• 공업화학
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.373-380
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 화재 시 연기안전 등급 평가를 표준화하기 위해 Chung's equations 1, 2와 3을 확장하여 Chung's equations-V인 연기성능지수-V와 연기성장지수-V를 산정하였다. 5종류의 목재를 선별하여 ISO 5660-1의 규격에 의한 콘칼로리미터(cone calorimeter)법으로 연기지수들을 측정하였다. Chung's equation-VI에 따라 연기위험성지수-VI에 의한 연기위험성을 등급화 하였다. 연기위험성지수-VI는 PMMA(1) ≈ 단풍나무(1.01) < 물푸레나무(1.57) < 전나무(4.98) < 오동나무(46.15) < 적삼목(106.26)의 순서로 증가하였다. 단풍나무, 물푸레나무의 연기위험성이 가장 낮고, 오동나무, 적삼목이 가장 높은 것으로 예측되었다. 시험편 5종의 일산화탄소 평균생성속도는 0.0009~0.0024 g/s으로 나타났으며, 이들 목재는 기준 물질인 polymethyl methacrylate보다 불완전연소 물질임을 나타내었다. 선정된 목재들의 연기특성은 체적밀도가 높을수록 연기성능지수-V (SPI-V)이 증가하였고, 연기위험성지수-VI (SRI-VI)가 감소하였다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2013

Purpose: Many surgical procedures in oral and maxillofacial area can induce trauma to the peripheral nerve. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of short-term steroid therapy on nerve recovery after crush injury. Methods: Sixteen rats were randomly divided into two groups. The right sciatic nerves were exposed, crushed, and sutured. The control group was not given steroids. The test group was injected with dexamethasone disodium phosphate (2 mg/kg body weight/day) for 7 days. In all animals, compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was recorded before and at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury. Results: The amplitude of the CMAP before and at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury were $53.20{\pm}4.80$ mV, $20.12{\pm}5.38$ mV, $30.01{\pm}14.15$ mV, $31.14{\pm}13.56$ mV, $31.73{\pm}16.33$ mV, and $37.23{\pm}16.98$ mV in the control group, and $55.25{\pm}6.72$ mV, $18.62{\pm}6.26$ mV, $29.50{\pm}13.06$ mV, $32.90{\pm}13.226$ mV, $30.17{\pm}11.80$ mV, and $38.41{\pm}12.27$ mV in the test group, respectively. The nerve conduction velocity was $18.82{\pm}3.94$ m/s, $16.73{\pm}3.48$ m/s, $19.60{\pm}2.45$ m/s, $18.68{\pm}3.94$ m/s, $18.02{\pm}3.51$ m/s, and $19.25{\pm}3.88$ m/s in the control group, and $18.94{\pm}3.48$ m/s, $17.28{\pm}2.53$ m/s, $7.57{\pm}2.54$ m/s, $18.77{\pm}2.12$ m/s, $19.48{\pm}1.55$ m/s, and $19.22{\pm}2.97$ m/s in the test group, respectively. There was no significant difference between both groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study did not show any therapeutic effect of short-term administration of steroids on injured rat sciatic nerve. Further studies are needed.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.496-502
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• 2011

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of bee venom acupuncture therapy on the hair follicle growth by macroscopic, microscopic and immunohistochemical observation of skin 10 and 17 days after treatment. The results were as follows : Macroscopic hair follicle growth of 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group was more prominent than those of 0.1 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group and control group. Microscopic observation indicated that the hair follicle growth of control group reached anagen phase IV of hair growing cycle, and that of 0.1 ml and 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated groups reached anagen phase VI and catagen, respectively. Immunohistochemical observations of the expression of various cytokines, enzymes and receptors in association with hair follicle cycle after local treatment of S.B.V. acupuncture therapy are as follows: Expression of fibroblast growth factor was more intense in epidermis and outer root sheath in 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group than that of 0.1 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group and control group. Expression of epidermal growth factor was more intense in bulge and outer root sheath in 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group than that of 0.1 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group and control group. Expression of c-kit receptor was more intense in epidermis, bulge and outer root sheath in 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group than that of control group. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was more intense in epidermis, bulge and outer root sheath in 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group than that of control group. Expression of protein kinase C-${\alpha}$ was more intense in epidermis, bulge and outer root sheath in 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group than control group. It is concluded that bee venom acupuncture therapy promoted the expression of various cytokines, enzymes and receptors related to the hair growth cycle for hair growth. This findings indicates that bee venom acupuncture therapy is applicable to the treatment of hair loss.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2018

Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare dosimetric characteristics of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and two types of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) which are step-and-shoot intensity modulated radiotherapy (s-IMRT) and modulated arc therapy (mARC) for thoracic esophageal cancer and analyze whether IMRT could reduce organ-at-risk (OAR) dose. Materials and Methods: We performed 3D-CRT, s-IMRT, and mARC planning for ten patients with thoracic esophageal cancer. The dose-volume histogram for each plan was extracted and the mean dose and clinically significant parameters were analyzed. Results: Analysis of target coverage showed that the conformity index (CI) and conformation number (CN) in mARC were superior to the other two plans (CI, p = 0.050; CN, p = 0.042). For the comparison of OAR, lung V5 was lowest in s-IMRT, followed by 3D-CRT, and mARC (p = 0.033). s-IMRT and mARC had lower values than 3D-CRT for heart $V_{30}$ (p = 0.039), $V_{40}$ (p = 0.040), and $V_{50}$ (p = 0.032). Conclusion: Effective conservation of the lung and heart in thoracic esophageal cancer could be expected when using s-IMRT. The mARC was lower in lung $V_{10}$, $V_{20}$, and $V_{30}$ than in 3D-CRT, but could not be proven superior in lung $V_5$. In conclusion, low-dose exposure to the lung and heart were expected to be lower in s-IMRT, reducing complications such as radiation pneumonitis or heart-related toxicities.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제53권12호
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• pp.15-19
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• 2016

매우 큰 사이즈를 가진 multi-finger RF MOSFET의 $S_{11}$-parameter에서 스미스차트의 저항 circle 라인을 벗어나는 kink 현상의 게이트 바이어스 종속 특성이 관찰되었다. 이러한 바이어스 종속성은 $S_{11}$-parameter의 크기와 위상, 입력저항, 입력 커패시턴스의 주파수 응답곡선을 측정하여 최초로 분석되었다. 그 결과 입력 커패시턴스의 크기와 입력저항의 dominant pole과 zero 주파수에 의해 $V_{gs}$ 종속 kink 현상이 크게 변하는 것을 알 수 있다. $V_{gs}=0V$일 때 매우 적은 $S_{11}$-parameter 위상차와 입력저항의 높은 pole 주파수에 의해 고주파영역에서 kink 현상이 나타난다. 하지만 $V_{gs}$가 높아지면 $S_{11}$-parameter 위상차가 크게 증가하고 pole 주파수가 낮아져 저주파영역에서 kink 현상이 발생하게 된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.330-336
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• 2004

Fifty-two pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from the environments of Busan and Yeosu, Korea. Forty-three of these strains showed protease activities, whereas 4 strains showed $\alpha / \beta$ hemolysin activities and 6 strains had urease activities. Their pathogenic factors were not overlapping except one strain, which had both protease and hemolysin activities. The 6 urease-positive strains (V. parahaemolyticus YKB4, YKB14, S25, YFB20, YFO21, and YFO22) showed the same biochemical characteristics as a reference strain [V. parahaemolyticus KCTC 2471 (urease-negative)], except for urease production. The 6 urease-positive strains showed different urease activities in their culture supernatant during the growth. The urease activity of S25 increased sharply at the late exponential phase, and was the highest at the initial stationary phase and was kept until the late stationary phase. The other 5 isolates, except C25, showed urease activities at the mid-stationary phase and increased steadily until the late stationary phase, when the urease activity was maximal. To compare the degree of virulence of V. parahaemolyticus with different pathogenic factors, hemolysin, protease, or urease-positive strains were injected into groups of 10 each of ICR mice (7- to l0-week-old males). The lethal rates of urease-positive V. parahaemolyticus, YKB14, YKB4, and S25, were significantly high, being 50, 70, and 80%, respectively. Protease-positive V. parahaemolyticus strains FM39 and FM50 showed 40% and 60% of lethal rate, respectively. Hemolysin-positive V. parahaemolyticus strains S34 and S72 had no mortality, similar to nonpathogenic V. parahaemolyticus FM12.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.479-483
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• 2017

The effect of $NH_3$ plasma treatment on device characteristics was confirmed for an optimized thin film transistor of poly-Si formed by ELA. When C-V curve was checked for MIS (metal-insulator-silicon), Dit of $NH_3$ plasma treated and MIS was $2.7{\times}10^{10}cm^{-2}eV^{-1}$. Also in the TFT device case, it was decreased to the sub-threshold slope of 0.5 V/decade, 1.9 V of threshold voltage and improved in $26cm^2V^{-1}S^{-1}$ of mobility. Si-N and Si-H bonding reduced dangling bonding to each interface. When gate bias stress was applied, the threshold voltage's shift value of $NH_3$ plasma treated device was 0.58 V for 1,000s, 1.14 V for 3,600s, 1.12 V for 7,200s. As we observe from this quality, electrical stability was also improved and $NH_3$ plasma treatment was considered effective for passivation.

• Journal of Applied and Pure Mathematics
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• 제4권3_4호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2022

Let a graph G = (V, E) be a (p, q) graph. Define $${\rho}\;=\;\{\array{{\frac{p}{2}}&p\text{ is even}\\{\frac{p-1}{2}}\;&p\text{ is odd,}}$$ and M = {±1, ±2, ⋯ ± 𝜌} called the set of labels. Consider a mapping λ : V → M by assigning different labels in M to the different elements of V when p is even and different labels in M to p - 1 elements of V and repeating a label for the remaining one vertex when p is odd. The labeling as defined above is said to be a pair mean cordial labeling if for each edge uv of G, there exists a labeling $\frac{{\lambda}(u)+{\lambda}(v)}{2}$ if λ(u) + λ(v) is even and $\frac{{\lambda}(u)+{\lambda}(v)+1}{2}$ if λ(u) + λ(v) is odd such that ${\mid}\bar{\mathbb{S}}_{{\lambda}_1}-\bar{\mathbb{S}}_{{\lambda}^c_1}{\mid}{\leq}1$ where $\bar{\mathbb{S}}_{{\lambda}_1}$ and $\bar{\mathbb{S}}_{{\lambda}^c_1}$ respectively denote the number of edges labeled with 1 and the number of edges not labeled with 1. A graph G for which there exists a pair mean cordial labeling is called a pair mean cordial graph. In this paper, we investigate the pair mean cordial labeling of graphs which are obtained from path and cycle.

• Journal of Applied and Pure Mathematics
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• 제5권3_4호
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• pp.237-253
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• 2023

Let a graph G = (V, E) be a (p, q) graph. Define $${\rho}=\{\array{{\frac{p}{2}} & \;\;p\text{ is even} \\ {\frac{p-1}{2}} & \;\;p\text{ is odd,}$$ and M = {±1, ±2, … ± ρ} called the set of labels. Consider a mapping λ : V → M by assigning different labels in M to the different elements of V when p is even and different labels in M to p - 1 elements of V and repeating a label for the remaining one vertex when p is odd. The labeling as defined above is said to be a pair mean cordial labeling if for each edge uv of G, there exists a labeling ${\frac{{\lambda}(u)+{\lambda}(v)}{2}}$ if λ(u) + λ(v) is even and ${\frac{{\lambda}(u)+{\lambda}(v)+1}{2}}$ if λ(u) + λ(v) is odd such that ${\mid}{\bar{{\mathbb{S}}}}_{\lambda}{_1}-{\bar{{\mathbb{S}}}}_{{\lambda}^c_1}{\mid}{\leq}1$ where ${\bar{{\mathbb{S}}}}_{\lambda}{_1}$ and ${\bar{{\mathbb{S}}}}_{{\lambda}^c_1}$ respectively denote the number of edges labeled with 1 and the number of edges not labeled with 1. A graph G for which there exists a pair mean cordial labeling is called a pair mean cordial graph. In this paper, we investigate the pair mean cordial labeling behavior of few graphs including the closed helm graph, web graph, jewel graph, sunflower graph, flower graph, tadpole graph, dumbbell graph, umbrella graph, butterfly graph, jelly fish, triangular book graph, quadrilateral book graph.

• Journal of Applied and Pure Mathematics
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• 제6권1_2호
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• pp.55-69
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• 2024

Let a graph G = (V, E) be a (p, q) graph. Define $${\rho}=\{\array{{\frac{p}{2}} && p\;\text{is even} \\ {\frac{p-1}{2}} && p\;\text{is odd,}}$$ and M = {±1, ±2, … ± 𝜌} called the set of labels. Consider a mapping λ : V → M by assigning different labels in M to the different elements of V when p is even and different labels in M to p - 1 elements of V and repeating a label for the remaining one vertex when p is odd. The labeling as defined above is said to be a pair mean cordial labeling if for each edge uv of G, there exists a labeling $\frac{{\lambda}(u)+{\lambda}(v)}{2}$ if λ(u) + λ(v) is even and $\frac{{\lambda}(u)+{\lambda}(v)+1}{2}$ if λ(u) + λ(v) is odd such that ${\mid}\bar{\mathbb{s}}_{{\lambda}_1}-\bar{\mathbb{s}}_{{\lambda}^c_1}{\mid}\,{\leq}\,1$ where $\bar{\mathbb{s}}_{{\lambda}_1}$ and $\bar{\mathbb{s}}_{{\lambda}^c_1}$ respectively denote the number of edges labeled with 1 and the number of edges not labeled with 1. A graph G with a pair mean cordial labeling is called a pair mean cordial graph. In this paper, we investigate the pair mean cordial labeling behavior of some union of graphs.