• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the dissolution patterns of variety of orally administered drug products available on the market. It aimed to understand their dissolution behaviors on the basis of the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) concept. On the tenets of BCS, several active pharmaceutical ingredients were selected: fluoxetine hydrochloride (class I), naproxen sodium (class ll), pyridostigmine bromide (class III), furosemide (class IV) and simvastatin (class IV). Typical dissolution media used in this study were pH 1.2, pH 4 & 6.8 phosphate buffers, and water. In cases, particular dissolution media specified in the KP and/or USP were used. Dissolution patterns of fluoxetine hydrochloride and pyridostigmine bromide products were characterized by their rapid release In addition, their dissolution characteristics were relatively unaffected by the type of a dissolution medium. Similar dissolution patterns were observed with pH 1.2, pH 4 & 6.8 phosphate buffers and water. By sharp contrast, poor dissolution patterns were noticed with naproxen sodium products, when pH 1.2 and pH 4 phosphate buffer were used. Improvements in its dissolution were achieved by switching the dissolution media to pH 6.8 phosphate buffer or water. Unsatisfactory dissolution data also were observed with a simvastatin product, when it was subject to dissolution tests by use of a surfactant-free pH 1.2, pH 4 & 6.8 phosphate buffers and water. All the release patterns reported in this study were best understood when BCS concepts were implemented. Our results demonstrated that a BCS-based drug classification should be considered first to choose a dissolution test/method and set up dissolution specification.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.513-519
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• 2012

Understanding the behavior of pollutants in the marine environment is essential for coping with the marine pollution problems such as eutrophication. In this study, the effects of environmental parameters on phosphorus release from marine sediment to sea water were investigated. The environmental parameters such as pH in the range of 7 to 9, temperature from 10 to 20C and dissolved oxygen levels (DO) renging 0.7 to 7.0mg/L were examined. Phosphorus release data were taken from batch tests excluding biotic effects, and analyzed using a first-order kinetic model. The effects of environmental parameters were quantified using a statistical methodology. High pH, high temperature, and low DO increased phosphorus release from the sediment to sea water. pH from 7 to 9, temperature from 10 to $20^{\circ}C$, or DO from 7.0 to 0.7 mg/L magnified the equilibrium phosphorus concentration up to 2~3 times.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1978

Ultrastructural changes in Z-line, M-line and myofilaments of bovine psoas muscle produced by leukocyte lysosomal enzymes in vitro at different pH values (pH 7.0 and 4.0), temperatures (37 and $4^{\circ}C$) and time intervals (12, 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ and 36, 168 hours at $4^{\circ}C$) were studied by transmission electron microscope. Muscle incubated with leukocyte lysosomal enzymes at pH 7.0 produced distinguishable degradation of Z-line, M-Line and H-zone at both temperatures but at acidic pH (pH 4.0), Z-line were very stable and myofilaments were severely disintegrated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1296-1302
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the possible application of 2 D-SDS-PAGE (2 DE)-based proteome analysis techniques to the assessment of extreme proteolysis in postmortem skeletal muscle. Eight Hanwoo longissimus muscles were incubated immediately after slaughter for 24 h at 5$^{\circ}C$, 15$^{\circ}C$ or 36$^{\circ}C$. Warner Bratzler (WB)-shear force and ultrastructural configuration were determined at 24 h, and rate of proteolysis to 24 h was determined by 1 D-SDS-PAGE (1 DE) and 2 DE. In addition, tentative protein identification was performed from peptide mass fingerprints of MALDI-ToF analysis of major protein groups on 2 DE profiles. The result showed that although ultrastructural configuration was similar between the 5$^{\circ}C$ and 36$^{\circ}C$ treatments, meat at 5$^{\circ}C$ had higher WBshear force (approximately 5 kg greater). A higher rate of protein degradation at 36$^{\circ}C$ was observed based on Troponin-T degradation, 1 DE, and 2 DE analysis. This indicates that proteolysis during the early postmortem period was a significant determinant of shear force at 24 h. Little difference in proteolysis between 5$^{\circ}C$ and 15$^{\circ}C$ treatments was found based on classic 1 DE profile assessment. Meanwhile, considerable differences in the 2 DE profiles between the two treatments were revealed, with substantially higher rate of proteolysis at 15$^{\circ}C$ compared to 5$^{\circ}C$. Nuclease treatment improved 2 DE profile resolution. 400 ${\mu}$g and 600 ${\mu}$g of sample loading appeared to be appropriate for 24 cm pH 3-10 and pH 5-7 IPG strips, respectively. Protein detection and quantification of the 5$^{\circ}C$, 15$^{\circ}C$ and 36$^{\circ}C$ 2 DE profiles revealed 78, 163 and 232 protein spots respectively that were differentially modified in terms of their electrophoretic properties between approximately pI 5.3-7.7 with the molecular weight range of approximately 71-12 kDa. The current results demonstrated that 2 DE was a superior tool to 1 DE for characterising proteolysis in postmortem skeletal muscle.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.248-252
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• 2004

DNase activity from infective larvae of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus was characterized and compared to that from whole worm. DNase activity from infective larvae was detected throughout pHs 4-10, but high activity was detected under acidic conditions. The activity was not inhibited by 10 mM EDTA at pH 5.0, but was significantly inhibited at pH 7.0. The activity produced DNA, fragments with mixtures of 3'-hydroxyls (OH) and 3'-phosphates (P) at each pH with predominance of 3'-P. A unique DNase activity at 37 kDa was identified from infective larvae on zymograms. The 37 kDa DNase was detected only at pH 5.0, but not at pH 7.0, and this activity was not inhibited by EDTA at pH 5.0. These characteristics of the 37 kDa infective larval DNase resemble those of classic acidic DNases (e.g., DNase II). In contrast, 34, 36 and 38.5 kDa DNase activities were shown to be specific for whole worm. This result demonstrated that DNases in H contortus are regulated during development.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 1998

Basic oxygen furnace @OF) slag. a by-pradud of thc iron and steelmaking industry produced in largc quantities in Korea, poszs a subslantial disposal challenge. The BOF slag used in this study was if3 CaCO, in total n e u ~ ~ pnowger and application of 7-8 Mgha' was needed to bring soil pH to 6.5 horn pH 5.0-5.5 m silly clay or clay loam sod wnlained about 10% orgaoic matter. A field assay was conducted to shldg whether BOP slag could bc used as a dolomitic k i n g agent for agricullural soils. Four slag rates (0, 4, 8, 12 Mgha-')were investigated for their effcfect on soil pmperti~, mineral concentralions in leaf tissues of rice and soybean, and yield of the crops. Slag application at 8 Mgha-' rate in paddy field increased pH, Ca Mg, P, Si and Fe wntenl in sail and rice yield by 4.3-14.25 depending an the soil type. h upland field the 8 Mghaf ratc increa3ed pH, Ca and Fe wntent m soil and soybean yield by 36.6%. Thus, BOF slag appears to be a useful liming mate&\ulcornerl for corrzch~gs oil acidity on both paddy and upland ficld soils and for innwing Ca, Mg, P, Si, and Fe wncenhation in plants.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.287-303
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• 1999

The general solution of the functional equation f1(pr, qs) + f2(ps, qr) = g(p,q) + h(r,s) for p, q, r, s $\in$] 0, 1[will be investigated without any regularity assumptions on the unknown functions f1, f2, g, h:]0.1[->R.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.10 no.1_2
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• pp.36-40
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• 1967

1. The effect of the pH value on P32 absorption of leaves of three forest trees under the water culture is investigated. 2. The degree of the P32 absorption to the pH value is quite different in each forest tree. 3. The phosphorus contents are proved higher in the leaves of Quercus accutissima(the saw shaped oak) than in the leaves of Pinus densiflora(the red pine) and Lespedeza bicolar (bush clover). 4. Larger contents of phosphorus are found in acidity plots than in alkalinity. The leaves of treated plot of the pH 4 (red pine), of the pH 5.0 (bush clover), and of the pH 5.0-6.5 (saw shaped oak) have a higher nutrient capital as indicated by P32 compared with that of the other pH values. 5. It is also noticed that P32 absorption capacity is decreased with the higher pH values. 6. The content of P of leaves shows the lowest value in the plot of the pH 6.5 (pine), of the pH 7.5(bush clover), and of the pH 9.0(saw shaped oak). It is also noticed that the red pine is to do very well in acid cultivation and then follow bush clover and saw shaped oak in the order.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.353-363
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• 2017

Purpose: Oral glucose and pH are known as critical indicators for the growth of microorganism inside the oral cavity. This study was performed to identify oral glucose and pH variances in the early postnatal days of newborns. Methods: An explorative study which included 67 newborns was conducted to measure the oral glucose and pH during the first three days of life. Oral secretions were collected every 8 hours for three days or 6 to 9 times immediately after birth up to discharge. Oral glucose and pH variances during the three days were analyzed using the SPSS 22.0. Results: Oral glucose was $30.66{\pm}22.01mg/dl$ at birth then increased to $54.77{\pm}27.96mg/dl$ at the third day of life (F=8.04, p<.001) while oral pH decreased from $7.35{\pm}0.36$ to $5.53{\pm}0.39$ during the three days (F=113.35, p<.001). Oral glucose and pH were related to gestational age, regurgitation, and maternal diabetic mellitus. A negative correlation was found between oral glucose and pH (r=-.34, p<.001). Conclusion: Oral glucose and pH can be utilized for oral health assessment in newborns. Further study is needed to explore the factors which influence oral glucose and pH in high-risk newborns.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.114-121
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• 2016

This study was performed to improve the techniques used for tenderizing red meat as elderly food. Beef meat was immersed in liposome encapsulated enzyme solution and the effect of protease encapsulation on the beef properties was analyzed. The protease encapsulation properties were analyzed according to the size distribution and enzymatic activity. After enzyme reaction on the beef, the chemical properties of the meat such as pH, water holding capacity, shear rate, lipid oxidation and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) were analyzed. The pH of the beef increased during the reaction and coating protease (CP) was higher than non-coating protease (NCP). Total color differences were increased remarkably after 36 h and generally, the difference in CP was relatively lower than in NCP. WHC was significantly decreased within 24 h, and no effect from the protease coating was observed. Protease activity was significantly increased within 48 h and no differences in the enzyme coating were observed. The TVB-N value of NCP was increased within 24 h while CP was sustained for up to 36 h. The TVB-N value of protease treated meat increased after 36 h and no effect from the protease coating was detected. Consequently, liposome encapsulated protease was found to have similar properties as non-coated protease. Application of liposome seems to be an interesting option for injecting various functional materials without changing the properties of meat.