• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.133-147
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• 2004

Environmental quality(water and sediment) was analyzed in the tidal flat of Saemangum of Jeonbuk Province, the west coast of Korea, using the 101 sediment samples and 69 water samples collected in September 4~13, 2001. Major water quality parameters with the means of 69 surface water samples are as follows; $25.51{\pm}0.68^{\circ}C$ for water temperature, $29.88{\pm}5.01$ for salinity, $1.40{\pm}0.78mg/L$ for COD, $0.352{\pm}0.417mg/L$ for DIN, and $0.027{\pm}0.023mg/L$ for phosphate, respectively. Higher values were found at the subestuary of Dongjin and Mangyung River, and lower values at the Saemangum embayment and Gomso Bay. There was a significant negative correlation between salinity and the other water quality parameters(p<0.0001) such as COD, nutrients, SS and N/P. This correlation suggested that the major pollution sources be from terrestrial inputs through tributaries in this area. Principal component analysis clearly revealed a spatial variation of water quality; stations with higher values of nutrients and COD located subestuary of tributaries. 14 sediment quality parameters including 8 trace metals were measured using the 101 surface sediment samples. Average values for the parameters are as follows; Al $2.28{\pm}0.92%$, Cd $0.61{\pm}0.27ppm$, Cu $8.95{\pm}4.06ppm$, Fe $1.19{\pm}0.37%$, Mn $182.31{\pm}77.45ppm$, Ni $10.83{\pm}4.97ppm$, Pb $15.20{\pm}4.35ppm$, Zn $41.34{\pm}34.62ppm$, COD $2.68{\pm}1.85mg/g\;dry$, AVS $0.04{\pm}0.08mg/g\;dry$, IL $1.29{\pm}1.08%$, water content $24.11{\pm}4.49%$, TN $0.02{\pm}0.02%$, TC $0.22{\pm}0.30%$. Spatial variations of sediment quality were not clear as water quality. Some higher values were found at the subestuary of Gum River and lower values at the other area. There was a significant positive correlation between the heavy metal concentrations and organic materials within the sediment(p<0.05). Enrichment factors showed the ranges of 1~2 for most of the metals in the sediment except zinc(1~6), indicating no serious exogenous input of heavy metals in the study area. Also, the heavy metal concentrations in the sediment were within the ranges found at the natural marine environments.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.233-239
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of intra-uterine infusion of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on uterine involution in dairy cows with retained placenta. The LPS isolated from Bacteroides helcogenes and Fusobaoterium varium was infused at the rate of 100 ug (n=11) and 200 ug (n=11) with 30 ml of phosphate buffer saline in each cow at 20 days post-partum. The cows in conrol group (n=11) with retained placenta were infused with 30 ml phosphate buffer saline in each cow at 20 days postpartum. Cross-sectional ultrasonography was performed at days 40 postpartum to examine uterine involution and exudate in the all dairy cows in study. The cows in control group have shown 45.5, 27.3 and 27.3% gravid horn with less than 30 mm (normal), $31{\sim}50mm$ (medium) and more than 51 mm (large) in diameter. Respective average values of gravid horn diameter in cows treated with LPS 200 ug were noticed 72.7, 18.2 and 9.1%. However, the gravid horn diameter in all the cows treated with 100 ug of LPS was less than 30 mm. The 18.2, 63.6 and 54.6% cows in the control, LPS 100 ug and LPS 200 ug, respectively, have shown no exudate in uterine cavity. However, the respective rates of small amount of exudate retention in uterine cavity were 45.5, 0.0, and 9.1%. Approximately 36.4% cows in all 3 treated groups have shown minute quantity of exudate. In conclusion, the LPS intra-uterine infusion promoted postpartum uterine involution in dairy cows with retained placenta.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.169-174
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• 2000

Reproductive cycle of U. unicinctus was studied from September 1998 to August 1999, using gonadosomatic index (CSI) as an indicator. In November, the CSI values were maximum for male (6.2) and female (7.0), respectively; the values were lowest for them (1.0 and 0.5) during the successive february. Subsequently, they rapidly increased and attained peak by March-April. The values decreased again in both sexes and remained unchanged until August. The index increased in October to attain the peak by November. The CSI values clearly indicated that there are two spawning events in a year, namely the first one during April-May and the second one in December. Reproductive cycle was classified into the following successive stages: in female, multipication (January~February, June ~Setember), maturation (March~April, November), spent (May and December), degeneration and resting (June and January), and in male, multiplication January ~ february, June ~September), maturation (March~April, October~November), spent (May and December) and degeneration and resting (January and June). Histological observations revealed that oocytes in the ovary matured simultaneously in November and March. At the same time, the envelopes of matured testis became thinner than those in the early stage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1336-1342
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• 2017

The study examined and compared the physicochemical and characteristics of various rice brand varieties and private brand products on the market. The moisture content in the proximate composition of rice was 15.67~17.03%, crude protein content was 5.73~6.30%, crude lipid content was 0.38~0.95%, and crude ash content was 0.23~0.56 %. Ilmi and Ilpum had high moisture content, whereas Gosihikkari and Hopyeong had high crude protein content. In the Hunter's color value of rice flour, L value was 96.76~97.27, a value was -1.63~-0.63, and b value was 2.00~2.60. The WAI was 1.21~1.39, WSI was 0.63~0.93%, and amylose content was 14.63~20.86%, respectively; Gosihikkari and Ilmi showed the lowest values. The X-ray diffraction patterns of rice flours of all varieties showed an A shape. For the amylogram properties of rice flour, initial pasting temperature was $59.57{\sim}63.23^{\circ}C$, maximum viscosity was 569.00~718.67 B.U. (Brabender Units), breakdown was 303.00~423.67 B.U., and setback was 212.67~265.33 B.U.. For differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) of rice flour, onset temperature was $54.66{\sim}58.63^{\circ}C$, peak temperature was $65.87{\sim}68.14^{\circ}C$, end temperature was $73.37{\sim}75.54^{\circ}C$, and enthalpy was 1.98~2.95 cal/g. The rice varieties with high internal density and initial pasting temperature as well as low crude protein content, WAI, amylose content, and setback can be classified as good. Gosihikkari in Gyeonggi Province, Ilmi and Hopyeong in Jeollanam-do, and Samgwang in Chungcheongnam-do are among them.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.5-19
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• 2008

Thirty six samples of Western asia glass vessel shards which were excavated from South Mound of Hwangnamdaechong were each measured for thickness, pore size and specific gravity and analyzed for ten major compositions and thirteen trace elements. The glass samples with colorless, greenish blue and dark purple blue were well classified by principal component analysis(PCA). All glass shards of Hwangnamdaechong belonged to Soda glass system ($Na_2O-CaO-SiO_2$) which have the range of 14~17% $Na_2O$ and 5~6% CaO. The corelation coefficients of (MgO, $K_2O$) and (MnO, CuO) showed above 0.90. The concentrations of thirteen trace elements apparently differentiated from colorless, greenish blue and dark blue glasses. We found that thirteen trace elements were very important indices for studying raw material of glass and the origin of glass making. Colorless glass : The specific gravity is $1.50{\pm}0.04$. Circle or oval circle pores are observed with regular direction in internal zone and the longest one is about 0.35 mm. The raw material of sodium must be the plant ash because sodium glasses contain HCLA(High CaO, Low $Al_2O_3$) and HMK(high MgO, high $K_2O$) and suggested to Sasanian glass. The total amount of coloring agent of colorless glass is below 1 % which is too small to attribute to the color. Greenish blue glass : The specific gravity is $1.58{\pm}0.04$. The fine pores which are 0.1~0.2mm are dispersed in internal zone. Sodium glasses are distributed to HCLA and HMK. Therefore the greenish blue glass also have used plant ash for raw material of sodium with the same as colorless glass. It was also suggested to the glass of Sasanian. The total amount of coloring agent of greenish blue glass is about 4% under the influence of working MnO, $Fe_2O_3$ and CuO. Dark purple blue glass : The specific gravity is $1.48{\pm}0.19$. There are rarely pores in internal zone. They are distributed to HCLA and LMK(Low MgO, Low $K_2O$) and suggested to Roman glass. The raw material of sodium is estimated to natron. The total amount of coloring agents of greenish blue is about 3% by $Fe_2O_3$ and CuO. These studies for western asia glass shards from South Mound of Hwangnamdaechong could be used in the future as the standard data which could be compared with those of other several graves in Korea and dispersed in foreign areas.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.137-146
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine fertilizer nutrient and pollutant production of Holstein dairy cattle by estimating manure characteristics. The moisture content of feces was 83.9% and 95.1% for urine. The pH of feces and urine were in the ranges of 7.0～7.4 and 7.5～7.8, respectively. The average BOD5, COD, SS, T-N, T-P concentrations of the dairy feces were 18,294, 52,765, 102,889, 2,575, and 457mg/ℓ, respectively. Dairy urine showed lower levels of BOD5(5,455mg/ℓ), COD(8,089mg/ℓ), SS(593mg/ℓ), T-N(3,401mg/l), and T-P(13mg/ℓ) than feces. The total daily produced pollutant amounts of a dairy cow were 924.1g(Milking cow), 538.8g(Dry cow), 284.4g(Heifer) of BOD5, 2,336.5g (Milking cow), 1,651.8g(Dry cow), 734.1g(Heifer) of COD and 4,210.1g(Milking cow), 2,417.1g(Dry cow), 1,629.1g(Heifer) of SS and 194.8g(Milking cow), 96.4g(Dry cow), 58.3g(Heifer) of T-N and 24.0g(Milking cow), 10.2g(Dry cow), 6.1g(Heifer) of T-P. The calculated amount of pollutants produced by a 450kg dairy cow for one year were 181.3kg of BOD5, 492.5kg of COD, 899.9kg of SS, 36.0kg of T-N and 4.1kg of T-P. The total yearly estimated pollutant production from all head(497,261) of dairy cattle in Korea is 90,149 tons of BOD5, 244,890 tons of COD, 447,491 tons of SS, 17,898 tons of T-N and 2,008 tons of T-P. The fertilizer nutrient concentrations of dairy feces was 0.26% N, 0.1% P2O5 and 0.14% K2O. Urine was found to contain 0.34% N, 0.003% of P2O5 and 0.31% K2O. The total daily fertilizer nutrients produced by dairy cattle were 197.4g (Milking cow), 97.4g(Dry cow), and 57.9g(Heifer) of Nitrogen, 54.2g(Milking cow), 22.2g(Dry cow), and 14.2g(Heifer) of P2O5 and 110.8g(Milking cow), 80.4g (Dry cow), and 39.5g(Heifer) of K2O. The total yearly estimated fertilizer nutrient produced by a 450kg dairy animal is 36.2kg of N, 8.8kg of P2O5, 24.6kg of K2O. The estimated yearly fertilizer nutrient production from all dairy cattle in Korea is 18,000 tons of N, 4,397 tons of P2O5, 12,206 tons of K2O. Dairy manure contains useful trace minerals for crops, such as CaO and MgO, which are contained in similar levels to commercial compost being sold in the domestic market. Concentrations of harmful trace minerals, such as As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, met the Korea compost standard regulations, with some of these minerals being in undetected amounts.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 1997

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of mouse early embryonic development in vitro by co-culture with bovine and porcine oviductal epithelial cells(BOEC and POEC). The 2-cell embryos were collected from the oviducts of the superovulated and mated does with D-PBS/15% FCS at 48 hours after hCG injection. The in vitro developmental rate of blastocyst formation and the number of nuclei in the embryos were examined. For a comparative study of in vi패 and in vitro development, the fresh blastocyst which developed in vivo for 120 hours after hCG injection was collected from the uterus, and their numbers of nuclei were also counted. The higher developmental rates of blastocyst formation was a, pp.ared from 91% to 97% when the embryos were co-cultured with a monolayer of bovine or porcine oviductal epithelial cells in TCM 199 or Ham's F-10 and MediCult IVF media. No significant difference in developmental rates was shown between bovine and porcine oviductal eptithelial cells. The number of nuclei in the embryos cultured for 72 hours under each conditions was significantly reduced it than blastocyst in vitro conditions. The number of nuclei in embryos cultured in TCM 199, Ham's F-10 and Medicult IVF medium were counted 68.1$\pm$6.00, 67.3$\pm$4.49, 66.4$\pm$5.64, and 94.3$\pm$8.61, 92.5$\pm$7.60, 92.1$\pm$6.10 with BOEC and 93.3$\pm$5.80, 92.9$\pm$6.53, 92.3$\pm$7.35 with POEC coculture, respectively. These numbers were lowered than 107.2$\pm$7.43 in vivo conditions. In conclusions, the coculture between the mouse early embryos, and oviductal epithelial cells of BOEC and POEC give to improve the developmental and hatching rates of blastocyst but in vivo culture systems for the growth of nuclei were ineligible than in vitro conditions.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.213-221
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine in vitro developmental ability of porcine embryos after somatic cell nuclear transfer. The porcine ear fell was cultured in vitro for confluency in serum-starvation condition(TCM-199 + 0.5% FBS) far 3~6 days of cell confluency. The zona pellucida of IVM oocytes were partially drilled using laser system. Single somatic cell was individually transferred into enucleated oocytes. And the reconstructed embryos were electrically fused(single DC 1.9kv/cm, 30$\mu$ sec) with 0.3M mannitol. After electrofusion, embryos were activated(single AC 5v/mm, 5sec) and cultured in HCSU-23 medium containing 10% FBS at 39$^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ in air for 6 to 8 days. The fusion rate of donor cells was 45.6, 36.8 and 46.1% in 3~4, 5~6 days of serum starvation and non serum starvation(N-S), and were 52.7. 53.0 and 51.7% in 1~2. 5~6 and 13~14 passages of donor cell culture, respectively. No significant difference was found in the fusion rate of donor cells by the duration of serum starvation treatment or the number of donor cell passages. By the size of donor cells, however, the fusion rate was significantly higher(P<0.05) for reconstructed embryos derived from 25r $\mu$m $\geq$ site of donor cells (65.3%) than that of 25~30$\mu$ m(42.5%) or 30$\mu$ m(45.5%)$\leq$ cells. The cleavage rate was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 3~4 darts of serum starvation treatment(67.1%) than that in N-S (50.7%) or 5~6 days of starvation(57.1%). The activation rate by the size of donor cells in fused oocytes was 56.5, 68.8 and 58.5%, respectively, and was not significant.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 2016

Feeding behaviors of the pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola, and their changing feeding behaviors were recorded and analyzed with an electrical penetration graph (EPG) analysis against 5 insecticides. And their mortality against insecticides were carried out in the laboratory. General feeding behavior patterns of C. pyricola were changed by insecticide treatments. Especially, the type and frequency of waveforms differently occurred depending on a sort of insecticides treated. Total duration of transition to waveform PE1 and phloem ingestion (waveform PE2) were significantly different between treatment and non-treatment of insecticides. When 5 different insecticides were treated on pear leaves, difference of feeding patterns were recorded. In case of treatment of benfuracarb, total duration of non-probes (waveform Np) was appeared higher than any other insecticide. However, when flonicamid and deltamethrin were treatment, total duration of stylet penetration (waveform PA) and xylem ingestion (waveform PG) were appeared higher than other insecticide, respectively. As results feeding behaviour of C. pyricola after treated insecticides with time-based consumed rate of C. pyricola, the rate of non-probe (waveform Np) was longer than start penetration (waveform PA), penetration and ingestion in parenchyma cells (waveform PC1+PC2), ingestion at phloem (waveform PD+PE1+PE2) and xylem (waveform PG). As result of direct spray treatment to C. pyricola, mortality of C. pyricola against imidacloprid was higher than any other insecticide on 24 hours after treatment. However, all of insecticides showed 100% mortality of after 48 hours. On the other hand, when 5 insecticides sprayed on the pear leaves and then C. pyricola located on the treated leaves, benfuracarb showed the most toxicity against C. pyricola among insecticides. These result was consistent with the EPG results that showed relatively longer total duration time of waveform Np (non-probes) by benfuracarb treatment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.170-177
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• 2004

Agroenvironmental characteristics in paddy fields irrigated with the water of Nagdong river were analyzed along the river watershed for two years from 1999. The sites monitored from upper reaches of the river were Andong, Sangju, Gumi, Goryeong, Changnyeong, Milyang and Pusan. In paddy soils, the contents of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn and As were around natural values showing the highest values in Pusan followed by Goryeong. In brown rice, the contents of heavy metals were lower than natural values. Soil chemical properties appeared higher values in the lower reaches including Goryeong than the upper ones. The highest parameters in Goryeong were pH ($5.9{\sim}6.1$), EC ($0.8{\sim}0.9\;dS/m$), $Av.P_2O_5$ ($155{\sim}201\;mg/kg$), exchangeable Ca ($6.7{\sim}7.4\;cmol^+/kg$), Mg ($1.92{\sim}2.50\;cmol^+/kg$), K ($0.18{\sim}0.21\;cmol^+/kg$) and those in Pusan were organic matter ($23.0{\sim}29.1\;g/kg$) and T-N ($1.6{\sim}1.8\;mg/kg$). In conclusion, the recommended rates of N fertilizer for rice cropping were 21.4%, 11.8% and 8.8% high for Andong, Sangju and Gumi, respectively and 14.9%, 4.6%, 4.5% and 11.5% low for Goryeong, Changnyeong, Milyang and Pusan, respectively reflecting the chemical properties of soils and the quality of irrigation water on the basis of 110 kgN/ha. In the case of phosphorous, the rates were 18.9% and 33.3% low for Changnyeong and others, respectively on the basis of $45\;kgP_2O_5/ha$. The populations of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, Bacillus, fluorescent Pseudomonas and Biomass C were high at the lower reaches including Goryeong, which showed relatively much nutrient contents of organic matter, total N and phosphorous etc.