• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2009

Against the backdrop of the increasing trend towards economic globalisation, many international firms are indicating that decisions on how to enter foreign markets remains one of the key strategic challenges confronting them. Despite the rich body of literature on the topic, the fact that these challenges have continued to dominate global marketing strategy discourses point to someevident lacunae. Accordingly, this paper considers the variables, categorised in terms of firm contexts (standardisation, market research, competition, structure, competitive advantage) and host country-contexts (economic development, cultural differences, regulation and political risk), which influence the degree of involvement of UK companies in overseas markets. Following hypotheses were drawn from literature review: H1: The greater the level of competition, the higher the degree of involvement in the overseas market. H2: The more centralised the firm's organisation structure, the higher the degree of involvement in the overseas market. H3a: The adoption of a low cost-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3b: The adoption of an innovation-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3c: The adoption of a market research approach to competitive advantages will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3d: The adoption of a breadth of strategic target-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a lower degree of involvement. H4: The higher the degree of standardisation of the international marketing mix the higher the degree of involvement. H5: The greater the degree of economic development in the host market, the higher the degree of involvement. H6: The greater the cultural differences between home and host countries, the lower the degree of involvement. H7: The greater the difference in regulations between the home country and the host country, the lower the degree of involvement. H8: The higher the political risk in the host country, the lower the degree of involvement. A questionnaire instrument was constructed using, wherever possible, validated measures of the concepts to serve the aims of this study. Following two sets of mailings, 112 usable completed questionnaires were returned. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze data. Statistically, the paper suggests that factors relating to the level of competition, competitive advantages and economic development are strong in influencing foreign market involvements. On the other hand, unexpectedly, cultural factors (especially individualism/collectivism and low and high power distance dimensions) proved to have weak moderating effects. The reason for this, in part, is due to the pervading forces of globalisation and the attendant effect on global marketing. This paper has contributed to the general literature in a way that point to two mainimplications. First, with respect to research on national systems, the study may hold out some important lessons especially for developing nations. Most of these nations are known to be actively seeking to understand what it takes to attract foreign direct investment, expand domestic market and move their economies from the margin to the mainstream global economy. Second, it should be realised that competitive conditions remain in constant flux (even in mature industries and mature economies). This implies that a range of home country factors may be as important as host country factors in explaining firms' strategic moves and the degree of foreign market involvement. Further research can consider the impact of the home country environment on foreign market involvement decisions. Such an investigation will potentially provide further perspectives not only on the influence of national origin but also how home country effects are confounded with industry effects.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.617-637
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• 1996

Occupational dermatosis is one of the most prevalent occupational disorders. However, the extent of the occupational dermatoses including incidences and prevalencies of each disease entity, and etiologic materials are not yet welt stated in Korea. Authors reviewed the literatures on the statistic data and reports on the occupational dermatoses, and surveyed on the occupational dermatoses in two factories, and surveyed the physicians responsible to the occupational dermatoses with formed questionnaire. The results are as follows; 1. Among medical journals published since 1964, there were 31 articles on the occupational dermatoses. Of 31 articles, 18 were case reports and all others were review articles. Of 18 case reports, 9 were epidemiologic survey. The Workers' Periodic Health Examinations revealed that prevalence of the occupational dermatoses was highest(4.36 per 10,000 workers) in 1974, but number of the cases reported were decreased sharply since 1978 with some tendency to increase since 1981. There were 2,240 reported cases of occupational dermatoses between 1966 and 1992, which is 1.90% of all the reported occupational diseases. Skin infection and injuries due to chemicals were most frequent and there were 6 cases of skin cancer. 2. In an epidemiological survey on the dermatoses among 995 workers in a metal product manufacturing factory and 225 workers in a coal chemical factory, there were 794 with dermatomycosis, 296 workers with acne, 130 workers with scar, 123 workers with deformity of toe nails. Scars, photosensitivity dermatitis, deformity of finger and toe nails, and acne were more prevalent in the metal product manufacturing factory(p<0.05). In the metal prouct manufacturing factory, workers treating organic solvents and oils had more dermatoses than those without treating the materials(p<0.05). On the skin patch performed on 16 workers in the metal product manufacturing factory, there were 8 cases of irritation dermatitis and 5 cases of contact dermatitis. Prevalence of contact dermatitis in the metal product manufacturing factory was 1.3%. 3. On the questionnaire survey, 34 dermatologists, 29 doctors of preventive medicine, and 22 family physician replied. The proportion of occupational etiology among all dermatoses assumed by the physicians were below 9%, and the most important occupational dermatosis in Korea was contact dermatitis. Main etiologic materials related to the occupational dermatosis were organic solvent, acid and alkali, and metals. The reason for the scarcity of report of occupational dermatoses were difficulty in diagnosis and physician's ignorance of the occupational etiology. They replied that to prevent the occupational dermatoses in the workplace, the use of protective devices was most important, and development of diagnostic criteria on the occupational dermatoses is urgent. Above results shows us that there is many workers with occupational dermatoses, but they are mostly unreported. Measures to prevent and manage the occupational dermatoses are not satisfactory at present. Hence, authors suggest measures for the precise diagnosis, report and prevention of the occupational dermatoses. a. Dermatologist, preventive physician, and industrial hygienist should work as a team to examine the high risk group and establish the preventive measures. b. Disease entities, diagnostic criteria of occupational dermatoses should be listed, criteria for the compensation and job fitting at recruitment should be established, and manual for the proper treatment and effective prevention of each occupational dermatosis should be developed. c. Patch test antigens against each occupational category should be developed and it should be available to any physicians responsible. d. To facilitate the diagnosis of occupational dermatoses by the doctors responsible for the Workersr Periodic Health Examination, development of standardized questionnaire, education on the techniques of the patch test, and cooperation with the dermatologist in diagnosis of occupational dermatoses is essential.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.77-93
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• 1999

This study is aiming at identifying the foreward and backward lingkage effects of the farm land base development project. Korean Government has continuously carried out farmland base development projets including the integrated agricultural development projects. large and medium scale irrigation projects and the comprehensive development of the four big river basin including tidal land reclamation and estuary dam construction for the all weather farming since 1962. the starting year of the five year economic development plans. Consequently the irrigation rate of paddy fields in Korea reached to 75% in 1998 and to escalate the irrigation rate, the Government had procured heavy investment fund from IBRD. IMF and OECF etc. To cope with the agricultural problems like trade liberalization in accordance with WTO policy, the government has tried to solve such problems as new farmland base development policy, preservation of the farmland and expansion of farmland to meet self-sufficiency of foods in the future. Especially, farmland base development projects have been challanged to environmental and ecological problems in evaluating economic benefits and costs where the value of non-market goods have not been included in those. Up to data, in evaluating benefits and costs of the projects, farmland base development projects have been confined to direct incremental value of farm products and it's related costs. Therefore the projects'efficiency as a decision making criteria has shown the low level of economic efficiencies. In estimating economic efficiencies including Leontiefs input-output analysis of the projects could not be founded in Korea at present. Accordingly this study is aimed at achieving and identifying the following objectives. (1) To identify the problems related to the financial supports of the Government in implementing the proposed projects. (2) To estimated backward and foreward linkage effects of the proposed project from the view point of national economy as a whole. To achieve the objectives, Hwangrak benefited area with reservoir which is located in Seosan-haemi Disticts, Chungnam Province were selected as a case study. The main results of the study are summarized as follows : a. The present value of investment and O & M cost were amounted to 3,510million won and the present value of the value added in related industries was estimated at 5.913million won for the period of economic life of 70 years. b. The total discounted value of farm products in the concerned industries derived by the project was estimated at 10,495million won and the foreward and backward linkage effects of the project were amounted to 6,760 and 5,126million won respectively. c. The total number of employment opportunities derived from the related industries for the period of project life were 3,136 man/year. d. Farmland base development projects were showed that the backward linkage effects estimated by index of the sensitivity dispersion were larger than the forward linkage effect estimated by index of the power of dispersion. On the other hand, the forward linkage effect of rice production value during project life was larger than the backward linkage effect e. The rate of creation of new job opportunity by means of implementing civil engineering works were shown high in itself rather than any other fields. and the linkage effects of production of the project investment were mainly derived from the metal and non-metal fields. f. According to the industrial linkage effect analysis, farmland base development projects were identified economically feasible from the view point of national economy as a whole even though the economic efficiencies of the project was outstandingly decreased owing to delaying construction period and increasing project costs.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.83-104
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• 1981

Hemodialysis is essential treatment for the chronic renal failure patient's long-term cure and for the patient management before and after kidney transplantation. It sustains the endstage renal failure patient's life which didn't get well despite strict regimen and furthermore it becomes an essential treatment to maintain civil life. Bursing implementation in hemodialysis may affect the significant effect on patient's life. The purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data to solve the hypotension problem encountable to patient and the blood loss problem affecting hemodialysis patient'a anemic states by incomplete rinsing of blood in coil through all process of hemodialysis. The subjects for this study were 44 patients treated hemodialysis 691 times in the hemodialysis unit, The .data was collected at Gang Nam 51. Mary's Hospital from January 1, 1981 to April 30, 1981 by using the direct observation method and the clinical laboratory test for laboratory data and body weight and was analysed by the use of analysis of Chi-square, t-test and anlysis of varience. The results obtained an follows; A. On clinical laboratory data and other data by dialysis Procedure. The average initial body weight was 2.37 ± 0.97kg, and average body weight after every dialysis was 2.33 ± 0.9kg. The subject's average hemoglobin was 7.05±1.93gm/dl and average hematocrit was 20.84± 3.82%. Average initial blood pressure was 174.03±23,75mmHg and after dialysis was 158.45±25.08mmHg. The subject's average blood ion due to blood sample for laboratory data was 32.78±13.49cc/ month. The subject's average blood replacement for blood complementation was 1.31 ±0.88 pint/ month for every patient. B. On the hypotensive state and the coping approaches occurrence rate of hypotension was 28.08%. It was 194 cases among 691 times. 1. In degrees of initial blood pressure, the most 36.6% was in the group of 150-179mmHg, and in degrees of hypotension during dialysis, the most 28.9% in the group of 40-50mmHg, especially if the initial blood pressure was under 180mmHg, 59.8% clinical symptoms appeared in the group of“above 20mmHg of hypotension”. If initial blood pressure was above 180mmHg, 34.2% of clinical symptoms were appeared in the group of“above 40mmHg of hypotension”. These tendencies showed the higher initial blood pressure and the stronger degree of hypotension, these results showed statistically singificant differences. (P=0.0000) 2. Of the occuring times of hypotension,“after 3 hrs”were 29.4%, the longer the dialyzing procedure, the stronger degree of hypotension ann these showed statistically significant differences. (P=0.0142). 3. Of the dispersion of symptoms observed, sweat and flush were 43.3%, and Yawning, and dizziness 37.6%. These were the important symptoms implying hypotension during hemodialysis accordingly. Strages of procedures in coping with hypotension were as follows ; 45.9% were recovered by reducing the blood flow rate from 200cc/min to 1 00cc/min, and by reducing venous pressure to 0-30mmHg. 33.51% were recovered by controling (adjusting) blood flow rate and by infusion of 300cc of 0,9% Normal saline. 4.1% were recovered by infusion of over 300cc of 0.9% normal saline. 3.6% by substituting Nor-epinephiine, 5.7% by substituting blood transfusion, and 7,2% by substituting Albumin were recovered. And the stronger the degree of symptoms observed in hypotention, the more the treatments required for recovery and these showed statistically significant differences (P=0.0000). C. On the effects of the changes of blood pressure and osmolality by albumin and hemofiltration. 1. Changes of blood pressure in the group which didn't required treatment in hypotension and the group required treatment, were averaged 21.5mmHg and 44.82mmHg. So the difference in the latter was bigger than the former and these showed statistically significant difference (P=0.002). On the changes of osmolality, average mean were 12.65mOsm, and 17.57mOsm. So the difference was bigger in the latter than in the former but these not showed statistically significance (P=0.323). 2. Changes of blood pressure in the group infused albumin and in the group didn't required treatment in hypotension, were averaged 30mmHg and 21.5mmHg. So there was no significant differences and it showed no statistical significance (P=0.503). Changes of osmolality were averaged 5.63mOsm and 12.65mOsm. So the difference was smaller in the former but these was no stitistical significance (P=0.287). Changes of blood pressure in the group infused Albumin and in the group required treatment in hypotension were averaged 30mmHg and 44.82mmHg. So the difference was smaller in the former but there is no significant difference (P=0.061). Changes of osmolality were averaged 8.63mOsm, and 17.59mOsm. So the difference were smaller in the former but these not showed statistically significance (P=0.093). 3. Changes of blood pressure in the group iutplemented hemofiltration and in the Uoup didn't required treatment in hypotension were averaged 22mmHg and 21.5mmHg. So there was no significant differences and also these showed no statistical significance (P=0.320). Changes of osmolality were averaged 0.4mOsm and 12.65mOsm. So the difference was smaller in the former but these not showed statistical significance（P=0.199). Changes of blood pressure in the group implemented hemofiltration and in the group required treatment in hypotension were averaged 22mmHg and 44.82mmHg. So the difference was smatter in the former and these showed statistically significant differences (P=0.035). Changes of osmolality were averaged 0.4mOsm and 17.59mOsm. So the difference was smaller in the former but these not showed statistical significance (P=0.086). D. On the changes of body weight, and blood pressure, between the group of hemofiltration and hemodialysis. 1, Changes of body weight in the group implemented hemofiltration and hemodialysis were averaged 3.340 and 3.320. So there was no significant differences and these showed no statistically significant difference, (P=0.185) but standard deviation of body weight averaged in comparison with standard difference of body weight was statistically significant difference (P=0.0000). Change of blood Pressure in the group implemented hemofiltration and hemodialysis were averaged 17.81mmHg and 19.47mmHg. So there was no significant differences and these showed no statistically significant difference (P=0.119), But in comparison with standard deviation about difference of blood pressure was statistically significant difference. (P=0.0000). E. On the blood infusion method in coil after hemodialysis and residual blood losing method in coil. 1, On comparing and analysing Hct of residual blood in coil by factors influencing blood infusion method. Infusion method of saline 200cc reduced residual blood in coil after the quantitative comparison of Saline Occ, 50cc, 100cc, 200cc and the differences showed statistical significance (p < 0.001). Shaking Coil method reduced residual blood in Coil in comparison of Shaking Coil method and Non-Shaking Coil method this showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Adjusting pressure in Coil at OmmHg method reduced residual blood in Coil in comparison of adjusting pressure in Coil at OmmHg and 200mmHg, and this showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). 2. Comparing blood infusion method divided into 10 methods in Coil with every factor respectively, there was seldom difference in group of choosing Saline 100cc infusion between Coil at OmmHg. The measured quantity of blood loss was averaged 13.49cc. Shaking Coil method in case of choosing saline 50cc infusion while adjusting pressure in coil at OmmHg was the most effective to reduce residual blood. The measured quantity of blood loss was averaged 15.18cc.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.111-121
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• 1987

어유를 섭취하였을 때, 체내 과산화물 생성과 항산화 기능을 조사하며, 그 결과를 다른 식이지방과 비교하기 위하여, 고등어유, 대두유, 쇠기름, 들기름, 채종유의 5 종의 지방을 먹이의 10% 되게 식이를 조제하여 70g 내외의 암, 수컷의 흰쥐에게 섭취시켰다. 출생후 초기 성장시에 적응도를 관찰하기 위하여, 위의 쥐들을 34일간 조제식이로 사육한후, 교배시켜 출생한 2 대째 쥐들을 수유시기(17일, 26일)과 이유시기(39일)에 희생시키고, 출산, 수유를 마친 어미쥐(나이 123일, 총 식이일수 81일)를 희생하여 간과 뇌조직의 지질과산화물, $\alpha$-tocopherol, glutathione 양을 정량하고, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase의 활성을 측정하였다. 간조직의 지질과산화물 값은 고등어유를 섭취한 어미쥐와 수유기(17, 26일)의 새끼쥐들에게서 타군에 비해 높았으나 39일의 새끼쥐에서는 채종유보다는 높았으나 대두유, 들기름군과 같은 수준이었다. 뇌조직에서는 간에 차이가 거의없었다. 간조직의 $\alpha$-tocopherol 농도와 환원형의 glutathione(GSH) 의 농도가 어미쥐에서 타군에 비해 현저히 낮았고, 새끼쥐에서도 $\alpha$-tocopherol 경우는 같은경향이나 그 정도가 덜 현저하며, GSH의 경우는 타군들과 차이가 없었다. 산화형 glutathioe (GSSG)의 농도는 어미쥐, 새끼쥐모두에서 식이지방에 따른 차이가 일관성 있게 나타나지 않았다. Glutathione peroxidase 활성은 간장과 뇌조직에서 성장과정중의 새끼쥐들에서 모두 약간씩 증가하였고, 채종유군에서 타군에 비해 증가정도가 낮아 활성이 39일에 현저히 낮았다. Superoxide dismutase 의 활성은 성장기간에 따른 변화는 적었고, 고등어유군이 타군에 비해 비교적 낮은값을 유지하였다. 어미쥐와 17일째 새끼쥐에서는 달리 26일과 39일째 새끼쥐의 간조직 glutathioe peroxidase 의활성이 지질과산화물 농도와 정의 상관관계가 보여져, 출생후 초기 성장과정에서 체내 적응성이 존재함을 나타내주었다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제38권
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• pp.5-42
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• 2005

대전광역시 무형문화재 제2호 신석봉 법사(法師)에 대한 현지 조사를 통하여 앉은굿의 기초이며 핵심인 안택(安宅)굿의 음악을 연구함으로써 다음과 같은 음악적 특징을 밝힐 수 있었다. 앉은굿의 경문(經文) 구송(口誦)을 위한 반주 악기로는 북과 꽹과리가 쓰이는데, 법사의 오른편에 놓인 북은 경문(經文)을 읊을 때 기본 장단을 규칙적으로 조용히 연주해 반주 역할을 하고, 법사의 왼편에 놓인 꽹과리는 경문 악절의 휴지부를 메우는 역할을 하므로 각 고장(鼓杖) 에 맞는 리듬 패턴을 다양한 변주 형태로 연주한다. 이와 같이 경문을 구송하다 법사의 호흡이나 경문의 내용에 따라 잠깐의 휴지부를 갖고, 그 사이를 꽹과리 변주 리듬으로 메우는 것은 국악 연주 방식 중 하나로, 합주 시 주선율 연주 악기들이 쉬는 사이에 다른 악기가 주선율을 이어서 연주하는 '연음형식(蓮音形式)'과 같다. 이 악기 반주에 맞추어 구송되는 안택굿 경문의 장단 주기는, 대체로 3소박4박의 '외마치 장단', 3소박8박의 '두마치 장단', 그 외에 '외마치 장단'과 같이 3소박4박의 리듬형을 가지고 있지만 그 템포가 매우 빠른 '세마치 장단', 다양한 리듬패턴 없이 획일화된 리듬형을 일률적으로 막치는 '막고장', 그리고 그 일반적인 장단형에서 벗어난 '못갖춘 장단의 다섯 가지 유형이 있다. 신석봉 법사는 안택굿 전반의 각 처에 걸쳐 '두마치 장단, 주기로 소위 그가 청(淸)이 라고 말하는 창(唱) 즉 소리를 하고 있으며, 오직 안택 마지막 처인 대문에서 구송되는 '퇴송경'만이 '외마치 장단' 주기로 연주하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그 외에 비교적 앞의 두 장단보다 그 템포가 빠른 '세마치 장단'과 '막고장'은 무당이 춤출 때와 신장대 잡을 때 경(經) 없이 악기 연주로만 행해졌다. 특히 춤출 때 연주되는 '세마치 장단'은 비교적 느린 템포에서 시작하여 점점 몰아치다가 다시 느린 템포로 돌아오는데, 이와 같이 우리 음악의 대표적인 빠르기 형식 중 하나인 느림-빠름-느림의 형태를 보이고 있다. 음조직에 있어서는 구성음이 mi-la-do'-re'이며, 그 주요 음이 mi-la-do'의 완4도+단3도 음진행을 보이고 있는 메나리토리의 음구성이나 음진행과 같지만, 첫 음인 mi음을 떨고 re'에서 do'로 흘러내리는 시김새를 갖는 전형적인 메나리토리 시김새의 특징이 조금 약하게 보이고 있다. 이는 아마도 전 지역에 걸쳐 그 음악적 어법(語法)이 경상도에 비해 비교적 약한 충청도라는 지역적인 음토리의 결과일 것이라 생각한다. 또한 안택굿 음악의 가사 붙임에 따른 리듬형태는, 비교적 그 템포가 다른 경문들에 비해 빠르고 la음이 곡 전반에 걸쳐 지속적으로 나타나는 '퇴송경'에서만은 오직 '실라빅(syllabic)'한 리듬형을 보이지만, 일반적으로 '신코페이션(syncopation)'이나 '멜리스마틱(melismatic)' 식의 리듬형으로 구성되어 있다. 마지막으로 각 경문에 따른 음구성을 간략히 살펴 본 결과, 음구성은 일반적으로 la음의 비중이 크며, la음을 중심으로 la-do' 상행과 la-mi 하행의 단3도, 완전4도 음정의 음진행을 주로 보이고 있다. 또한 전체 곡의 빠르기는 M.M.♩.=116-184정도의 빠르기에서 움직이고 있지만, 굿 전반에 걸쳐서는 대부분 경문 구송에 알맞은 빠르기인 M.M.♩=120-140 사이의 템포 즉 '보통빠르기' 정도로 진행되었다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.50-55
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• 1985

잡초제거(雜草除去) 시기(時期)가 옥수수 생육(生育) 및 수량(收量)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 1982~1983년(年)에 수원(水原)에서 옥수수 단교잡종(單交雜種)을 공시(供試)하고 옥수수 출아(出芽)부터 각각(各各) 3, 5, 7, 9 엽기(葉期) 및 성숙기(成熟期)(완전제초(完全除草))까지 10일(日) 간격(間隔)으로 계속(繼續) 제초(除草)하는 구(區), 3, 5, 7, 9엽기(葉期)부터 성숙기(成熟期)까지 제초구(除草區), 무제초구(無除草區)의 옥수수 생육(生育) 및 수량(收量)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 시험포장(試驗圃場)의 우점잡초(優占雜草)는 여뀌, 명아주, 피, 바랭이(1982년(年)) 등(等)이었는데 1982년(年)에 잡초(雜草)에 의한 출사일수(出絲日數), 간장(稈長), 10a당(當) 주수(株數), 수당립수(穗當粒數), 종실수량등(種實收量等)의 감소(減少)가 컸었다. 3. 종실수량(種實收量)은 무제초구(無除草區)에서 1982년(年)에 85%, 1983년(年)에 58% 감소(減少)되었고 옥수수 출아(出芽)부터 3엽기(葉期)와 5엽기(葉期)까지 제초(除草)할 때 1982년(年)에 각각(各各) 46, 44%, 1983년(年)에는 각각(各各) 29, 18% 감소(減少)되었으나 출아(出芽)부터 7엽기이후(葉期以後)까지 제초(除草)할 때는 감수(減收)가 되지 않았다. 또한 옥수수 3엽기(葉期)부터 성숙(成熟)까지 제초(除草)할 때는 감수(減收)가 되지 않으나 처음 제초(除草)가 5, 7, 9엽기(葉期)로 늦어짐에 따라 1982년(年)에는 각각(各各) 10, 36, 67%의 감수(減收)가 있었고 1983년(年)에는 각각(各各) 14, 18, 21% 감수(減收)되었다. 4. 1983년(年)의 지상부(地上部) 건물수량(建物收量)은 제초(除草)를 하지 않을 때 60% 감소(減少)되었고 옥수수 출아(出芽)부터 3, 5, 7, 9 엽기(葉期)까지 제초구(除草區)에서 각각(各各) 35, 28, 14, 7%의 감수(減收)가 있었다. 또한 3, 5, 7, 9엽기(葉期)부터 성숙기(成熟期)까지 제초(除草)할 때는 각각(各各) 2, 11, 20, 31% 감수(減收)되었다. 5. 따라서 잡초(雜草)에 의(依)한 옥수수의 종실(種實) 또는 건물수량(乾物收量) 감소(減少)를 방지(防止)하려면 옥수수 7엽기(葉期)까지 발생(發生)하는 잡초(雜草)는 일찍 제거(除去)되거나 옥수수 7엽기(葉期)까지 잡초발생(雜草發生)이 없도록 해야 할 것이다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.291-300
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• 2005

남은 음식물에서 Aspergillus oryzae(AO)의 유용한 배양조건(시간, 수분함량, 접종균수)을 구하기 위하여 2가지 실험과 닭에서 그 배양물의 영양소 이용율을 구명하기 위하여 본 시험을 수행하였다. <시험 1> 적정 배양시간과 접종균수의 측정을 위하여 수분함량을 30, 40, 50, $60\%$로 정하였다. 잔반 사료에 접종하는 seed로서 1mL Aspergillus oryzae(AO) $(1.33\times10^5\;CFU/mL)$를 이용하였다. 배양을 위한 적정 수분함량은 $40\~50\%$였으며 배양시간은 72시간 이상이었다. 계속하여 AO 균수에 의한 효과를 결정하기 위해 AO seed 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00mL를 남은음식물 사료에 접종하였다. AFW의 AO균수를 비교하기 위하여 72시간과 96시간 배양하였으나, 접종량에 따른 유의차는 없었다. 다시 수준을 낮추어 0.01, 0.05, 0.10mL를 접종하고 72시간과 96시간동안 배양한 결과, 72시간 배양 AO colony 수는 0.1 mL 접종 처리 구에서 가장 많았다. <시험 2> FW의 배양조건을 결정한 후에, 20수의 5주령 Hubbard종을 공시하여 소화율 시험을 수행하였다. 처리구는 T1-대조구, T2-기초사료 $60\%$+건조잔반 $40\%$, T3-기초사료 $60\%$+건조잔반 $20\%$+AO균 접종 건조잔반 $20\%$, T-4-기초사료 $60\%$+AO균 접종 건조잔반 $40\%$ 처리구 등 총 4처리구, 처리구당 5반복씩 20수를 인공항문 장착하여 소화율을 조사하였다. 영양소 소화율에 있어 일반성분과 아미노산은 대조구에 비해 T2 처리구가 전성분에서 낮았고(p<0.05), AFW(T3, T4)처리구에 비해 조지방과 인의 소화율에서 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). T3와 T4는 T2에 비해 조섬유 및 조회분의 소화율이 증가하였다(p<0.05). 대조구는 T3와 T4에 비해 필수아미노산인 arginine, leucine, phenylalanine의 소화율이 높았으나(p<0.05), T3와 T4 처리구는 T2 처리구에 비해 필수아미노산 arginine, lysine 및 thereonine과 비필수아미노산 alanine의 소화율이 개선되었다(p<0.05). 이러한 결과들로부터 건조 잔반의 AO 배양조건 구명과 영양소 이용율 시험을 통해 FW사료의 품질이 기초사료에 비해 영양소 이용율이 낮고, AFW 사료가 AO에 의해 개선될 수 있음을 시사한다

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.29-46
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• 2000

The clinical application of constitutional Diagnosis is the most important part of Sasang constitutional medicine. It has been studied in various way. The study of morphologic characteristics on the head and face has been identified but didn't considered the Variations of age and sex. For the statistic analysis of the correlation between the sasang constitution and the shape of the face, the head-facial part of 182 cases(the group of throughout the age) and 69 cases(the group of age 30 to 40) were measured by Martin's measurement and analysis of a) the measurement value of height and the component ratio from the Gnathion to each part of face by constitution. b) the measurement value of depth and the component ratio from T-projected to each part of the face by constitution. c) the measurement value of breadth and component ratio between each parts of the facial breadth by constitution. d) the characteristics on each part of face by constitution. e) the result of discriminant analysis about the constitution Authors obtained the results from the study as follows: 1. Taeum-In group is characterized by the value of variables had a tendency to maximum value in throughout the age, the charateristics that the total group show is the shape of face is wide shape in horizontally and flat, the nasal breadth is wider than other constitutions, the lips is narrower than Soyang-In in horizontally and thick shape in vertically, and the biogonial breadth is more developed than other constitutions, so lower face is developed. The charateristics that only the age of 30 40 group show is that the lips is thicker than Soeum-IN. The projection of inter-eyebrows is more projected than Soyang-IN. 2. Soeum-IN group is characterized by the value of variables had a tendency to minimum value in throughout the age. The characteristics that the total group show is the lips is thiner than other constitutions, the breadth of eyes is wider than other constitutions, the difference between sellion and nasal breadth is to be little. The charateristics that only the age of 30 40 group show is that the ratio of upper face in physiognomic face is lager than Soyang-IN. 3. The total age group of Soyang-In is characterized by the shape of face is long in vertically and narrow in horizontally, the total eyebrow breadth and lips and philtrun is wider than other constitutions. The charateristics that only the age of 30 40 group is characterized by the projection of sellion is more projected than Taeum-IN. 4. The values which showed significance in both age group V76, V52, V54, V55, V57, V59, V64, V65, V67, V88, V89, V148, V150, V151, V155, V160, V161, V28, V50, V99, V102, V167, V169, V173, V175, V177, V181 are 27 in all. 5. The values which was significant in the age 30 to 40 group V77, V78, V79, V109, V140, V142, V143, V166, V174 are 9 in all.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.167-172
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• 2004

Flow cytometry를 이용하여 개 정자의 생존율 평가를 수행하고자 2-4세의 수캐 5두가 이용되었고, 분석을 위해 PI염색을 실시하였다. Flow cytometry를 이용한 개 신선 정액의 생존율 평가는 생존 정자와 죽은 정자의 비율을 1:0, 1:1, 1:3으로 조성하여 이를 flow cytometry로 평가하고 광학현미경검사, CFDA/PI 염색검사, HOS test에 의한 생존율과 비교하여 flow cytometry와의 상관관계를 알아보았다. 또한 개 정액을 동결하여 응해 후의 개 정자의 생존율 평가에도 동일한 방법으로 상관관계를 조사하였다. 신선 정액에서 생존 정자와 죽은 정자의 비율이 1:0, 1:1, 1:3 모든 경우에서 flow cytometry를 이용한 생존율은 HOS test에 의한 생존율과 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다 (p<0.01). 신선 정액에서 생존 정자와 죽은 정자의 비율이 1:0과 1:3일 때 광학현미경적 검사에 의한 생존율은 flow cytometry 분석에 의한 생존율과 유의 적인 상관관계를 나타내었으나 (p<0.05), 1:1 비율의 경우 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 신선 정액에 생존 정자와 죽은 정자의 비율이 1:0과 1:1일 때 CFDA/PI 염색 검사에 의한 생존율은 flow cytometry분석에 의한 생존율과 높은 상관관계를 보였으며(p<0.01), 1:3 비율에서는 유의적인 상관관계를 보였다 (p<0.05). 동결 및 응해 후의 개 정자의 생존율 평가에서 HOS test 결과는 flow cytometry분석에 의한 생존율과 높은 상관관계를 보였으며 (p<0.01), 광학현미경적 검사를 통한 생존율은 유의적인 상관관계를 보였으나 (p<0.05), CFDA/PI 염색 검사결과는 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과 flow cytometry는 신선정액 및 동결 융해 후 개 정자에 대한 생존율 검사에 정확한 평가 방법 인 것으로 판단되었다.