• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.495-506
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• 2020

This study investigated the nitrate formation process, and mass closure of Particulate Matter (PM) were calculated over the urbanized area of Jeju Island. The data for eight water-soluble inorganic ions and nineteen elements in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were used. The results show that the nitrate concentration increased as excess ammonium increased in ammonium-rich samples. Furthermore, nitrate formation was not as important in ammonium-poor samples as it was in previous studies. According to the sum of the measured species, approximately 45~53% of gravimetric mass of PM remained unidentified. To calculate the mass closure for both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, PM chemical components were categorized into secondary inorganic aerosol, crustal matter, sea salt, trace matter and unidentified matter. The results by the mass reconstruction of PM components show that the portion of unidentified matter was decreased from 52.7% to 44.0% in PM_2.5 and from 45.1% to 29.1% in PM₁₀, despite the exclusion of organic matter and elemental carbon.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.767-778
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• 2017

This research investigates the characteristics of metallic and ionic elements in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ on haze day and non-haze day in Busan. $PM_{10}$ concentration on haze day and non-haze day were 85.75 and $33.52{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and $PM_{2.5}$ on haze day and non-haze day were 68.24 and $23.86{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Contribution rate of total inorganic water-soluble ion to $PM_{10}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 58.2% and 61.5%, respectively, and contribution rate of total water-soluble ion to $PM_{2.5}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 58.7% and 64.7%, respectively. Also, contribution rate of secondary ion to $PM_{10}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 52.1% and 47.5%, respectively, and contribution rate of secondary ion to $PM_{2.5}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 54.4% and 53.6%, respectively. AC (anion equivalents)/CE (cation equivalents) ratio of $PM_{10}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 1.09 and 1.0, respectively, and AC/CE ratios of $PM_{2.5}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 1.12 and 1.04, respectively. Also, SOR (Sulfur Oxidation Ratio) of $PM_{10}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 0.32 and 0.17, respectively, and SOR of $PM_{2.5}$ on haze day and non haze day were 0.30 and 0.15, respectively. Lastly, NOR (Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio) of $PM_{10}$ on haze day and non haze day were 0.17 and 0.08, respectively, and NOR of $PM_{2.5}$ on haze day and non haze day were 0.13 and 0.06, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2017

Aerosol mass size distributions were investigated at 865 m high the of Jirisan national park. A nanosampler cascade impactor was used to collect aerosols. The atmospheric aerosol particles had a unimodal mass size distribution, which peaked at $0.5-1.0{\mu}m$, and a mass aerodynamic diameter of $1.13{\mu}m$. The annual average concentrations of TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_1$, $PM_{0.5}$ and $PM_{0.1}$ were $20.9{\mu}g/m^3$, $19.3{\mu}g/m^3$, $14.9{\mu}g/m^3$, $10.7{\mu}g/m^3$, $5.3{\mu}g/m^3$, $1.2{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. TSP concentrations were below $30{\mu}g/m^3$ during the sampling period. On average $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_1$, $PM_{0.5}$ and $PM_{0.1}$ made up 0.91, 0.70, 0.41, 0.19 and 0.07 of TSP, respectively. The annual average of PM2.5/PM10 ratio was 0.77.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.169-177
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• 2015

Vertical distribution of particle mass concentrations was estimated from 8-year elastic-backscatter lidar and sky radiometer data, and from ground-level PM10 concentrations measured in Seoul. Lidar ratio and mass extinction efficiency were determined from aerosol optical depth (AOD) and ground-level PM10 concentrations, which were used as constraints to estimate particle mass concentration. The mean lidar ratio (with standard deviation) and mass extinction efficiency for the entire 8-year study period were $60.44{\pm}23.17$ sr and $3.69{\pm}3.00m^2g^{-1}$, respectively. The lidar ratio did not vary significantly with the ${\AA}ngstr{\ddot{o}}m$ exponent (less than ${\pm}10%$); however, the mass extinction efficiency decreases to $1.82{\pm}1.67m^2g^{-1}$ (51% less than the mean value) when the ${\AA}ngstr{\ddot{o}}m$ exponent is less than 0.5. This result implies that the particle mass concentration from lidar measurements can be underestimated for dust events. Seasonal variation of the particle mass concentration estimated from lidar measurements for the boundary layer, was quite different from ground-level PM10 measurements. This can be attributable to an inhomogeneous vertical distribution of aerosol in the boundary layer.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.447-457
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• 2014

The number concentrations, the mass concentrations and the elemental concentrations of $PM_{10}$ have measured at Gosan site in Jeju, Korea, from March 2010 to December 2010. And the correlation and the factor analysis for the number, the mass and the elemental concentrations of $PM_{10}$ are performed to identify their relationships and sources. The average $PM_{10}$ number concentration is observed $246\;particles/cm^3$($35.7{\sim}1,017\;particles/cm^3$) and the average $PM_{10}$ mass concentration is shown $50.1{\mu}g/m^3$($16.7{\sim}441.4{\mu}g/m^3$) during this experimental period. The number concentrations are significantly decreased with increasing particle size, hence the concentrations for the smaller particles less than $2.5{\mu}m$($PM_{2.5}$) are contributed 99.6% to the total $PM_{10}$ number concentrations. The highest concentration of the 20 elements in $PM_{10}$ determined in this study is shown by S with a mean value of $1,497ng/m^3$ and the lowest concentration of them is found by Cd with a mean value of $0.57ng/m^3$. The elements in $PM_{10}$ are evidently classified into two group based on their concentrations: In group 1, including S>Na>Al>Fe>Ca>Mg>K, the elemental mean concentrations are higher than several hundred $ng/m^3$, on the other hand, the concentrations are lower than several ten $ng/m^3$ in group 2, including Zn>Mn>Ni>Ti>Cr>Co>Cu>Mo>Sr>Ba>V>Cd. The size-separated number concentrations are shown positively correlated with the mass concentrations in overall size ranges, although their correlation coefficients, which are monotonously increased or decreased with size range, are not high. The concentrations of the elements in group 1 are shown highly correlated with the mass concentrations, but the concentrations in group 2 are shown hardly correlated with the mass concentrations. The elements originated from natural sources have been predominantly related to the mass concentrations while the elements from anthropogenic sources have mainly affected on the number concentrations of $PM_{10}$.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.234-245
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• 2010

Twenty-four hour integrated $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ samples were measured during springtime (March, April, and May) in Busan for three years from 2006 to 2008, and mass concentrations and metallic elements of measurement were analyzed to investigate temporal, spatial, chemical characteristics of the mass concentration and metallic elements in association with meteorological conditions including Asian Dust (AD) vs. non Asian Dust (NAD) seasons, and other air mass transport patterns. The result showed that $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10-2.5}$ concentrations were on average of $126.2{\pm}89.8$, $85.5{\pm}41.6$, and $40.7{\pm}54.9{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and the $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ and $PM_{10-2.5}/PM_{2.5}$ ratios were 0.70 and 0.48, respectively. The highest concentrations of PM were observed when air parcels were originated from both northwest sector covering Beijing and west sector including Shanghai areas.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.E1
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• pp.45-48
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• 2006

Mass size distributions of atmospheric particles in Cheonan were determined using a high volume air sampler equipped with a 5-stage cascade impactor. Bimodal distributions that are typical for urban atmospheric particles were obtained. A MMD of the fine particle mode was $0.47{\pm}0.05{\mu}m$ with a GSD of $2.72{\pm}0.21$, and those of the coarse particles were $5.15{\pm}0.18{\mu}m\;and\;2.09{\pm}0.09$, respectively. The annual average concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were 74.1, 67.5, 54.2, and $42.3{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Although the daily PM10 concentrations were under the current National Standard, the daily PM2.5 concentrations frequently exceeded the US Standard even in non asian dust periods. The fractions of PM 10, PM2.5, and PM1 in TSP were $0.905{\pm}0.013,\;0.723{\pm}0.022,\;and\;0.572{\pm}0.029$, respectively, and fine mode particles occupied $57{\sim}72%$ of the total particle mass. The results indicate that fine particles were at the concerning level, and should be the target pollutant for the regional air quality strategy in Cheonan.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.677-686
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• 2018

An intensive measurement was conducted to study the mass and number concentrations of atmospheric aerosols in Anheung ($36.679^{\circ}N$, $126.186^{\circ}E$), the west coastal measurement site of Korea during December 2017~April 2018. To evaluate relationships between the aerosols and meteorological parameters, comparisons of Optical Particle Counter (OPC) measured data and Auto Weather System (AWS) data were performed. Measured PM mass concentrations are $PM_{10}=42.814{\pm}30.103{\mu}g/m^3$, $PM_{2.5}=29.674{\pm}25.063{\mu}g/m^3$, $PM_1=28.958{\pm}24.658{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The PM ratios showed that the $PM_{10}$ concentrations contained about 67.8% of $PM_{2.5}$, while most part of $PM_{2.5}$ was $PM_1$ (about 97.1%). Timely collocation with AWS data were performed, exploring relations with the PM concentrations. PM concentrations can be explained by wind direction and relative humidity conditions. The significant reductions of fine particles in mass and number concentrations may attribute to actions on particle growth and wet removal. In these results, we suppose that the aerosol concentrations and size distributions are affected by inflow direction and air mass sources from the origin.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.6_2
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• pp.1793-1801
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• 2021

From 2015 to June 2020, the backscattering coefficients of 532 and 1064 nm measured using LIDAR and the depolarization ratio at 532 nm were used to separate the backscattering coefficient at 532 nm as three types as PM₁₀, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5 according to particle size. The mass extinction efficiency (MEE) of three types was calculated using the mass concentration measured on the ground. The overall mean values of the calculated MEE were 5.1 ± 2.5, 1.7 ± 3.7, and 9.3 ± 6.3 m²/g in PM₁₀, PM_2.5-10, and PM_2.5, respectively. When the mass concentration of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was low, higher than average MEE was calculated, and it was confirmed that the MEE decreased as the mass concentration increased. When the MEE was calculated for each type according to the mixing degree of Asian dust, PM_2.5-10 was twice at pollution aerosol as high as 2.1 ± 2.8 m²/g, compare to pollution-dominated mixture, dust-dominated mixture, and pure dust of 1.1 ± 1.8, 1.4 ± 3.3, 1.1 ± 1.5 m²/g, respectively. However, PM_2.5 MEE showed similar values irrespective of type: 9.4 ± 6.5, 9.0 ± 5.8, 10.3 ± 7.5, and 9.1 ± 9.0 m²/g. The MEE of PM₁₀ was 5.6 ± 2.9, 4.4 ± 2.0, 3.6 ± 2.9, and 2.8 ± 2.4 m²/g in pollution aerosol (PA), pollution-dominated mixture (PDM), dust-dominated mixture (DDM), and pure dust (PD), respectively, and increased as the dust ratio value decreased. Even if the same type according to the same mass concentration or Asian dust mixture was shown, as the PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio decreased, the MEE of PM_2.5-10 decreased and the MEE of PM_2.5 showed a tendency to increase.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.61-64
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the chemical characteristics of $PM^{10}$ at Anmyeon-do during the periods from January 1998 to December 2001. The $PM^{10}$ samples ($PM^{10}$) were collected by High Volume Air sampler (HVAS). The measured items were mass concentration of $PM^{10}$ with the major ions ($Cl^{-}$, ${SO_{4}}^{2-}$, ${NO_3}^{-}$, ${Mg}^{2+}$, ${Ca}^{2+}$, ${K}^{+}$etc.) and metallic elements (AI, Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Pb etc.). The chemical analysis of major ion components were made by Ion Chromatography (DX-500) and that of metallic elements were made by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICP-AES, ICP-Mass). The average mass concentration of $PM^{10}$ increased substantially during the heavy dust periods (Asian Dust cases). For water-soluble ions, concentrations of ${Ca}^{2+}$, ${SO_{4}}^{2-}$ and ${NO_3}^{-}$ were remarkably enhanced. Concentrations and mass fraction of crustal elements such as Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn were highly elevated, but those of pollution-derived heavy metals were appreciably decreased. The factor analysis was conducted in order to make the large and diverse data set as manageable levels and to qualitatively examine the relationship between the variables.