• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.591-600
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• 2017

This study was carried out to elucidate the chemical compositions of water-soluble inorganic ions in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ aerosols collected during summer and winter in downtown Jejusi city. The ratios of $NO_3^-$ to the total mass of ionic species in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ aerosols largely increase in winter compared to summer, while $SO_4^{2-}$ ratios in both aerosols appear to follow the opposite trend. Moreover, concentrations of $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Cl^-$ in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5-10}$ aerosols are higher in winter than in summer. The nitrate concentrations in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ aerosols increase with an identical increase in excess ammonium during winter, however, nitrate formation during summer is not important owing to ammonium-poor conditions.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1079-1087
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• 2022

This study investigated the effect of volcanic materials that erupted from the Nishinoshima volcano, Japan, 1,300 km southeast of the Busan area at the end of July 2020, on the fine particle concentration in the Busan area. Backward trajectory analysis from the HYSPLIT model showed that the air parcel from the Nishinoshima volcano turned clockwise along the edge of the North Pacific high pressure and reached the Busan area. From August 4 to August 5, 2020, the concentration of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in Busan started to increase rapidly from 1000 LST on August 4, and showed a high concentration for approximately 13 hours until 2400 LST. The PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio showed a relatively high value of 0.7 or more, and the SO₂ concentration also showed a high value at the time when the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations were relatively high. The SO₄^2- concentration in PM_2.5 in Busan showed a similar trend to the change in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations. It rose sharply from 1300 LST on August 4, at the time where it was expected to have been affected by the Nishinoshima Volcano. This study has shown that the occurrence of high concentration fine particle in Busan in summer has the potential to affect Korea not only due to anthropogenic factors but also from natural causes such as volcanic eruptions in Japan.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.302-313
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• 2008

The purposes of this study are to investigate the concentration levels of fine particles, so called PM$_{2.5}$, to identify the affecting sources, and to estimate quantitatively the source contributions of PM$_{2.5}$. Ambient air sampling was seasonally carried out at two sites in Pohang(a residential and an industrial area) during the period of March to December 2003. PM$_{2.5}$ samples were collected by high volume air samplers with a PM$_{10}$ Inlet and an impactor for particle size segregation, and then determined by gravimetric method. The chemical species associated with PM$_{2.5}$ were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometery(ICP) and ion chromatography(IC). The results showed that the most significant season for PM$_{2.5}$ mass concentrations appeared to be spring, followed by winter, fall, and summer. The annual mean concentrations of PM$_{2.5}$ were 36.6 $\mu$g/m$^3$ in the industrial and 30.6 $\mu$g/m$^3$ in the residential area, respectively. The major components associated with PM$_{2.5}$ were the secondary aerosols such as nitrates and sulfates, which were respectively 4.2 and 8.6 $\mu$g/m$^3$ in the industrial area and 3.7 and 6.9 $\mu$g/m$^3$ in the residential area. The concentrations of chemical component in relation to natural emission sources such as Al, Ca, Mg, K were generally higher at both sampling sites than other sources. However, the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cr in the industrial area were higher than those in the residential area. Based on the principal component analysis and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis for both areas, it was found that soil/road dust and secondary aerosols are the most significant factors affecting the variations of PM$_{2.5}$ in the ambient air of Pohang. The source apportionments of PM$_{2.5}$ were conducted by chemical mass balance(CMB) modeling. The contributions of PM$_{2.5}$ emission sources were estimated using the CMB8.0 receptor model, resulting that soil/road dust was the major contributor to PM$_{2.5}$, followed by secondary aerosols, vehicle emissions, marine aerosols, metallurgy industry. Finally, the application and its limitations of chemical mass balance modeling for PM$_{2.5}$ was discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.16-29
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• 2011

The cyclone/annular denuder system/filter pack sampling system (ADS) was used to collect data set of the acidic air pollutants in the vicinity of industrial complexes in Gwangyang. The data set was collected during sixty different days with 24 hour sampling period from January 8, 2008 through November 12, 2008. The annual mean concentrations of $HNO_3$, $HNO_2$, $SO_2$ and $NH_3$ in the gas phase were 1.12, 1.40, 10.2 and 1.28 ${\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The annual mean concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ ($d_p$<2.5 ${\mu}m$), $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$, and $NH_4^+$ in the particulate phase were 29.2, 8.25, 3.30 and 3.42${\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. $HNO_3$ and $NH_3$ exhibited higher concentrations during the summer, while $HNO_2$, $PM_{2.5}$, $NO_3^-$ and $NH_4^+$ were higher during the winter. The highest level of $SO_2$ was, unlikely, observed in the summer and $SO_4^{2-}$ was not showed seasonal variation. $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$, and $NH_4^+$ accounted for 49~57% of the $PM_{2.5}$ mass. $SO_4^{2-}$ was the most abundant component, which constituted 23~40% of $PM_{2.5}$. High correlations were found among $PM_{2.5}$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$, and $NH_4^+$.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2021

In this study, we measured the concentration of particulate matter (PM) and ammonia (NH3) emission in the winters according to the breeding type of laying hen houses. Measurements were performed thrice in Barn, Aviary, and Cage houses every 2 weeks from December to January. The changes in the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were similar in all three breeding types. The PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, measured three times, were the highest in the Aviary house. In the results measured by time, the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were the lowest during the dark period (22:00 to 4:00) of the day. The NH3 concentration was the highest in the Cage house and the lowest in the Barn house. Regarding emissions over time, the results of the three measurements showed different patterns and differed from those of the PM. In addition, with passage of time from the 1st (december) to 3rd (january), the NH3 concentration gradually increased. The daily PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the Aviary house, which were higher than those of the other houses, were 4,787 ㎍/㎥ and 388.6 ㎍/㎥, respectively, while, the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations outside the poultry houses were 226.0 ㎍/㎥ and 39.3 ㎍/㎥, respectively. The daily NH3 concentration was 7.70 ppm and 9.20 ppm at the center and end of the Cage house, respectively. This was higher than that in the other houses. In conclusion, the concentrations of PM (PM10, PM2.5) and NH3 were the highest in the Aviary and Cage laying hen houses, respectively.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the concentration distribution characteristics of air pollutants by the yellow sand from China. The concentrations and chemical properties of FPM contained in the yellow sand were compared with those of air pollutants when having no yellow sand in order to estimate the variation characteristics and the originated source of air pollutants moved by yellow sand. The concentrations of PM-2.5 and PM-10 contained in the yellow sand showed an increase of 2.3 to 2.7 times than usual, and the concentrations of NO2 and SO2 in the gaseous pollutants showed an increase of about 1.6 times by yellow sand, and thus the air contamination was much influenced by yellow sand phenomenon. The concentrations of inorganic elements contained in FPM from the yellow sand showed a higher concentration variation in the order of Al>Mg>Zn>Pb than usual. The concentration coefficient of air aerosol during the yellow sand period showed that Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe were originated from natural source, and Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu and Zn were originated from artificial source for inorganic elements. The correlation analysis between FPM and inorganic elements showed in the descending order of Al>K>Pb>Mg, and thus the deposited amount of Pb was influenced by that of yellow sand. The average concentrations of PM-10 measured during the yellow sand period exceeded the Korea Air Environmental Standard and showed a excess rate of 3.4 times in the maximum but the average concentrations of PM-2.5 showed within the United States Air Environmental Standard.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.196-209
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• 2009

Occurrences of sandstorms in the deserts and loess of Mongolia and northern China and associated dustfall episodes in the Korean Peninsula were monitored during the period January through December, 2005. False colour images were made by directly receiving the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data, and the distribution and transport of sandstorms were analyzed. The ground concentrations for PM10, PM2.5 and visibility of the dustfall episodes (PM10 concentration over $190{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$) were analyzed at Cheongwon, located midway in South Korea, and in the leeward direction of the place of origin of the sandstorms. Variations in the concentrations of $O_3,\;NO_2$, CO and $SO_2$ were also compared with dust concentrations in the dustfall episodes. Fewer occurrences of strong sandstorms in the place of origin were observed in 2005, due largely to the accumulation of snow and mild fluctuations of high and low pressure systems in the place of origin, thereby accounting for a low frequency of dustfall episodes in Korea, compared with those during the period 1997-2005. A total of 7 dustfall episodes were monitored in Korea in 2005 that lasted 11 days. In summer, sandstorms occurred less frequently in the source region in 2005 due to high humidity and milder winds, thereby causing no dustfall episodes in Korea. In case the sandstorms occurring at the place of source head directly to Korea without passing through large cities and industrial areas of China, the PM2.5 concentrations were measured at 20% or lower than the PM10 concentrations. However, when the sandstorms headed to Korea via the industrial areas of eastern China, where they pick up anthropogenic air pollutants, the PM2.5 concentrations were at least 25% higher of the PM10 concentrations. On the other hand, over 5 cases were observed and analyzed in 2005 where the PM10 concentrations of sand dust originating from the deserts were measured at $190{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ or lower, falling short of the level of a dustfall episode.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.531-542
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• 1992

The present study was performed to identify the factors influencing on early pregnacy and embryo implantation in rabbit. Serum, uterine fluid, and uterine tissue were collected on day 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 of pregnancy. The intrauterine environment of receptive phase and refractory phase was compared by measuring protein synthetic capacity of endometrium, amino acid composition and concentrations of lipids(phospholipid, cholesterol). The results obstained were as follows : 1. The concentrations of total protein were significantly increased (p<0.01) on day 5 ($7.00{\pm}0.55$), 7($6.29{\pm}0.65$), and 9($6.34{\pm}0.61$), compared to those on day 0($5.50{\pm}0.12g/100m{\ell}$) in serum. The concentration of albumin on day 0 was $0.81{\pm}0.05$ and reached maximum on day 5 ($1.59{\pm}0.07g/100m{\ell}$) in serum. The concentrations of total protein were significantly increased(p<0.01) on day 5($1.56{\pm}0.10$), 7($1.99{\pm}0.22$), compared to those on day 0($0.38{\pm}0.02g/100m{\ell}$) in uterine fluid. The concentration of albumin on day 5($0.78{\pm}0.05g/100m{\ell}$) was higher than those on the other days in uterine fluid. 2. The incorporation rates of [$^3H$]-leucine into protein were significantly increased(p<0.01) on day 5 ($919.6{\pm}97.5$), 7($1445.4{\pm}95.9$) and 9($450.38{\pm}28.71$), compared to those on day 0($328.2{\pm}38.9cpm/mg$ protein) in endometrium. The incorporation rates in colehicine-treated endometrium on day 5 ($1341.9{\pm}73.8$), 7($1729.4{\pm}63.3cpm/mg$ protein) were significantly higher(p<0.01) than those on the other days. 3. The compositions of amino acid were not distinctly changed during early pregnancy in serum. The composition ratios of methione, lysine were distinctly decreased on day 3, compared to those on day 0 in uterine fluid. Those of glycine, alanine were increased on day 9, compared to those on other days but his tidine decreased in uterine fluid. 4. The concentrations of total phospholipid and total cholesterol were significantly decreased(p<0.01) on day 3($77.9{\pm}15.5$, $61.5{\pm}21.2$), compared to those on day 0($164.0{\pm}33.9$, $167.2{\pm}46.2mg/100m{\ell}$)in serum. The concentrations of total phospholipid and total cholesterol on day 9 ($47.3{\pm}13.4$, $37.7{\pm}9.6mg/100m{\ell}$) were significantly higher(p<0.01) than those on the other days in uterine fluid. 5. Total phopholipid/total cholesterol ratios were not significantly changed during early pregnancy in serum. However, total phospholipid/total cholesterol ratios on day 5 ($2.00{\pm}0.42$), 7 ($1.11{\pm}0.77$) and 9 ($1.47{\pm}0.30$) were higher than those on day 3($0.84{\pm}0.41$) in uterine fluid. 6. The concentrations of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine were significantly increased (p<0.01) on the other days, compared to those on day 0 during early pregnancy in serum. The concentrations of phosphatidylcholine were significantly increased(p<0.01),compared to those on day 0 and those of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine were consistently increased but not significant in early pregnancy in uterine fluid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of oxidative stress in NIDDM patients with diabetic complications and to determine the relationship between oxidative stress and diabetic complications. For this study, 139 NIDDM patients were recruited, 85 with diabetic complications and 54 without complications were recruited. The concentration of malondialdehyde(MDA) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase(SOD), gluthatione peroxidase(GSH-Px)were determined. The daily intakes and plasma concentrations of beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein nd alpha-tocopherol were determined by food frequency questionnaire and by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), respectively. Among the antioxidant enzymes studied, only GSH-Px activity was lower in NIDDM patient, with diabetic complications than in those without complications(2.91$\pm$0.80 vs 3.54$\pm$0.44 U/mgHb, p<0.05). Those NIDDM patients with diabetic complications had higher MDA concentrations than those without diabetic complications(1.40$\pm$0.25 vs 1.25$\pm$0.11 nmol/ml, p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the dietary intakes of total carotenoids(2854 vs 2824ug/day)or vitamin E (9.5$\pm$3.2 vs 9.5$\pm$2.0mg/day)between NIDDA patients with and without complications. However, the plasma concentrations of beta-carotene and lycopene were significantly lower in NIDDM patients with complications than in NIDDM patients without complications (Beta-carotene : 24.2$\pm$12.5 vs 33.1$\pm$16.2(ug/dl), lycopene : 2.8$\pm$2.1 vs 4.3$\pm$2.8(ug/dl)). This study showed that in NIDDM patients with complications, the lipid peroxidation of erythrocytes was higher increased and the antioxidant reserves were significantly dipleted, compared with NIDDM patients without complications. The lower plasma concentrations of beta-carotene and lycopene in NIDDM patients may be due to the presence of diabetic complication, not due to the lower dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins. To define the role of carotenoids in diabetes, more experimental and clinical studies are needed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the concentrations of PM($PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{1}$) and it's affecting factors in the subway from line 1 to line 8 in Seoul metropolitan area, from Sep. 1 to 30, 2005. PM concentrations were measured at the entrances and centers in subway passenger cabins by a light scattering equipment. And the affecting factors to PM were estimated based on the number of passenger, door open and close and running area etc. The geometric means of $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{1}$ concentration in Seoul subway passenger cabins were $214{\mu}g/m^3$, $86.6{\mu}g/m^3$ and $27.0{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. These mean concentrations in subway carriage were higher when it ran on an underground track than on a ground track. And running time(7AM-9AM, 11AM-13PM, 6PM-8PM) significantly influenced to the concentrations of $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{1}$. Daily profile of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{1}$ expressed as an 10 minutes average, showed similar variation pattern over day period. In correlation analysis, significant relations among $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{1}$ were detected(p〈0.01). In particular, correlation coefficient between $PM_{10}$and $PM_{1}$ was highly significant(r=0.94). Further study is needed to identity the sources of PM in subway cabins and to compare pollutants concentration among subway lines.