• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1571-1575
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of somatotype on the $VO_2max$ and hormone (adrenaline and noradrenaline) during treadmill walking. Forty healthy men participated and were randomized to four groups: Male 1 (M1) group, Male 2 (M2) group, Male 3 (M3) group, and Male 4 (M4) group. M4 group is the largest body type, and M1 group is the smaller the body type. Participants walked at a speed of 3.5 km/h for five minutes at an incline angle of $0^{\circ}$, $5^{\circ}$, and $10^{\circ}$ in the treadmill. Maximum oxygen consumption and hormone (adrenaline and noradrenaline) were measured. In the results, $VO_2max$ has significantly increased according to the degree of the treadmill inclination, and M4 group (larger body type) consumed more oxygen than the M1 group (smaller body type). In the hormone, there was a significant increase in adrenaline concentration after walking in all groups, and there was a significant difference in M1-M4, M2-M4 and M3-M4. The noradrenaline concentration significantly increased after treadmill gait in all groups, and there was no significant difference in noradrenaline between groups. This study suggests that the larger body type consumes more oxygen during walking, and treadmill walking contributes to an increase in the concentration of adrenaline and noradrenaline.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.74-83
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to produce the regression equation from non-exercise $VO_{2max}$ of healthy young adults and to develop a maximal oxygen consumption ($VO_{2max}$) regression model. This model was based on heart rate non-exercise predictor variables (rest heart rate, maximal heart rate/rest heart rate), as an extra addition to the general regression which can reflect an individual's inherent or acquired cardiorespiratory fitness. The subjects were 101 healthy young adults aged 19 to 35 years. Exercise testing was measured by using a Balke protocol for treadmill and indirect calorimetry. The prediction equation was analyzed by using stepwise multiple regression procedures. The mean of $VO_{2max}$ was $39.02{\pm}6.72\;m{\ell}/kg/min$ (mean${\pm}$SD). The greatest variable correlated to $VO_{2max}$ was %fat. The predictor variable used in the non-exercise $VO_{2max}$ included %fat, gender, habitual physical activity and $HR_{max}/HR_{rest}$. The non-exercise $VO_{2max}$ estimation was as follows: $VO_{2max}$($m{\ell}/kg/min$)=55.58-.41(%fat)+.59(physical activity rating)-2.69($HR_{max}/HR_{rest}$)-5.36 (male=0, female=1); (R=.85, SEE=3.64, R2=.72: including heart rate variable); $VO_{2max}$($m{\ell}/kg/min$)=48.47-.41(%fat)+.45(physical activity rating)-5.12 (male=0, female=1); (R=.84, SEE=3.74, R2=.70: with the exception of heart rate variable). As an added heart rate variable, there was only a 2% coefficient of determination improved. Therefore, these results demonstrated that heart rate variable correlation with a non-exercise regression model was very low. In conclusion, for healthy young korean adults, those variables that can affect non-exercise $VO_{2max}$ estimation turned out to be only % fat, gender, and physical activity. We suggest that further research of predictor variables for non-exercise $VO_{2max}$ is necessary for different patient groups who cannot perform maximal exercise or submaximal exercise.

• Exercise Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 2012

This study is to evaluate the availability of cardiorespiratory fitness measurement by 20 m shuttle run test based upon energy contribution rates of elite athletes in different sports type. Sixty-seven elite athletes attending K national university participated in this study. They were divided by three groups based upon sports type, composed of Anaerobic Group (sprint, jumps, weightlifting, throw; n=35), Aerobic Group (medium-long distance; n=9), and Combat Sport Group (judo; n=23). 20 m shuttle run test was conducted by Leger et al.(1982) method and calculating acceleration using measured shuttle run repetitions was conducted by Brewer et al.(1988) method. To test the usefulness of VO₂max, graded exercise treadmill test was conducted and standing long jump and 50 m run were measured as power fitness factors. Z-jump was used for measuring power, agility, and muscular endurance. Standing long jump and 50 m run of Anaerobic Group (AnG) was significantly higher than that of Aerobic Group (AeG) and Combat Sport Group (CG) (p<0.05). However, Z-jump of CG was significantly higher than that of AnG and AeG(p<.05). There was a higher correlation of 20 m shuttle run test and VO₂max in AnG(r= 0.577, p<.0001) and CG(r= 0.760, p<.0001). Otherwise, there was a low correlation of 20 m shuttle run test and VO₂max in AeG. There was no significant group difference to test the availability of 20 m shuttle run test and there was a reduced error when converting 20 m shuttle run results into VO₂max. This study examined the usefulness of 20 m shuttle run test by converting 20 m shuttle run repetition results into VO₂max calculation, which showed reduced error. Therefore, this study confirmed that it would be needed to convert 20 m shuttle run results into VO₂max for universal and practical use in the field without dividing sports type.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.615-622
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• 1985

The chemical species formed by uranium and vanadium and their equilibria have been investigated in the various concentrations of oxalic and acetic acids by the ion exchange chromatography and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Uranyl and vanadyl ions seem to be form the complex as $UO_2(C_2O_4)_2=$, $UO_2(C_2O_4)_3^{4-}$ and $VO_2(C_2O_4)-2^{3-}$ respectively in the concentration range of 0.005∼0.05M oxalic acid concentration. In the case of acetic acid the equilibria of $UO_2^{2+}+3Ac^-=UO_2(Ac)_3^-$ and $VO_2^++2Ac^-=VO_2(Ac)_2^-$ were existed individually according to the increase of acetic acid concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2003

Background and Objectives : $VoCoM^{\circledR}$ is a commercialized set composed of prefabricated hydroxylapatite implants and shims of various sizes which are specially designed for the type I thyroplasty. Even though a previously published preliminary report showed that $VoCoM^{\circledR}$ is a convenient and safe product for the type I thyroplasty, further investigations or experiences are yet to be reported. Authors aimed to evaluate the efficacy of $VoCoM^{\circledR}$type I thyroplasty, and its advantage and/or disadvantage. Materials and Method : Twenty three consecutive patients with unilateral vocal cord palsy enrolled for the study, who received type I thyroplasty with $VoCoM^{\circledR}$ between July 2001 and June 2003. Acoustic, aerodynamic and stoboscopic analyses were performed prior to surgery and 1 to 3 months after surgery. Speech language pathologists evaluated their voice quality by GRBAS scale, and patients themselves reported subjective changes of their voice by visual analog scale. Results : The average time for the operation was 80 min, which is about 30 min less than other methods. Preoperative jitter was 3.25$\pm$1.65% and improved to 1.94$\pm$1.79% postoperatively (p<0.05). Preoperative shimmer was 9.72$\pm$6.56% and improved to 5.61 $\pm$3.76% (p<0.05), Maximal phonation time increased from 4.41$\pm$2.99 to 7.98$\pm$4.35 sec (p<0.05) The postoperative stroboscopy revealed an effective medialization in 91.3% of the patients. The subjective phonetic improvements were reported in 21 out of 23 patients. GRBAS scale improved from 2.71$\pm$0.46 to 1.47$\pm$1.12(p<0.05). Additional medialization with $Gore-Tex^{\circledR}$ was easily performed in two revision cases. Previously inserted $VoCoM^{\circledR}$ implant was hard to remove because of the tight integration of soft tissues around the implant. Side effects such as extrusion or foreign body reaction are not observed. $VoCoM^{\circledR}$ was relatively expensive and costed more than 10 times of $Gore-Tex^{\circledR}$. Conclusion : Prefabricated hydroxylapatitie implant($VoCoM^{\circledR}$) provides a convenient, safe and efficient way of vocal fold medialization. However it is relatively expensive and hard to remove.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 1999

Background : Generally $VO_2$ max is higher in treadmill exercise than cycle ergometer exercise. According to Hassen and Wasserman, $VO_2$ max with treadmill exercise is higher at ratio of 1.11 than that with cycle ergometer. $VO_2$ max also is influenced by race, sociocultural background, exercise habit In this study, $VO_2$ max and AT were evaluated between Treadmill and cycle exercise in male Korean college students. Method: Study subjects were 44 male college students. We randomized them into 2 groups; 24 students did treadmill exercise at first and 1 week later did cycle ergometer. Another 20 students did in opposite method. They made symptom limited maximal exercise. Author defined maximal exercise as followings: 1) respiratory exchange ratio(RER)> 1.1, 2) plateau>30 sec, 3) heart rate reserve(HRR) <15%, or 4) breathing reserve (BR)<30%. Otherwise their results are excluded as submaximal exercise. Anaerobic threshold(AT) was estimated by V-slope method. Results: $VO_2$ max and AT was $45.1{\pm}6.66m\ell$/kg/min and $26.0{\pm}6.78m\ell$/kg/min in treadmill and $34.9{\pm}5.89m\ell$/kg/min, $19.5{\pm}4.77m\ell$/kg/min in Cycle Ergometer. The measured-$VO_2max$/pred-$VO_2max$ was $98.8{\pm}13.24%$ in treadmill; $84.4{\pm}13.42%$ in cycle ergometer. Comparing $VO_2$ max in treadmill with that obtained by Hassen's method, there were significant differences.(p<0.01). At maximal exercise there were differences in HRR, $O_2$/pulse, BR, $V_E$/MVV, $V_E/VCO_2$ between treadmill and cycle but not in $V_E/VO_2$, Vd/Vt, Ti/Ttot. At AT there were differences in $O_2$/pulse, BR, $V_E$/MVV, Ti/Ttot between treadmill and cycle, otherwise not. Conclusion: According to the result of this study, there are larger gap between treadmill and cycle ergometer in normal Korean adults than foreign data, and it needs further study to obtain reference value of Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 1989

Reduction and equilibrium of vanadium-DTPA (DTPA = diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, $H_5A$) complexes at mercury electrodes are studied in 0.5M $NaClO_4$ aqueous solution at 3.2 < pH < 10.5 and 25$^{\circ}$C. At 3.2 < pH < 5.9, the reduction reaction is $V{\cdot}A^{2-}+H^-+e^-=V{\cdot}HA^{2-}$, while at 5.9 < pH < 10.5 it is $V{\cdot}A^{2-}+H^-+e^-=V{\cdot}A^{3-}$. The stability constants of $V{\cdot}HA^{2-}$ and $V{\cdot}A^{3-}$ are found to be $6.46{\times}10^{9}$ and $3.09{\times}10^{14}$, respectively. V(IV)-DTPA undergoes stepwise complexation as $VO^{2+}+H_2A^{3-}=VO{\cdot}HA^{2+}H^{+}$ and $VO{\cdot}HA^{2-}=VO{\cdot}A^{3+}+H$, where acidity constant of $VO{\cdot}HA^{2-}$- is pKa = 7.15. Stability constants of $VO{\cdot}HA^{2-}$ and $VO{\cdot}A^{3-}$ are found to be $1.41{\times}10^{14}$ and $3.80{\times}10^{17}$, respectively. It is detected that $VO^{2+}-DATA$ is reduced irreversibly to $VO^{2-}$ with the transfer coefficient of $\alpha$ = 0.43. At more cathodic overpotential, the reduction is stepwise as V(IV)${\to}$V(III)${\to}$V(II). The first one corresponds to $VO{\cdot}HA^{2-}+e^{-}{\to}VO{\cdot}HA{3+}$ at 3.2 < pH < 7.2 and $VO{\cdot}A^{3-}+e^{-}{\to}VO{\cdot}A^{4-}$ at 7.2 < pH < 10.5. The second is identical to that of V(III). Diffusion coefficients of $VO{\cdot}HA^{2-}$ and $VO{\cdot}A^{3-}$ are found to be $(9.0{\pm}0.3){\times}10^{-6}cm^2/s$ and $(5.9{\pm}0.4){\times}10^{-6}cm^2/ses$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.52-62
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate dietary macronutrient and $VO_{2}$ by BMI The subjects consisted of 50 female college students. They were divided into three groups: Below BMI 18.5 kg/$m^{2}$ (n = 9), BMI 18.5 - 23 kg/$m^{2}$ (n = 28), above BMI 23 g/$m^{2}$ (n = 13). Health-related questionnaires, dietary macronutrients, macronutrient compositions, food frequency questionnaires, body compositions and $VO_{2}$ were studied. Macronutrient compositions that macronutrient intakes were expressed by the percentage of daily energy intakes. There were significant differences in body fat, percent of body fat, and fat distribution by BMI Also, significantly increasing of basal metabolic rate (BMR) was shown by BMI, but BMR per body weight was decreased by BMI Overall, there were no significant differences in health-related questionnaires, food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), dietary macronutrients and $VO_{2}$ by BMI but salty taste preferences and carbohydrate intakes, FFQ of beans, white vegetables rand, yellow-green vegetables in the above BMI 23 g/$m^{2}$ group were significantly higher than other groups. There were no significant differences in macronutrient composition but the lipid composition of subjects was shown above $20\%$. Also, energy intakes of subjects were shown to be low; especially the below BMI 18.5 kg/$m^{2}$ group was very low ($55\%$ of RDA). Significantly positive correlation was found in BMR and body composition such as skeletal muscle & lean body mass, but significant correlation was not found in BMR and dietary macronutrients. Overall, researched energy metabolism factor was not different by BMI Only in the BMI 18.5 23 kg/$m^{2}$ (normal) group, significantly positive correlation was found in $VO_{2}$peak and body fat oxidation. Therefore, proper nutritional education for female college students is needed in order to improve their obesity-related health. Moreover, a nutritional survey method of finding diverse factors that affect their health should be developed to meet various needs.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.28-31
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• 2018

Phase diagrams of electron- and hole-doped $Sr_2VO_3FeAs$ are investigated using Co and Mn substitution at Fe site. Metallic nature survives only for Co (electron) doping, not for Mn (hole) doping. The conductivity of $Sr_2VO_3(Fe,M)As$ (M=Mn,Co) is sensitive to the structural modification of FeAs microstructure rather than carrier doping. This finding implies that the FeAs layer plays a dominant role on the charge conduction, thus the $SrVO_3$ layers should be considered as an insulating block. Also, we found that the superconductivity is rapidly suppressed by both dopants. This result is different from the conventional behavior that superconductivity is induced by doping in the most of Fe pnictides. Our finding strongly supports the uniqueness of $Sr_2VO_3FeAs$ among the Fe pnictide superconductors.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.212-216
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• 2021

We investigated the feasibility of hydrogen storage with electrochemically formed VO₂ nanotubes. The VO₂ nanotubes were fabricated through the anodization of vanadium metal in fluoride ion-containing organic electrolyte followed by an annealing process in an Ar-saturated atmosphere at 673 K for 3 h at a heating rate of 3 K /min. During anodization, the current density significantly increased up to 7.93 mA/cm² for approximately 500 s owing to heat generation, which led to a fast-electrochemical etching reaction of the outermost part of the nanotubes. By controlling the anodization temperature, highly ordered VO₂ nanotubes were grown on the metal substrate without using any binders or adhesives. Furthermore, we demonstrated the hydrogen sorption properties of the anodic VO₂ nanotubes.