• 대한간호
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.70-85
• /
• 1992

Relaxation technique is an independent nursing intervention used in various stressful situations. The concept of relaxation must be explored for the meaning given by the people in their traditional thought and philosophy. Korean relaxation technique, wanting to become culturally acceptable and effective, is learning to recognize and develop Korean concepts, experiences, and musics of relaxation. This study was aimed at discovering Korean concepts, experiences and musics of relaxation and contributing the development of the relaxation technique for Korean people. The subjects were 59 mursing students, 39 hospitalized patients, 61 housewives, 21 rural residents and 16 researchers. Data were collected from September 4th to October 24th, 1991 by interviews or questionaires. The data analysis was done by qualitative research method, and validity assured by conformation of the concept and category by 2nursing scientists who had written a Master's thesis on the relaxation technique. The results of the study were summerized as follows; 1. The meaning of the relaxation concept; From 298 statements, 107 concepts were extracted and then 5 categories "Physical domain", "Psychological domain", "Complex domain", "Situation", and "environment" were organized. 'Don't have discomforts, 'don't have muscle tension', 'don't have energy(him in Korean)', 'don't have activities' subcategories were included in "Physical domain". 'Don't have anxiey', 'feel good', 'emotional stability', 'don't have wordly thoughts', 'feel one's brain muddled', 'loss of desire' subcategories were included in "physical domain" 'Comfort body and mind', 'don't have tension of body and mind', 'be sagged' 'liveliness of thoughts' subcategories were included in "Complex domain". 'Rest', 'sleep', 'others' subcategories were included in "Situation domain". And 'quite environment' & 'comfortable environment' subcategories were included in "Environmental domain". 2. The experiences of the relaxation; From 151 statements, 59 experiences were extracted. And then 9 categories-at rest after physical activities, after problem solving, fancy, bathing in the bed, situation, rest, particular time, others-were organized. 3. The musics of the relaxation; From 229 statements, 108 musics were extracted. and the 9 categories- Western classical music, semi classical music, Korean song, Korean popular classical music, song, western popular sonhg, hymn, characteristics of music, others - were organized. In conclusion, There are some differences between Korean concepts, experiences and musics of relasation and western concepts, experiences and musics of relaxation.

• 한국자기학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.52-55
• /
• 1994

HD 기체에 대하 수소 및 중수소 원자핵 스핀-격자 완화시간 $T_{1}(H)$와 $T_{1}(D)$가 측정되었다. 실험데이타는 온도 30 K < T < 313 K 및 압력 0.67 atm < P < 1.92 atm에서 측정되어졌다. 핵자기공명 주파수는 각각 수소원자핵에 대해서 358.012 MHz였고 중수소원자핵에 대해서는 54.958 MHz였다. 측정된 $T_{1}(H)$와 $T_{1}(D)$의 비로부터 분자스핀 연산자들인 $J_{z}$와 ${3J_z}^{2}-J(J+1)$에 관련된 상관시간의 비 ${\tau}_{1}/{\tau}_{2}$의 값이 얻어졌다. J = 1 상태에서의 원자핵 스핀-격자 완화시간이 온도의 함수로서 $T^{0.25}$에 비례하는 것이 관측되었다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제17권5호
• /
• pp.895-898
• /
• 2008

The mobility of water in set yogurt during fermentation was studied using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. The spin-spin relaxation was analyzed using a 2-fraction model, resulting in 2 spin-spin relaxation time constants $T_{21}$ and $T_{22}$. Both $T_{21}$ and $T_{22}$ exhibited rapid changes between 2 and 4 hr of fermentation, coinciding with the drop in pH and the rise in lactic acid bacteria count. The spin-lattice relaxation time $T_1$ increased over the fermentation period. Both $T_1$ and $T_2$ showed an increase in the mobility of water upon gel formation during fermentation. Water redistribution within the gel matrix due to casein aggregation and structure forming may be responsible for the changes in mobility.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.1085-1091
• /
• 1998

본 실험에서는 변형력 완화시험을 통하여 고기풀을 주원료로 하는 시중 게맛살과 어묵의 물성학적 성질을 조사하였다. 또한 변형력완화시험과 T.P.A.값과의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 시료의 내부구조적 변화에 의한 영향을 가능한 한 피하기 위하여 인장율 20%에서, 또한 변형속도는 2.4 mm/sec의 조건에서 실험을 실시하였다. 어묵과 맛살의 변형력완화시험결과 초기변형력의 경우 2종류의 어묵(370.4 g)과 5종류의 맛살의 평균값(436.4 g)은 유사한 값을 나타내었으나, 변형력완화시간과 점성성분은 2종류 어묵의 평균값(17256.1 sec, $1.357{\times}10^{10}$ poise)이 5종류의 맛살의 평균값(6110 sec,$0.519^{\ast}10^{10}$ poise)보다 월등히 높은 값을 나타내었다. 변형력완화시험 결과와 T.P.A.결과를 비교시 지수항의 직선식에 대한 절편값은 T.P.A.실험에서의 경도 및 껌성, 씹힘성과 높은 상관관계(r=0.93, 0.93, 0.95, p

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제39권5호
• /
• pp.421-426
• /
• 1995

2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)와 ethylene glycol dimethacrylate(EDGMA)로부터 수용액중에서 친수성 3차원 메타아크릴레이트 고분자 망상의 수화겔을 제조하여 NMR 분석법에 의해 그 친수성 메타아크릴레이트와 물 사이의 상호작용에 대하여 연구하였다. 적은 양의 물을 함유하고 있는 수화겔의 스핀-격자 이완시간$(T_1)$을 측정한 결과 물 양성자 주위의 다른 두 환경에 따른 $T_{1a}$와 $T_{2b}$가 나타났다. Poly(2-hydrocyethyl methacrylate)[p(HEMA)]-$(10{\%}\; H_2O)$ 수화겔에 대한 $T_{1a}$와 $T_{1b}$가 각각 $16.4{\times}10^{-3}\; sec$와 $58.2{\times}10^{-3}\;sec$이고, 가교된 EGDMA-p(HEMA)- $(10{\%}\; H_2O)$ 수화겔에 대한 $T_{1a}$와 $T_{2b}$가 각각 $13.2{\times}10^{-3}\; sec$와 $23.1{\times}10^{-3}\; sec$이었다. 또한 수화겔들에 대해 스핀-스핀 이완시간$(T_2)$를 측정한 결과 $p(HEMA)-(H_2O)_n$ 및 가교된 $EDGMA-p(HEMA)-(H_2O)_n$의 계에 $(T_2)$값은 물 함량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. $(T_2)$값들은 $(T_1)$의 값들보다 약 10배 작게 나타나고 스핀이완원리와 일치하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.138-147
• /
• 1994

The stress relaxation and creep characteristics of fruits have usually been fit to an exponential expression based on a generalized Maxwell model and Burger's model. It is known that two to three terms in the expansion of those models are necessary to obtain a satisfactory fit to the rheological characteristics of fruits. Since four to six constants appear in the models, it is very difficult to determine their physical meaning according to the experimental conditions and levels. Therefore in order to ease the comparison of data, this study was conducted to develop the linearized rheological model of the fruit from the previous studies of stress relaxation and creep characteristics of fruits. Stress relaxation and creep characteristics were able to normalize and presented in the linear form of $t/S(t)=K_1+k_2t$ and $t/C(t)={K_1}^{\prime}+{K_2}^{\prime}t$, respectively. It was possible to compare the effects of experimental conditions and levels much easier from the linearized models developed in this study than from the generalized Maxwell model and Burger's model.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.18-27
• /
• 2010

The NMR spectrum and spin-lattice relaxation times, $T_1$, of the $^{1}H$ nuclei in $(NH_{4})_{2}Cd_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}$ single crystals were obtained. The two minima in $T_1$ in the paraelectric phase are attributed to the reorientational motions of the $NH_{4}^{+}$ groups. The $^{1}H\;T_1$ of the $(NH_{4})_{2}Cd_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}$ crystals can be described with Bloembergen- Purcell-Pound (BPP) theory. The experimental value of $T_1$ can be expressed in terms of an isotropic correlation time ${\tau}_H$ for molecular motions by using the BPP theory, and determine the role of protons in these processes.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.9-14
• /
• 2009

T1, T2강조영상, FLAIR (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) 영상기법은 뇌 MRI의 가장 기본적인 영상기법들이다. T1강조영상은 짧은 TR과 짧은 TE를 이용한 스핀에코 기법으로서 조직의 T1이완시간의 차이를 신호 차이로 반영하는 기법이다. 짧은 TR을 사용하면 조직 간에 종축 자기화의 회복 정도가 크게 차이나게 되며 이를 신호에 반영하는 것이다. T2강조영상은 긴 TR과 긴 TE를 이용한 스핀에코 기법으로서 조직의 T2이완시간의 차이를 신호 차이로 반영하는 기법이다. 긴 TE을 사용하면 조직 간에 횡축 자기화의 붕괴가 크게 차이나게 되며 이를 신호에 반영하는 것이다. FLAIR는 180도 반전펄스를 먼저 가하는 반전회복 (inversion recovery) 기법의 일종으로서 뇌척수액의 신호를 억제하기 위하여 2500 msec 정도의 반전시간을 적용한다.

• 기본간호학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.109-121
• /
• 2000

Increasingly nursing science is embracing the concepts and methodology derived from psycho-neuroimmunology. It has been previously shown that stress increases and immune function declines in students undergoing examinations. To date, however, no many studies have been reported on stress levels, immune function and interventions in Korean students undergoing their first clinical nursing rotation. It was proposed that nursing students during their first clinical rotation experience increase in stress because of the novelty of the situation and their lack of clinical knowledge. It was also hypothesized that biofeedback and progressive relaxation, methods of self-regulation of involuntary autonomic nervous system responses, would reduce the stress response. The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of progressive muscle laxation using biofeedback The effectiveness of the experimental methods was tested by measuring the degree of symptoms of stress (SOS) and the values of ephinephrine, pulse rate, blood pressure and natural killer cells. The subjects of this study were thirty nursing students divided into two groups: experimental group was progressive muscle relaxation group using biofeedback and control group. This study was conducted for 8 weeks of clinical practice. Biofeedback training was done by software developed by J&J company (1-410 form for progressive muscle training). Progressive muscle relaxation training according to Jacobson's Theory was done by messaged word from biofeedback. The data was analyzed using Chronbach' ${\alpha}$ and t-test of the SPSS program and the significance level of statistics was 5%. The results of the study were : 1) The progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was effective for the reduction of symptoms of stress(t=-4.248, p<.001) under clinical practice stress conditions. 2) The progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was not effective for the values of epinephrine(t=-1.294, p=.206). 3) The progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was effective for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (t=-2.757, p=.01). 4) The progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was effective for the reduction of diastolic blood pressure (p=-2.032, 0=.05). 5) The progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was not effective for the reduction of pulse rate(t=-15, p=.988). 6) The progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was effective for the maintenance of natural killer cells (t=2.381, p=02). The first clinical rotation for student nurses is a stressful experience as seen by the rise in the SOS in the control group. Biofeedback using progressive muscle relaxation were effective in preventing the rise of symptoms of stress and the blood pressure means when comparing the pre to post clinical experience, The mean natural killer cell count was depressed in the control group but not significantly different in the experimental groups, It is proposed here that stress via the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis suppressed the NK cell count whereas the relaxation methods prevented the rise in stress and the resulting immune depression. We recommend relaxation techniques using biofeedback as a health promotion technique to reduce psychological stress. In summary. the progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was effective for the reduction of symptoms of stress under clinical practice stress conditions.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.226-231
• /
• 1992

식물조직의 응력완화 측정 중에 압축응력에 의하여 조직의 내부구조가 변화되는 것을 고려하여 응력완화 곡선을 직선화할 수 있는 일반화 된 실험적 모델 $[F_{(o)}t^n/(F_{(o)}-F_{(t)})=k_1+k_2t]$을 제안하였다. 여기서 $F_{(o)}$는 초기응력, $F_{(t)}$는 t시간 후의 잔여응력, $k_1$, $k_2$와 n은 상수이다. 이 모델은 오이, 감, 사과, 감자, 고구마, 당근 등의 신선한 과일 및 채소류의 응력완화 곡선의 직선화 모델로서 매우 잘 적용되었을 뿐만 아니라 염절임, 당장 및 열처리한 채소류 조직에도 잘 적용되었다. 이 모델로부터 구조거동지수로 정의한 n값은 생시료인 경우 $1.14{\sim}l.35$ 범위로 응력완화 동안에 조직변동이 큰 시료일수록 큰 값을 나타내었고 처리된 시료일 경우 1에 가까워졌다.