• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.153-164
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• 1990

Human dental pulps obtained from normal teeth, hypersensitive teeth and teeth with inflamed pulp were studied to measure and to compare the endogenous levels of arachidonic acid metabolites in order to see the relative activities of the different pathways involved in arachidonic acid metabolism. Pulp homogenates were incubated with $^{14}C$-arachidonic acid and lipid solvent extracts were separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) to be analyzed by autoradiography and TLC analyzer. 1. The most significant metabolite was HETEs showing $96.9{\pm}37.8$pmol/mg tissue protein/hr in normal pulp, $169.2{\pm}76.7$ in hypersensitive pulp and $385.4{\pm}113.2$ in inflamed pulp. In normal pulp $LTB_4$, 6-keto-$PGF_{1\alpha}+PGE_2$, $TXB_2$ and unidentified metabolite were formed in decreasing order. While in hypersensitive and inflamed pulp 6-keto-$PGF_{1\alpha}+PGE_2$, $LTB_4$, $TXB_2$ and unidentified metabolite were formed in decreasing order. 2. In hypersensitive pulp only HETEs were significantly increased when compared with that in normal pulp. The levels of all the converted metabolites in inflamed pulp were significantly increased compared with those in normal pulp. In inflamed pulp, the levels of $TXB_2$ and HETEs were significantly increased compared with those in hypersensitive pulp. 3. The ratio of each metabolites to the total converted metabolites showed an increased value of $TXB_2$ and 6-keto-$PGF_{1\alpha}+PGE_2$, as the degree of inflammation was increased, while that of HETEs decreased both in hypersensitive pulp and inflamed pulp more than in normal pulp. 4. The relative amounts of the total metabolites formed in lipoxygenase pathway to cyclo-oxygenase pathway were 6.8 fold in normal pulp, 4.4 fold in hypersensitive pulp and 3.8 fold in inflamed pulp.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.258-264
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• 2002

Zinc plays an important role in immunobiological responses, while excessive zinc attenuates immune functions in a dose-dependent manner. Zinc excess has been reported to increase levels of plasma prostaglandin E$_2$ (PGE$_2$), which is known to inhibit production of Th (helper T) 1-associated cytokines and to induce inflammatory responses. Thus, this study was investigated the effects of indomethacin, a potent inhibitor of PGE$_2$ synthesis, on the proinflammatory cytokine and lymphokine production in ICR mice exposed to excessive zinc. Indomethacin at doses of 5 mg/kg was administered i.p. 30 minutes before zinc chloride (Zn) 30 mg/kg orally daily for 10 days. Excessive Zn remarkedly increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ and interleukin (IL)-1$\beta$ levels in both serum and splenic supernatants compared with those in controls, while indomethacin significantly reduced the excessive Zn-induced levels of IL-1$\beta$. In serum, excessive Zn significantly decreased the levels of IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$ compared with those in controls, whereas indomethacin significantly enhanced the excessive Zn-decreased levels of IFN-${\gamma}$ but did not affect the Zn-decreased levels of serum IL-2. In splenic supernatants, All of excessive Zn, indomethacin, and combination of Zn and indomethacin significantly enhanced IL-2 levels compared with those in controls, but indomethacin didn't affect the Zn-induced production of IL-2. These data, therefore, suggest that indomethacin significantly attenuated the in vivo and ex vivo IL-1$\beta$ production increased by excessive zinc and remarkedly enhanced the in vivo excessive zinc-suppressed production of IFN-${\gamma}$ but not IL-2.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.675-685
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• 2005

Bone resorption involves sequential stages of osteoclast precursor migration and differentiation of osteoclast precursors into multinucleated osteoclasts. Stromal cell derived factor (SDF)-1 is a chemotactic factor for osteoclast precursor migration. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is involved in migration of osteoclast precursors and activation of $interleukin(IL)-1{\beta}$. Alveolar bone destruction is a characteristic feature of periodontal disease. Treponema lecithinolyticum is a oral spirochete isolated from the periodontal lesions. The effect of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) from T. lecithinolyticum on expression of SDF-1 and MMP-9 was examined in cocultures of bone marrow cells and osteblasts derived from mouse calvariae. T. lecithinolyticum LPS increased expression of MMP-9 in the coculture. Polymyxin B, an inhibitor of LPS, abolished the increase of MMP-9 mRNA expression by LPS. LPS did not increase the expression of SDF-1, $IL-1{\beta}$ and tumor necrosis $factor(TNF)-{\alpha}$ mRNA in cocultures. Prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ up-regulated the expression of MMP-9 and NS398, an inhibitor of $PGE_2$ synthesis, down-regulated the induction of MMP-9 expression by T. lecitbinolyticm LPS. These results suggest that T. lecitbinolyticm LPS increases MMP-9 expression in bone cells via $PGE_2$ and that the induction of MMP-9 expression by T. lecitbinolyticm LPS is involved in alveolar bone destruction of periodontitis patients by the increase of osteoclast precursor migration and the activation of bone resorption-inducing cytokine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.952-959
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• 1998

To investigate the effect of sea tangle on macrophage activity in normal and diabetic states, 10week old ICR mice were fed control(C) and sea tangle(S) diet containing 5%(w/w) cellulose and 13.6%(w/w) dry sea tangle for four weeks, after which two thirds of mice(CD and SD) were made diabetic by intramuscular injection of streptozotocin(150mg/kg bw). At 4th day after diabetes was apparent by urinary glucose, one half of diabetic mice(CDM and SDM) were treated with metformin(500mg/kg bw) orally. Peritoneal macrophages obtained from 3%-thioglycollate treated mice were cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccaride from Salmonella abortus equi(10$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) for 24 hrs and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF$\alpha$), interleukin-1$\beta$(1L-1$\beta$)and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) were measured in culture media. Release of IL-1$\beta$and PGE2 from macrophage were increased in normal mice by sea tangle diet and had the same tedency in diabetic mice with or without metformin treatment although not statistically significant. Release of TNF$\alpha$ tended to be reduced by diabetes but were not changed significantly by sea tangle diet. Fatty acid compositions of macrophage and liver phospholipids showed that diabetes reduced arachidonic acid/linoleic acid ratio and sea tangle diet appeared to increase contentsof polyunsaturated fatty acids.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.111-128
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• 2007

목적 : 이 연구는 천식, 기관지염, 폐렴, 결핵, 산후감모 등의 호흡기 질환에 사용되는 가미지황탕(加味地黃場)의 항염작용(抗炎作用)의 효과에 대해 알아보기 위해 시행되었다. 방법 : 가미지황탕(加味地黃場)의 항염작용(抗炎作用)의 효과를 평가하기 위해 세포독성에 미치는 영향, NO, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 생성량에 미치는 영향, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향, iNOS, COX-2 유전자 및 단백질 발현에 미치는 영향, $PGE_2$ 합성에 미치는 영향 및 COX-2, $NF-{\kappa}B$ 활성에 미치는 영향에 대한 실험평가를 하였다. 결과 : 가미지황탕(加味地黃場)은 MTT 분석을 통한 RAW 264.7 세포주의 생존력 평가에서 세포독성이 없었고, LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포주에서 NO, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ 및 IL-6 생성량을 농도 의존적으로 억제하였다. 가미지황탕(加味地黃場)은 400 g/ml 농도에서 LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포주에 대해 $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ 및 IL-6 유전자 발현을 농도 의존적으로 억제하였고, LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포주에서 iNOS와 COX-2 유전자 및 단백질 발현은 농도 의존적으로 억제하였다. 또한 그 농도에 따라 $PGE_2$ 생성량이 현저하게 억제하였고, LPS로 유도된 COX-2 및 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 전사활성을 농도 의존적으로 억제함으로써 iNOS와 COX-2 유전자 발현을 억제하였다. 결론 : 이상의 실험을 통해 가미지황탕(加味地黃場)은 iNOS나 COX-2와 같은 Cytokine이 있는 효소에 의해 합성되고 천식에서 증가하는, 혈관과 기관지 긴장도와 관련 있는 NO와 $PGE_2$ 생성량을 억제하고, 염증과 관련된 $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6의 생성량을 억제하였다. 또한 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 활성을 억제함으로써 iNOS 및 COx-2 유전자 발현을 억제하였으므로 부인과 영역에 있어서도 산후감모, 만성해수 및 천식 등의 기관지의 염증질환에 응용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.428-436
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify secondary metabolites from Sonchus brachyotus and evaluate their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we isolated three flavonoids from a 70% EtOH extract by Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography (MPLC) and prep-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). To evaluate the biological activities (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) of these flavonoids, their in vitro inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitric oxide (NO) production, and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) secretion were determined. We successfully identified three flavonoids, namely luteolin (1), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2), and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (3) by spectral analyses. Luteolin (1) at 20 ㎍/mL inhibited ROS generation, NO production, and PGE₂ secretion by 48.6%, 61.28% and 12.10%, respectively, and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2) inhibited NO and PGE₂ generation by 67.03% and 20.82%, respectively. Luteolin (1) and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2) showed similar anti-inflammatory activities; however, luteolin (1) was observed to be a stronger antioxidant. Besides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, S. brachyotus extract containing luteolin (1) and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2) is considered to possess diverse biological activities. The results indicate that S. brachyotus is an edible medicinal plant, which is believed to be significant resource of functional foods.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production and on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging in macrophages. Methods: Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (300 g) was heated at $100^{\circ}C$ with distilled water (2 L) for 4 hours. The extract was filtered and concentrated to 100 mL by using a rotary evaporator, was frozen at $-80^{\circ}C$, and was then freeze-dried by using a freezing-drying system. The RAW 264.7 macrophage was subcultured by using $10-{\mu}g/mL$ lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In order to evaluate cytotoxicity, we performed 3-(4,5-dimrthylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and measured the cell viability. The NO production was measured by using Griess assays, and the $PGE_2$ production was measured by using enzyme immunoassays. The antioxidant activity, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging capability, was measured by using the DPPH method. Results: Cell viability with the 1-, 5-, 25-, 125- and $625-{\mu}g/mL$ Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract was not significantly decreased compared to the cell viability without the extract. When 125 and $625{\mu}g/mL$ of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract were used, nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages was significantly inhibited compared to that in the control group. When 25, 125, and $625{\mu}g/mL$ of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract were used, $PGE_2$ production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages was significantly inhibited compared to that in the control group. The 125- and $625-{\mu}g/mL$ Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extracts had high DPPH free-radical scavenging capabilities in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Conclusion: This study indicates that Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract suppresses NO and $PGE_2$ production and improves DPPH free-radical scavenging capability. Thus, it seems that Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract may have an anti-inflammation effect and antioxidant activity.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.91-94
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• 1998

In folklore medicine Drymaria cordata Willd (Family-Caryophyllaceae) is reported to have laxative and anti-febrile properties along with anti-inflammatory activities. Sikkimis used this plant to treat all these ailments. The anti-inflammatory effect of the methanol extract of D. cordata was investigated against carrageenin, histamine, serotonin, dextran and $PGE_1$ induced rat hind paw oedema. It exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity against all these phlogestic agents except $PGE_1$ in the order of carrageenin > serotonin > histamine. All these effects were compared with standard drug phenylbutazone in both the acute and chronic experimental models in albino rats.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 1999

This study was carried out to prove the effect of GMSKOHG on the cytotoxicity of human monocyte, the inhibition for prostaglandins($PGE_2$) and interleukins($IL-l.{\Beta}$), the produce of $TNF-{\alpha}$, and the size of mouse wounded. The result were obtainde as follows : 1. $0.001\%\;and\;0.0005\%$ of GMSKOHG was not showed the cytotoxicity of human monocyte. 2. $0.01\%\;and\;0.005\%$ of GMSKOHG inhibited the production of interleukins($IL-l{\Beta}$) in the human monocyte, but $0.001\%\;and\;0.0005\%$ of GMSKOHG didn't. 3. $0.001\%$ of GMSKOHG inhibited the production of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the human monocyte. 4. $0.01\$(MeOH 및 EtOH) of GMSKOHG inhibited the production of prostaglandins($PGE_2$) in the human monocyte. 5. Wound healing was not effect.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.15-23
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• 2003

Objective : The role of high frequency 120 Hz electroacupuncture(EA) in carrageenan-induced pain was studied by examining the alnalgesic effects, and prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ levels measurement and spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) receptor expression. Inflammation was induced by an intraplantar injection of 1% carrageenan into the right hind paw. Method : Bilateral EA stimulation with 120 Hz were delivered at those acupoints corresponding to Zusanli and Sanyinjiao in man via the needles for a total of 30 min duration in carrageenan-injected rats. Results : EA stimulation showed significant analgesic effects as measured by analgesy-meter at all time points tested compared with controls. Three hours after carrageenan injection, PGE2 levels were measured by commercial kit. EA significantly inhibited PGE2 production in the right paw. The number of NR1 and NR2A, NMDA receptor, immunoreactive neurons was significantly increased in the superficial dorsal horn(laminae I-II) and nucleus proprius(laminae III-IV) of ipsilateral spinal cord at L4-5. But the number of carrageenan-induced NR1 and NR2A immunoreactive neuron, especially NR1 immunoreaction in the superficial dorsal horn, was reduced by 120 Hz EA stimulation. Conclusions : These results indicate that NMDA receptors may mediate transmission of nociceptive information originating in tissue inflammation of hind paw and high frequency 120 Hz EA stimulation have an alleviating action against local inflammatory pain.