is college or above compared with high school or under. There is a trend of earlier detection of child's abnormality although statistically not significant in case father is professional or managerial worker, monthly income of father is over \610,000, child is first-born, age of the parents is 34 years or under, child is a boy, and child has periodic well-baby check-up. The child's abnormality is detected earlier when mothers had 7 prenatal visits or more compared with those who had 6 visits or less (p<0.05). Parents noticed the child's abnormality first in 85.1% of the cases whereas doctors detected it first in 2.7% and this percentage was not different whether the child had periodic well-baby check-up or not. The first physician's diagnosis of the children was cerebral palsy in 36.5% and the rest was normal, need for observation, uncertain, etc. Parents took the child to doctor for diagnosis 2-3 months after they noticed the child's abnormality and after the child was diagnosed as cerebral palsy parents either took no therapeutic measure or brought the child to physiotherapy or acupuncture or gave herb medicine before they started specific rehabilitative therapy. For early detection of the cerebral palsy children, teaching of evaluation method for child development should be reinforced both in medical school and clinical training course and should train the specialist for diagnosis and treatment of crippling conditions. Also, public education is needed for the importance of early detection of crippling conditions and currently available methods for diagnosis and treatment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.481-487
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• 2010

Purpose: Recently many studies show early exposure during childhood growth to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) and/or early exposure to allergens exhibit important role in development of allergy including bronchial asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of endotoxin and allergen exposure in early life via the airways in the pathogenesis of allergic airways inflammation and airway hyperresposiveness (AHR) in mouse model of asthma. Methods: Less than one week-old Balb/c mice was used. Groups of mice were received either a single intranasal instillation of sterile physiologic saline, 1% ovalbumin (OVA), LPS or $1.0{\mu}g$ LPS in 1% OVA. On 35th day, these animals were sensitized with 1% OVA for 10 consecutive days via the airways. Animals were challenged with ovalbumin for 3 days on 55th days, and airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and cytokine expression were assessed. Measurements of airway function were obtained in unrestrained animals, using whole-body plethysmography. Airway responsiveness was expressed in terms of % enhanced pause (Penh) increase from baseline to aerosolized methacholine. Lung eosinophilia, serum OVA-IgE and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytokine levels were also assessed. ANOVA was used to determine the levels of difference between all groups. Comparisons for all pairs were performed by Tukey-Kramer honest significant difference test; $P$ values for significance were set to 0.05. Results: Sensitized and challenged mice with OVA showed significant airway eosinophilia and heightened responsiveness to methacholine. Early life exposure of OVA and/or LPS via the airway prevented both development of AHR as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophilia. Exposure with OVA or LPS also resulted in suppression of interleukin (IL)-4, 5 production in BAL fluid and OVA specific IgE in blood. Conclusion: These results indicate that antigen and/or LPS exposure in the early life results in inhibition of allergic responses to OVA in this mouse model of astham. Our data show that early life exposure with OVA and/or LPS may have a protective role in the development of allergic airway inflammation and development of allergen-induced airway responses in mouse model of asthma.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.767-774
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• 2015

In recent decades, health concerns related to sodium intake have caused an increased demand for salt or sodium-reduced foods. Umami substance can enhance taste sensitivity to NaCl and may offer a unique approach to replace and reduce the sodium content in foods. In this study, hot water extraction conditions of Wando sea tangle with high umami taste were investigated. Wando sea tangle harvested in June was selected for hot water extraction based on its free amino acids composition. The quality properties of sea tangle extract were investigated at various extraction temperatures ($60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, and $100^{\circ}C$) and times (1 h, 2 h, and 3 h). Sea tangle extracts at the extraction temperature of $100^{\circ}C$ contained the highest soluble solids (35.47%~36.93%), and crude protein (3.75%~4.00%). Viscosities of sea tangle extracts decreased with increasing extraction temperature. Umami amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid) and sensory characteristics were best at extraction conditions of $100^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. Saltiness enhancement of sea tangle extract powder was determined. Saltiness intensities of NaCl solution after adding 1% sea tangle extract powder were enhanced (1.84~4.25-fold). At the same saltiness intensity, sodium contents of NaCl solution with 1% sea tangle extract powder were 12.24~24.33% lower than that of NaCl solution. These results suggest that it is possible to reduce sodium in foods with sea tangle extract as a natural salt enhancer without lowering overall taste intensity.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2002

Several antagonistic bacteria, SD-1, 4, 10, 11, 14, 15, and 16, which have strong CMCase and amylase activities, were isolated from the fermented mushroom media. Among them, SD-1, 10, 11, and 15 have strong antibacterial activities against the mushroom pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas sp., and SD-1, 10, 11, 14, and 16 have strong antifungal activities against the mushroom pathogenic fungi, Trichoderma sp. SD-14, 15, and 16 did not inhibit the growth of mushroom Pleurotus eryngii ASI-2302, and Pleurotus ostreatus ASI-2042 and ASI-2180. When the culture broth mixture of the seven bacterial strains was applied to the mushroom media, the growths of pathogens, Pseudomonas sp. and Trichoderma sp., were inhibited.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.221-235
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• 1989

Gold-silver mineralization of the Goryeong-Waegwan area was deposited in three stages of quartz and calcite veins which fill fissures in Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Sindong Group. Radiometric dating indicates that mineralization is Late Cretaceous age(98 Ma) likely associated genetically with intrusion of a small biotite granite stock. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope data indicate that Au-Ag ore was deposited at temperatures between $280^{\circ}C$ and $230^{\circ}C$ from fluids with salinities between 1.7 and 8.7 equiv.wt.% NaCl. Evidence of boiling indicates pressures of <100 bars, corresponding to depths of 425 and 1,150m, respectively, assuming lithostatic and hydrostatic loads. Within ore stage I there is an apparent decrease in ${\delta}^{34}S$ values of $H_2S$ with paragenetic time, from +1.4 to -2.5 per mil. This pattern was likely achieved through progressive increases in pH and activity of oxygen accompanying boiling. Measured and calculated hydrogen and oxygen isotope values of ore-forming fluids(${\delta}D$ = -90 to -100 per mil; ${\delta}^{18}O$ = +3.9 to -11.4 per mil) indicate meteoric water dominance, approaching unex-changed meteoric water values. Au-Ag deposition is thought to be the result of cooling and dilution of a boiling fluid through mixing with less evolved meteoric waters.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were differences in shear bond strength to human dentin using IDS technique compared with DDS. Forty freshly extracted human molars were and devided into 4 groups. The control group specimens were, on the morrow of tooth preparation, light-cured after application of dentin bonding agent and cemented with resin cement. The IDS/SE(immediate dentin sealing, Clearfil$^{TM}$ SE Bond) and IDS/SB (immediate dentin sealing, Adapter$^{TM}$ Single Bond 2) specimens were, on the morrow of tooth preparation, light-cured after application of dentin bonding agent(Clearfil$^{TM}$ SE Bond and Adapter$^{TM}$ Sing Bond 2, respectively), whereas DDS specimens were not treated with any dentin bonding agent. IDS/SE, IDS/SB and DDS specimens were thermocycled. Following that delay, specimens were cemented with resin cement. The dentin bonding agent was left unpolymerized until the application of porcelain restoration. Shear bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine. Specimens also were evaluated for mode of fracture using an optical microscope. The mean shear bond strengths of control group and IDS/SE groups were not statistically different from one another. The bond strength of IDS/SE group had a significantly higher mean than that of DDS group. There was no significant difference in the mean shear bond strength between IDS/SB(4.11MPa) and DDS group. The evaluation of failure modes indicates that most failures in the control group and IDS/SE groups were mixed, whereas failures in the DDS group were interfacial. When preparing teeth for indirect ceramic restoration, IDS with Clearfil$^{TM}$ SE Bond results in improved shear bond strength compared with DDS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1232-1238
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to find the optimum addition amount of astringent persimmon paste to glutinous rice flour in the preparation of Gaminjeolmi (persimmon glutinous rice cake). The moisture contents of Gaminjeolmi with added astringent persimmon paste were 57$\∼$59$ \% $. With increasing addition of astringent persimmon paste, the L- and b-value were decreased. The a-value was the highest at the 8$\%$ level. In the mechanical evaluation of Gaminjeolmi, the hardness was the highest in the 0$\%$ astringent persimmon paste-lnjeolmi but the 0$\%$ level was decomposed after 2 day of storage. The adhesiveness and cohesiveness were the lowest at the 0$\%$ and 16$\%$ levels. The springiness did not differ significantly with the addition of astringent persimmon paste for 2 days of storage. The gumminess was the highest at the 0$\%$ level for 1 day of storage, significantly. In the sensory evaluation of Gaminjeolmi, the acceptance of the softness characteristics was the best at the 8$\%$ level. Addition of astringent persimmon paste improve preservation of Injeolmi and the addition of 8$\%$ of astringent persimmon paste to glutinous rice flour was found to be the best recipe in terms of the sensory qualities of softness and overall acceptability.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.593-623
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• 1999

This experimental study was designed to verify the anti-aging efficacy of Eukmigihwangtang (EMGHT) and Rehmannia Radix, and determine the specific role and actions of Rehmannia Radix. Normal rat (2 months old), aging rat (8 months old), and pathologically induced rat (2 months old, injected 30mg/kg of streptozotocin) are observed to study the aging eliciting factors such as peroxide contents and enzyme activities. The following results were obtained in this study: 1. For the body weight changes, normal group given Rehmannia Radix showed decrease in the body weight compared to the control group, aging group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the body weight, and STZ injected group showed suppression to the body weight loss when given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix. 2. For the content changes in serum lipid peroxide, normal group showed increasing level as the rat gets older. Aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the lipid peroxide level compared to the control group. Decrease was more prominant in the group given EMGHT. 3. For the changes in serum hydroxyl radical, normal group did not show significant changes, but aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the hydroxyl radical level compared to the control group. Decrease was more prominant in the group given EMGHT. 4. For the changes in serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, normal group did not show significant changes, but aging group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase in the SOD activity compared to the control group. STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the SOD activity compared to the control group. 5. For the content changes in hepatic lipid peroxide, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the lipid peroxide level compared to the control group. 6. For the changes in hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease compared to the control group. Cytochrome b5 activity was significantly decreased only in the STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix. 7. For the changes in hepatic aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activity, aging group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease compared to the control group. STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase in the aminopyrine demethylase activity, and showed significant decrease in the aniline hydroxylase activity compared to the control group. 8. For the content changes in hepatic protein bound-SH and nonprotein bound-SH, againg group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase compared to the control group. 9. For the content changes in hepatic glutathione level, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase compared to the control group. 10. For the changes in hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase and decrease, respectively, compared to the control group. 11. For the changes in hepatic glutathione reductase activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase compared to the control group, while $\gamma$-Glutamylcystein synthetase activity did not show significant changes. 12. For the changes in hepatic superoxide dismutase activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease compared to the control group. From the above results, the antioxidant effects of EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix were proved, as well as the role of Rehmannia Radix, a chief of EMGHT, was examined. In addition, since no change was reconized as the quantity of Rehmannia Radix and the order herbs increased, the reasonableness on EMGHT was proven with respect to its composition and quantity. Thus, the significance of EMGHT could be objectively exmined in terms of its composition and quantity. Considering animals used in the experiment, there were obvious changes in aging rats and pathologically induced rats than in normal rats. Consequently, it was noticeable that EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix were working selectively on the subjects.