• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.6
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• pp.712-718
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• 2009

To look into the degree of the long distance movement of the air pollution within Mt. Kyebang, Hongcheon, one of the clean regions, major ions, components of collected wet precipitation, were analyzed by using the ion chromatography after measuring pH and electrical conductivity. The quality assurance of chemical composition data was checked by considering the ion balance and electrical conductivity. Also, the pH of precipitation showed in the pH5.0~5.5 range, less than the pH5.6 in which the standards of the acid precipitation. On the whole, the more precipitation got, the less ion concentration became.: It could showed what it influenced on the fluctuation of the precipitation pH according to fluctuation and neutralization of the according materials. In the meantime, as composition ratios of wet deposition, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and $nss-{SO_4}^{2-}$, ${NH_4}^+$ and $nss-Ca^{2+}$ accounted for high percentage. Especially, as the concentration of ${SO_4}^{2-}$, the artificial pollutant, and $Ca^{2+}$, the soil substance, showed high, Mt. Kyebang, Hongcheon having barely fixed air-pollutants sources was most likely to be influenced by the pollutants moved from long distances.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.E1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2003

The 10-day interval basis measurements of precipitation samples at Yangyang, the rural and coastal area on the eastern coast of the Korea peninsula were accomplished for understanding the precipitation chemistry and the temporal variations of major ions September 1991 to February 1997. The precipitation was slightly acidic, and 37% of the samples in winter were pH less than 4.5. The concentrations of cations were found on the order $Na^+\;>\;{NH_4}^+\;>\;Ca^{2+}\;>\;Mg^{2+}\;>\;K^+$ and those of anions followed the pattern $Cl^-\;>\;{SO_4}^{2-}\;>\;{NO_3}^-$. Neglecting sea salt components, the major ions controlling precipitation chemistry were nss-${SO_4}^{2-}$ and ${NO_3}^-$ in anion and ${NH_4}^+$ and nss-$Ca^{2+}$ in cation. Concentrations of these ions were lower than those measured at urban sites in Korea, but were higher than those measured in Japan. Most of nss-${SO_4}^{2-}$ and ${NO_3}^-$ were neutralized by ammonia and calcium species, especially alkaline soil particles in spring and ammonia gas in other seasons. Considering also the annual value of ［nss -${SO_4}^{2-}$］/［${NO_3}^-$］ ratio of 2.62 and the neutralizing factors, ammonium sulphate compounds were dominant. Annual mean concentrations of these ions showed relatively small fluctuations, while larger seasonal variations were observed with higher levels in spring and winter. Precipitation amount, influence extent of acidic gases and alkaline particles long-range transported from China continent, and energy consumption pattern in each season might be able to explain this seasonal trend.sonal trend.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.307-312
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• 2009

Motukoreaite and quintinite-3T, Mg-Al layered double hydroxides, were found in the Sinyangri Formation of Jeju Island. They fill the pores of basaltic volcaniclastic sediments in globular and botryoidal aggregates of fine platy particles. Globular aggregates of quintinite-3T were crusted with the parallel overgrowth of motukoreaite plates. X-ray diffraction data and chemical composition are consistent with those reported in literature, while the Mg/Al ratio of motukoreaite is higher. Structural formula of motukoreaite and quintinite-3T derived from electron microprobe analysis are $Na_{1.6}Ca_{0.1}Mg_{40.7}Al_{20.7}Si_{0.9}(CO_3)_{13.6}(SO_4)_{7.4}(OH)_{108}56H_2O$, and $Mg_{3.7}Al_{1.9}Si_{0.2}(OH)_{12}(CO_3)_{0.8}(SO_4)_{0.2}3H_2O$, respectively. Motukoreaite and quintinite-3T were formed by reaction between seawater and basaltic glass, and contributed to the cementation and lithification of the volcaniclastic sediments.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.80-87
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• 2008

Cementation and solvent extraction processes were studied to separate nickel and iron ions from the $H_2SO_4$ leaching solution with 47 g/L $Fe(Fe^{2+}/Fe^{3+}=1.03),$, 23.5 g/L Ni and 0.90M $H_2SO_4$ which leached from Fe-Ni alloy. Iron powder was used as a reducing agent for the cementation of Ni ion from the leaching solution. The reduction percentage of Ni ion was $17{\sim}20%$ by adding 4 times stoichiometric amount of iron powder at $60{\sim}80$. This may result from the fact that the cementation of Ni ion occurred after the reduction of $Fe^{3+}$ to $Fe^{2+}$ and the neutralization of $H_2SO_4$ with iron powder. The cementation process was proved to be unfeasible for the separation/recovery of Ni ion from the leaching solution including $Fe^{3+}$ as a major component. $Fe^{2+}$ present in the leaching solution was converted to $Fe^{3+}$ for solvent extraction of Fe ion using D2EHPA in kerosene as a extractant. The oxidation of $Fe^{2+}$ to $Fe^{3+}$ was completed by the addition of 1.2 times stoichiometric amount of 35% $H_2SO_4$. 99.6% $Fe^{3+}$ was extracted from the leaching solution (23.5 g/L $Fe^{3+}$) by 4 stages cross-current extraction using 20 vol.% D2EHPA in kerosene. $NiSO_4$ solution with 98.5% purity was recovered from the $H_2SO_4$ leaching solution of scrapped Fe-Ni alloy.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.24-31
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• 1994

Aerosol size distribution were determined in Seoul by Anderson sampler from October 1989 to September 1991 for the major ionic species(SO$_{4}$$^{2-}$, NO$_{3}$$^{-}$, Cl$^{-}$, Na$^{+}$, Na$^{+}$, K$^{+}$, Ca$^{2+}$ and Mg$^{2+}$) and TSP( Total Suspended Particles ). The seasonal variations in concentrations and size distribution have been investigated. The size distributions of TSP and each of ionic species were bimodal throughout the year. The size distribution of these ions were divided as follows; (1) fine- mode dominant for SO$_{4}$$^{2-}$ and N%'. (2) coarse- mode dominant for NO$_{3}$$^{-}$, Cl$^{-}$, Ca$^{2+}$ and Mg$^{2+}$. (3) both- mode dominant for TSP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.441-447
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• 1998

A bacterial strain No. 43 was isolated from soil samples as a levan-assimiating microorganism producing an extracellular levanase and hydrolying levan to levanbiose. According to the taxonomic characteristics of its morphological and physiological properties, the strain was idenified as Pseudomonas sp. No. 43. The optimum culura medium was composed of 10g levan, 5g(NH4)2SO4, 3g NH4Cl, 3g polypepton, 1g K2HPO4, 0.5gMgSO4.7H2O, and 0.2g MnCl2.4H2O per liter. The cultivation for levanase was carried out in pH 7.0 at 4$0^{\circ}C$ for 28hr. The reaction product was a kind of oligosaccharide and it was purified by chilled ethanol precipitation and gel filtration for evalluation of degree of polymerization (DP). The purified product was determined as levanbiose of MW 342 and DP2 by HPLC and FAB-MS.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2002

Water chemistry in the Munkyeong hot-spring expresses high values of EC(1,857 $mutextrm{s}$/cm), $HCO_3$(1,250 mg/l), $SO_4$(147.60 mg/l), Mg(43.05 mg/l), and Ca(279.43 mg/l). The precipitates of small quantity is formed in lower temperature, but much of in case apply heat by boiler. Although mineral that is settled from original ground water is most calcite, aragonite and calcite at the same time crystallized in boiler. The $CO_3$ is present predominantly as $HCO_3^{-}$ and $H_2$$CO_3$, $SO_4$, Mg and Ca are present as free ion. Ca is saturated with respect to carbonate such as aragonite and calcite but slightly undersaturated with respect to anhydrite and gypsum Al is saturated with diaspore and gibbsite. The precitptates are composed of carbonate such as calcite and aragonite and amorphous Fe-hydroxide.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.180-185
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• 2004

The electromagnetic properties and microstructures of the basic composition of (Ni$\sub$0.2/Cu$\sub$0.1/Zn$\sub$0.2/)$\sub$0.5/ (Fe$_2$O$_3$)$\sub$0.5/ were invested by changing of SO$_4$, Cl and NO$_3$ series. We were prepared by coprecipitation method and sintered at temperatures 950$^{\circ}C$, 1150$^{\circ}C$, l350$^{\circ}C$, respectively. When sintering at temperature 950$^{\circ}C$, Cl and NO$_3$ series became perfection sintering. On the other hand, SO$_4$ series showed perfection sintering at temperature 1150$^{\circ}C$. According to particle size analysis result, higher magnetic permeability and magnetization value were observed by Cl series than SO$_4$ or NO$_3$ series.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.675-687
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• 2005

In this study, the cyclone/denuder/filter pack sampling system was used to measure the daily concentrations of water soluble inorganic compounds of fine ($D_{p}< 2.5\;{\mu}m$) and coarse ($D_{p}<10{\mu}m$m) size fractions of aerosol and related gases at Gosan super site during ABC-EAREX 2005. The mean concentrations for $HNO_{3},\;HNO_{2},\;NH_{3}$, were 0.39, 0.08, and $0.29\;{\mu}g/m^3$. respectively. Average concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium in $PM_{2.5}$ were 3.39, 1.06, and $1.04\;{\mu}g/m^3$, which occupied about $26\%$ of total $PM_{2.5}$ mass. In particular, more than half of these ionic species were found in size of less than $2.5\;{\mu}m$. Gas phase nitric acid concentrations have shown high correlation coefficient with $HNO_{2}$(R=0.80) and $O_{3}$(R=0.78), implying the active photochemical reactions from its precursors. Equivalent molar ratios between major ion components, $NH_{4}\;^{+}/nss\;SO_4\;^{2-},(0.83\;for\;PM_{2.5},\;0.86\;for\;PM_{10})$, revealed that the existing forms of the secondary aerosols were probably $(NH_{4})_{2}SO_{4}\;and\;(NH_{4})_{3}H\;(SO_{4})_{2}$. Especially, $(NH_{4}\;^{+}+K^{+}+Ca^{2+}+Mg^{2+})/(NO_{3}\;^{-}+nss\;SO_{4}\;^{2-}) (0.99\;for\;PM_{2.5},\;1.05\;for\;PM_{10})$ indicated that some of them existed not only as $NH_{4}NO_{3}$ but also as $CaSO_{4}\;or\;KNO_{3}$, which pointed out the probability of influences from the abundant soil components during Asian dust (AD) periods. These neutralized types of secondary aerosols showed that pollutants could be aged and transported from a distance.

• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the cause of acidification of rainwater and to evaluate the possibility of alternative water resource in Saemangeum. The rainwater were collected in the kwangwhal-myun, Saemangeum from March to September, 2009. The collected 7 samples were analyzed with pH meter, IC (ion chromatography) and ICP (inductively coupled plasma) about the pH and the major ions ($SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $Cl^-$, $Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, $NH^{4+}$, $Na^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$) of rainwater. The order of the major anion concentration and the acidification contribution in the rainwater was $SO{_4}^{2-}$>$NO_3{^-}$>$Cl^-$, and that of the major cation was $Ca^{2+}$>$K^+$>$NH_4{^+}$>$Na^+$>$Mg^{2+}$. In the initial rainwater, the major ions concentration were higher than the middle period. pH of the rainwater was the lowest at May, but similar to the results of the others. And pH of the rainwater were significant correlation with $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$ in Saemangeum. From this results, the rainwater was slight acidic, and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ was the main factor contributed to the rainwater acidification in Saemangeum.