• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.487-494
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• 2021

In this paper, we study rings with Noetherian spectrum, rings with locally Noetherian spectrum and rings with t-locally Noetherian spectrum in terms of the polynomial ring, the Serre's conjecture ring, the Nagata ring and the t-Nagata ring. In fact, we show that a commutative ring R with identity has Noetherian spectrum if and only if the Serre's conjecture ring R[X]_U has Noetherian spectrum, if and only if the Nagata ring R[X]_N has Noetherian spectrum. We also prove that an integral domain D has locally Noetherian spectrum if and only if the Nagata ring D[X]_N has locally Noetherian spectrum. Finally, we show that an integral domain D has t-locally Noetherian spectrum if and only if the polynomial ring D[X] has t-locally Noetherian spectrum, if and only if the t-Nagata ring $D[X]_{N_v}$ has (t-)locally Noetherian spectrum.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.51-66
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• 2004

Retinoids, better known as vitamin A, have been reported to inhibit the growth of several breast cancer cell lines in culture and to reduce breast tumor growth in animal models. Furthermore, retinoids can augment the action of other breast cancer cell growth inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, interest has increased in the potential use of retinoids for the prevention and treatment of human breast cancer. We have examine the effect of all-trans retinoic acid(tRA) and 9-cis retinoic acid(9-cis RA) on human breast cancer cell(MCF-10A, T47-D, MCF-7) proliferation using MTT assay and cell cycle analysis(FACS). Overexpression of cyclin D1 protein is observed in the majority of breast cancers, suggesting that dysregulated expression of cyclin D1 might be a critical event in breast cancer carcinogenesis. We investigated whether tRA and 9-cis RA might affect expression of cyclin D1 on human breast cancer cells(MCF-10A, T47-D, MCF-7) using RT-PCR and west-ern bolt. In MCF-10A cells, either tRA or 9-cis RA treatment did not affect the cell proliferation. In T47-D cells and MCF-7 cells, either tRA or 9-cis RA treatment showed the inhibition of the cell proliferation over control cells and also inhibit the estrogen stimulated cell proliferation when it was given together with estrogen. The effect of retinoids was dose- and time- dependent. T47-D cells treated with 1.0 $\muM$ tRA undergo G0/G1-phase arrest by Day 5. MCF-7 cells treated with 1.0 $\muM$ tRA undergo S-phase arrest by Day 5. All-trans retinoic acid(tRA) and 9-cis retinoic acid(9-cis RA) inhibited the cyelin D1 mRNA and protein expression levels of human MCF-7 and T47-D breast carcinoma cells in vitro. The data indicate that retinoids can reduce cyclin D1 expression levels in a variety of breast cell lines in vitro and result in inhibition of cell proliferation. tRA-mediated growth inhibition and cyclin D1 expression inhibition is more potent than 9-cis RA mediated that. tRA-mediated inhibition effect is more potent on T47-D cells than on MCF-7 cells. Our data suggest that retinoids activity is different according to property of cell lines. Future chemoprevention of breast cancer studies using retinoids will be necessary to determine the mechanism of the retinoids-mediated growth inhibition.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by selective destruction of pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells resulting in insulin deficiency. The genetic determinants of T1D susceptibility have been linked to several loci, in particular to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, which accounts for 50% of the genetic risk of developing T1D. Multiple genes in the HLA region, which are in strong linkage disequilibrium, are thought to be involved. Another important locus, with a smaller effect on genetic predisposition to T1D, is the insulin gene. The advent of numerous single nucleotide polymorphism markers and genome screening has enabled the identification of dozens of new T1D susceptibility loci. Some of them appear to predispose to T1D independently of the HLA and may be important in families with T1D who lack strong HLA susceptibility. Other loci may interact with each other to cause susceptibility. The autoimmune response against ${\beta}$-cells can also be triggered by environmental factors in the presence of a predisposing genetic background. Deciphering the environmental and genetic factors involved should help to understand the origin of T1D and aid in the design of individualized prevention programs.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.12C
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• pp.759-763
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• 2011

In this paper, a dual-band T-shaped microstrip monopole antenna with a pair of slits for 2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz wireless local area networks (WLANs) is proposed. A pair of T-shaped slits is loaded on a T-shaped monopole antenna fed by microstrip line in order to obtain dual-band operation as well as to reduce the antenna size. It is demonstrated from experimental results that the proposed antenna can cover all the required bands for WLAN. The measured impedance bandwidth for VSWR<2 is about 5.7% (2.37-2.51GHz) in the lower frequency band and about 28.8% (4.76-6.35GHz) in the higher frequency band. The measured peak gains are about 1.33 dBi to 1.66 dBi in the 2.4GHz band, 3.50 dBi to 3.95 dBi in the 5.25GHz band, and 2.06 dBi to 2.34 dBi in the 5.8GHz band.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 2005

In this paper we study the numerical solutions of the stochastic differential equations of the form $$du(x,\;t)=f(x,\;t,\;u)dt\;+\;g(x,\;t,\;u)dW(t)\;+\;\sum\limits_{|q|\leq2m}\;A_q(x,\;t)D^qu(x,\;t)dt$$ where $0\;{\leq}\;t\;{\leq}\;T,\;x\;{\in}\;R^{\nu}$, ($R^{nu}$ is the $\nu$-dimensional Euclidean space). Here $u\;{\in}\;R^n$, W(t) is an n-dimensional Brownian motion, $$f\;:\;R^{n+\nu+1}\;{\rightarrow}\;R^n,\;g\;:\;R^{n+\nu+1}\;{\rightarrow}\;R^{n{\times}n},$$, and $$A_q\;:\;R^{\nu}\;{\times}\;[0,\;T]\;{\rightarrow}\;R^{n{\times}n}$$ where ($A_q,\;|\;q\;|{\leq}\;2m$) is a family of square matrices whose elements are sufficiently smooth functions on $R^{\nu}\;{\times}\;[0,\;T]\;and\;D^q\;=\;D^{q_1}_1_{\ldots}_{\ldots}D^{q_{\nu}}_{\nu},\;D_i\;=\;{\frac{\partial}{\partial_{x_i}}}$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.176-182
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the protein requirement for maintenance of fattening Korean black goat (Capra hircus coreanae). Six male goats with average initial body weight (BW) of $31.78{\pm}4.54kg$ and an average age of 8 months were used in this study. The experiment had a replicated duplicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square design for balancing carryover effects. In the course of the experiment, each of Black goats were fed three diets that were formulated to contain T1 (13%), T2 (16%) and T3 (19%) levels of crude protein (CP). A 14-day diet adjustment period was followed by a 5-day collection period. Dry matter intake (DMI) of groups fed diets with T2 was 966.67g/d which was higher than group fed diets with T1 and T3 were 925.14g/d and 936.08g/d each. Average daily gains (ADG) of black goats were the highest in T2(167.13g/d) But, there was no significant difference. Dietary protein levels affected the apparent digestibility of CP (p<0.05). A significant difference was found in CP intake among treatments and goats receiving T3, T2, and T1 recorded 181.23, 154.57, and 128.78g CP/d, respectively. This was excepted because CP intake is proportional to CP content of diet, which from highest to lowest was as follows: T3 (19%) > T2 (16%) > T1 (13%). Intercept of the regression equation between CP intake and CP balance indicated that maintenance CP requirement was 1.63g/BW0.75.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.599-612
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic feed containing rice bran and soybean hull as organic by-products on milk production of mid-lactation dairy goats. Four Saanen dairy goats (initial BW $59.4{\pm}7.4$ kg, average 6 lactation months, fourth kidding) were allocated into conventional feed group (T1) and organic feed group (T2) with 2${\times}$3 crossover design for 9 weeks. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 23 MJ ME/d, 382 g CP/d DM based on NRC (1981) and AFRC (1998). Dry matter (DM) intakes of concentrate and silage were higher in T2 (1,232 and 96 g/d) than T1 (1,105 and 91 g/d) (p<0.05). However, DM intake of hay was higher in T1 (488 g) than T2 (347 g) (p<0.05). Total DM intake had no significant difference between T1 and T2. Although no significant difference was found in milk yield between treatments, T2 numerically increased (+150 g/d) compared with T1. There were no significant differences in milk composition and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) between T1 and T2. Relative to T1, T2 significantly increased the stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) (p<0.05). Overall results of the present experiment indicated that organic feed could not adversely affect DM intake and milk production in dairy goats compared with conventional feed.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2004

Three D-type cyelins (D1, D2, and D3) are expressed in G1 phase of the cell cyele and have been implicated in cell transformation and neoplasia in human and mouse. Cyclin D1 overexpression or amplification was described in various human cancers. However, there is controversy about the role of cyclin D2 in cell cyele progression and human carcinogenesis. Specially, loss of cyelin D2 is involved in a vital tumor suppressor function in normal breast tissue, and that its loss may be related to tumorigenesis. The author examined to effect over-expression of cyclin D2 on the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle using cyclin D2 transfected stable T47D breast cancer cells to investigate whether cyclinD2 functions as a positive regulator or negative regulator in cell proliferation. Overexpression of cyclin D2 led to the suppression of cell growth in cyclin D2 transfected T47D in both in its expression level and a time dependent manner with up to 50% reduction of cell growth at 72 hours. Therefore, the authors performed the cell cycle phase analysis using the flow cytometry to investigate the effect of cyclin D2 on the cell cycle phase in cyclin D2 transfected stable T47D cells. The flow cytometry analysis revealed increased sub G0 phase in cyclin D2 transfeted cells up to 23% at 72 hours. To confirm these results induced by overexpression of cyclinD2, the apoptotic bodies were counted in control and cyclin D2 transfected T47 cells. There are markedly increases of apoptotic bodies in cyclin D2-transfected cells up to 18%. These results suggested that Cyclin D2 suppresses the cell proliferation in breast cancers cells via the induction of apotosis.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2017

Strains D4 and D5 were isolated from peach-rotten soil during the peach harvest season. The isolates were identified based on morphological and biochemical characterization, and identification was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that D4 has high similarity to Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC $14917^T$ and Lactobacillus pentosus ATCC $8041^T$ at 99.05% and 98.98%, respectively. D5 was also similar to Lactobacillus pentosus ATCC $8041^T$ and Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC $14917^T$ at 98.71% and 98.64%, respectively. In contrast, isolates showed differences in carbohydrate utilization in comparison to Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC $14917^T$ and Lactobacillus pentosus ATCC $8041^T$. In view of this we performed VITEK MS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis, multiplex PCR fingerprinting, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR to further confirm the identification of D4 and D5. The results of these analyses showed that both strains were most similar to Lactobacillus plantarum.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.102-109
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of the T1 3D subtraction technique and the conventional 2D dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) technique in diagnosing Cushing's disease. Materials and Methods: Twelve patients with clinically and biochemically proven Cushing's disease were included in the study. In addition, 23 patients with a Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC) diagnosed on an MRI with normal pituitary hormone levels were included as a control, to prevent non-blinded positive results. Postcontrast T1 3D fast spin echo (FSE) images were acquired after DCE images in 3T MRI and image subtraction of pre- and postcontrast T1 3D FSE images were performed. Inter-observer agreement, interpretation time, multiobserver receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and net benefit analyses were performed to compare 2D DCE and T1 3D subtraction techniques. Results: Inter-observer agreement for a visual scale of contrast enhancement was poor in DCE (${\kappa}=0.57$) and good in T1 3D subtraction images (${\kappa}=0.75$). The time taken for determining contrast-enhancement in pituitary lesions was significantly shorter in the T1 3D subtraction images compared to the DCE sequence (P < 0.05). ROC values demonstrated increased reader confidence range with T1 3D subtraction images (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94-1.00) compared with DCE (95% CI: 0.70-0.92) (P < 0.01). The net benefit effect of T1 3D subtraction images over DCE was 0.34 (95% CI: 0.12-0.56). For Cushing's disease, both reviewers misclassified one case as a nonenhancing lesion on the DCE images, while no cases were misclassified on T1 3D subtraction images. Conclusion: The T1 3D subtraction technique shows superior performance for determining the presence of enhancement on pituitary lesions compared with conventional DCE techniques, which may aid in diagnosing Cushing's disease.