• KSBB Journal
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• v.20 no.1 s.90
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• pp.12-17
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• 2005

Despite a wide range of fatty acids in fish oil, its the usage are very limited owing to off-flavors and volatile compounds in the oil. A way to extract and remove volatile compounds was performed at a semi-flow extractor by using supercritical carbon dioxide $(SC-CO_2)$. Samples of the oil were treated at the conditions which ranged from $30\;to\;80^{\circ}C$ and from 80 to 200 bar with 10 mL/min flow rate of carbon dioxide. In the oil the volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography. Before extraction with $SC-CO_2$ the oil sample was detected over 129 peaks but 99 compounds were identified. The results demonstrated that at $40^{\circ}C$ and 200 bar extraction condition the volatile compounds in the tuna fish oil were removed, except for 14 compounds identified after extraction and other $SC-CO_2$ extraction conditions reached to high reduction of the volatile compounds.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.359-370
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• 2018

The batch and column experiments were performed to overcome the limitation of the neutralization process using the $scCO_2$-water-recycled aggregate, reducing its treatment time to 3 hour. The waste cement mortar and two kinds of recycled aggregate were used for the experiment. In the extraction batch experiment, three different types of waste mortar were reacted with water and $scCO_2$ for 1 ~ 24 hour and the pH of extracted solution from the treated waste mortar was measured to determine the minimum reaction time maintaining below 9.8 of pH. The continuous column experiment was also performed to identify the pH reduction effect of the neutralization process for the massive recycled aggregate, considering the non-equilibrium reaction in the field. Thirty five gram of waste mortar was mixed with 70 mL of distilled water in a high pressurized stainless steel cell at 100 bar and $50^{\circ}C$ for 1 ~ 24 hour as the neutralization process. The dried waste mortar was mixed with water at 150 rpm for 10 min. and the pH of water was measured for 15 days. The XRD and TG/DTA analyses for the waste mortar before and after the reaction were performed to identify the mineralogical change during the neutralization process. The acryl column (16 cm in diameter, 1 m in length) was packed with 3 hour treated (or untreated) recycled aggregate and 220 liter of distilled water was flushed down into the column. The pH and $Ca^{2+}$ concentration of the effluent from the column were measured at the certain time interval. The pH of extracted water from 3 hour treated waste mortar (10 ~ 13 mm in diameter) maintained below 9.8 (the legal limit). From XRD and TG/DTA analyses, the amount of portlandite in the waste mortar decreased after the neutralization process but the calcite was created as the secondary mineral. From the column experiment, the pH of the effluent from the column packed with 3 hour treated recycled aggregate kept below 9.8 regardless of their sizes, identifying that the recycled aggregate with 3 hour $scCO_2$ treatment can be reused in real construction sites.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.329-334
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• 2002

Tributyl phosphate(TBP) is used in solvent extraction process for radioactive waste. This compound may be degraded to dibutyl phosphate($DBP^-$), monobutyl phosphate($MBP^{2-}$) and ${PO_4}^{3-}$ by radioactive material. Amount of $DBP^-$ and $MBP^{2-}$ in TBP must be monitored because they production of these compounds means degradation of which leads to a decrease in the extraction yield. Retention behavior for $DBP^-$, $MBP^{2-}$, $F^-$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_2}^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and ${PO_4}^{3-}$ are studied with AS4A-SC(Dionex) analytical column and $Na_2CO_3$/NaOH eluent by Ion chromatography. Optimum condition for these anions is 2 mM $Na_2CO_3$/1 mM NaOH eluent. All anions by this condition is well separated within 15min. Dynamic range is $10{\mu}g/mL$ - $100{\mu}g/mL$ for DBP and $5{\mu}g/mL$ - $50{\mu}g/mL$ for $MBP^{2-}$, respectively. The Detection limit for AS4A-SC are $1{\mu}g/mL$ for $DBP^-$ and $0.5{\mu}g/mL$ for $MBP^{2-}$ in this system with a $25{\mu}L$ sample loop.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.848-854
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• 1998

To concentrate polyunsaturated fatty acids from anchovy oil by supercritical carbon dioxide $(SC-CO_2)$, effects of different adsorbents, cosolvents and extraction pressures on the extraction yield and fatty acid composition in the extract and the residue fractions were investigated. Anchovy oil mixed with silver nitrate-coated silica gel showed higher extraction yield and concentration of EPA and DHA in the residual fraction than that mixed with only silica gel at $60^{\circ}C/345{\;}bar$. Ethyl acetate was a promising cosolvent for concentrating polyunsaturated fatty acids in the residual fraction from anchovy oil mixed with silica gel. For the extraction pressures tested, 276 bar showed a maximum value in the extraction yield and concentration of EPA and DHA in the residue. Starting with anchovy oil containing 13.3% EPA and 16.2% DHA mixed with a silver nitrate-coated silica gel, the residue fraction containing 28.2% EPA and 38.3% DHA was obtained when ethyl acetate was used as a cosolvent with $SC-CO_2$ at $60^{\circ}C/276{\;}bar$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1300-1307
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• 1999

Supercritical fluid extraction was applied to recycling triglyceride from used shortening. Used shortening and its fractions were analyzed with high performance size exclusion chromatography for their composition in triglycerides, polymer and low molecular weight compounds. Conjugated diene value and color of the fractions were also measured with a UV spectrophotometer and a colorimeter, respectively. Pressure and temperature ranges employed were $15{\sim}30$ MPa and $40{\sim}60^{\circ}C$, respectively. Concentration of fat in supercritical (SC) $CO_2$ ranged from $0.3\;X\;10^{-3}{\sim}7.4\;X10^{-3}(g\;fat/g\;CO_2)$. An exponential relation between concentration of fat in SC $CO_2$ and density was observed. Color of the extracts was light yellow which was very close to that of the fresh shortening. Low molecular weight compounds were preferentially concentrated in the initial fraction, while polymer was extracted in the final fraction. Conjugated diene value of the initial fractions was clearly lower than that of feed. It increased sharply as the polymer content in the fraction became significantly large.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.574-580
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• 1998

The technical feasibility of removing cholesterol from milk fat by supercritical carbon dioxide $(SC-CO_2)$ extraction followed by adsorption on different adsorbents and of fractionating milk fat into different fatty acid composition at $40^{\circ}C/276$ bar was investigated. Cholesterol could be selectively removed from milk fat by adsorption on a typical commercial florisil with $SC-CO_2$ extraction. Lower weight ratio of milk fat feed to florisil showed higher reduction of cholesterol, but gave lower yield in the milk fat fractions. The effective capacity of florisil for removing cholesterol from milk fat was 2.0g/g, which is the ratio of the fat feed to the adsorbent for 89% cholesterol reduction with a fat yield of 57.5%. Fatty acid composition showed higher short-chain and lower unsaturated long-chain fatty acids in the extracted fractions. Milk fat fractionation method by supercritical fluid extraction in coupled with adsorption would appear suitable for removing undesirable ingredients such as cholesterol and for enriching short-chain fatty acids in the fractions.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 2002

Natural geological and environmental processes reflect to element abundances in geological materials on the surface. This study aims to elucidate a possibility of geostatistical application to differentiate geochemical anomalies affected by anthropogenic and geogenic factors. A regional geochemical map was produced using 'inverse distance weight interpolation' method for analytical results of stream sediments «150 11m) which were collected from 2,290 first- to second-order streams over the whole Gyeonggi Province. The Jurassic granitic batholith in the southeastern province was selected as a target for the geostatistical examination. Factor analysis was conducted using 22 elements for stream sediments from 445 drainage basins over the granitic body. Co, Cr, Sc, MgO, Fe$_{2}$O$_{3}$, V, and Ni were grouped with high correlation coefficients and the depletion of the components may reflect the whole-rock chemistry of the granite. Regression analysis was done using Co, Cr, and Sc as dependent variables and other six components as independent variables, and the results were drawn as maps. The maps acquired generally show quite similar distribution patterns with those of concentrations of each variable. The similarity in the spatial patterns between the two maps indicates that the application of regression statistics can be valid for the interpretation of regional geochemical data. However, some components show local discrepancies which may be influenced by secondary factors regardless of the basement lithology. The regression analysis may be effective in extracting local geochemical anomalies which may reflect rather anthropogenic pollutions than geogenic influences.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.217-222
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• 1999

A squid viscera oil contains a high content of EPA, DHA, and other valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids. The extractions of squid viscera oil by supercritical carbon dioxide both with/without $3\%$ (v/v) ethanol were performed in a semicontinuous flow extractor at 8.3 to 13.8 MPa and 25 to $50^{\circ}C$. When ethanol was added to $SC-CO_2$, the extraction ratio of lipid increased. The extracts contained high content of unsaturated oils like DHA and EPA. The highest extraction yield of lipid from squid viscera oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide was obtained at 12.4 MPa and $40^{\circ}C$ with/without entrainer. The main fatty acids of squid viscera oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide were myristric acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1), oleic acid (18:1), arachidic acid (20:0), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5), and docosahaxaenoic acid (22:6).

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2017

Hwangryunhaedoktang (HHT) has been traditionally used as a preventive and therapeutic medicine to treat enervation and diverse chronic diseases. This study was designed to compare the antioxidant, anti-wrinkle and whitening effects of HHT extract and its fermented extract by Leuconostoc mesenteroides (FHHT). FHHT was prepared by inoculation of L. mesenteroides after the extraction procedure with 70% ethanol. HHT and FHHT was investigated via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Simultaneous qualitative analysis of two bioacitive components, berberine and palmatine. was achieved by comparing their retention times ($t_R$) and UV spectra with those of the standard components. Cell viability test results indicated that both HHT and FHHT were non-toxic. In DPPH radical scavenging ability, $SC_{50}$ values of the FHHT was $68.85{\mu}g/mL$, which is more effective than HHT. Moreover, FHHT showed higher expression in production of procollagen type I than HHT. In nontoxic concentration range, FHHT showed strong melanin production inhibitory effect in ${\alpha}-melanocyte$ stimulating hormone (${\alpha}-MSH$)-stimulated B16F10 cell ($IC_{50}=9.82{\mu}g/mL$). These results suggested that fermented extracts of hwangryunhaedoktang had considerable potential as a cosmetics ingredient with an antioxidant and anti-wrinkle and whitening effects.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2017

Scutellariae baicalensis (S. baicalensis) has been traditionally used for anti-inflammatory effect. This study was designed to compare the antioxidant and whitening effects of S. baicalensis extract and its fermented extract by Leuconostoc mesenteroides (L. mesenteroides). Fermented extract of S. baicalenins was prepared by inoculation of L. mesenteroides after the extraction procedure with 70% ethanol. S. baicalensis extract and its fermented extract was investigated via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Simultaneous qualitative analysis of two bioactive components; baicalin and baicalein was achieved by comparing their retention times ($t_R$) and UV spectra with those of the standard components. Cell viability test results indicated that both S. baicalensis extract and its fermented extract were non-toxicity. In DPPH radical scavenging ability, $SC_{50}$ values of the fermented extract was $34.43{\mu}g/mL$ as a result of more effective than S. baicalensis extract. In nontoxic concentration rage, fermented extract of S. baicalensis showed strong melanin production inhibitory effect in ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)-stimulated B16F10 cell ($IC_{50}=68.17{\mu}g/mL$). These results suggested that fermented extracts of S. baicalensis has considerable potential as a cosmetics ingredient with an antioxidant and anti-wrinkle and whitening effects.