• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2014

Objectives: Current studies are debating on the association of vascular calcification and the benefit of treatment to lower serum phosphorus level in patients with chronic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of mortality and risk of vascular calcification in patients with CKD who were taking phosphate binders. Methods: This study was conducted through retrospective medical chart review for 420 patients aged 18 years and older who were admitted for chronic kidney disease. Results: Vascular calcification was not statistically significantly associated with increased mortality in patients with CKD [16.7% vs. 19.2%; 95% CI; 0.388 to 1.818 (p=0.656)]. Intervention of calcium-based phosphate binders was not significantly associated with vascular calcification in patients with CKD [9.1% vs. 12.5%; 95% CI; 0.364 to 1.358 (p=0.292)]. Ca x P product ${\geq}55mg^2/dL^2$ was not significantly associated with increased 1 year mortality in patients with CKD [25.4% vs. 17.5%; 95% CI; 0.851 to 3.013 (p=0.142)]. Intervention of sevelamer was significantly associated with reduced 1 year mortality in patients with CKD than that of patients who did not take sevelamer [6.3% vs. 25.3%; 95% CI; 0.044 to 0.880 (p=0.020)]. Conclusion: There was not a statistically significant association between vascular calcification and phosphate binder's use. But phosphate binder use was significantly associated with decreased mortality in patients with CKD.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.371-388
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• 2004

Our objective is to model static multi-cracking processes in concrete. The explicit dynamic relaxation (DR) method, which gives the solutions of non-linear static problems on the basis of the steady-state conditions of a critically damped explicit transient solution, is chosen to deal with the high geometric and material non-linearities stemming from such a complex fracture problem. One of the common difficulties of the DR method is its slow convergence rate when non-monotonic spectral response is involved. A modified concept that is distinct from the standard DR method is introduced to tackle this problem. The methodology is validated against the stable three point bending test on notched concrete beams of different sizes. The simulations accurately predict the experimental load-displacement curves. The size effect is caught naturally as a result of the calculation. Micro-cracking and non-uniform crack propagation across the fracture surface also come out directly from the 3D simulations.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.377-388
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• 2016

Objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of coated edible films with chitosan solutions enriched with essential oil (EO) on the chemical, microbial and sensory properties of Kashar cheese during ripening time. Generally, no differences were found in total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, streptococci and lactoccocci counts among cheeses but these microorganism counts increased during 60 and 90 d storage especially in C1 (uncoated sample) as compared with coated samples. Antimicrobial effectiveness of the films against moulds was measured on 30, 60, and 90 d of storage. In addition of fish EO into chitosan edible films samples were showed to affect significantly decreased the moulds (p<0.05) as 1.15 Log CFU/g in C4 (with fish oil (1% w/v) fortified chitosan film) on the 90^th d, while in C1 as 3.89 Log CFU/g on the 90^th d of ripening. Compared to other cheese samples, C2 (coated with chitosan film) and C4 coated cheese samples revealed higher levels of water-soluble nitrogen and ripening index at the end of storage. C2 coated cheese samples were preferred more by the panellists while C4 coated cheese samples received the lowest scores.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.259-263
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• 1997

In the preparation of acyclic thymidine nucleoside analogues, $K_2CO_3$(or NaH) treated thymine in DMSO was alkylated with .omega.-chloroalkyl nitrite (Cl-(CH_2)n-CN; n=1, 2, 3, 4) to provide an isomeric mixture of 1-(${\omega}$-cyanoalkyl)thymine (2a-d) and 1,3-bis(${\omega}$-cyanoalkyl)thymine in approximately 5:1 ratios. Reduction of the cyano function 2a-d with $NaBH_{4}/CoCl_{2}$ center dot$ 6H_{2}O$gave the corresponding 1-(${\omega}$aminoalkyl)thymine (3a-d). The newly formed primary amino function in 3a-d was directly reacted with 2-chloroethylisocyanate to afford the 1-[.omega.($N^{I}$-2-chloroethylureido) alkyl]thymine (4a-d) in good yields. Nitrosation of 1-[5-($ N^{I}-2$-chloroethylureido)pentyl] thymine (4d) with glacial acetic acid and dry $NaNO_{2}$-powder in anhydrous $CH_{2}Cl_{2}$gave two types of regioisomeric nitrosoureas, 1-[5-($N^{I}$--chloroethyl-$N^{I}$--nitrosoureido)pentylithymine (5d) and 1-[5-($N^{I}-2$-chloroethyl-N-nitrosoureido)pentyllthymine in approximately 5 :1 ratios. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds (2a-d, 3a-d, 4a-d and 5a-d) against three cell lines (K-562, P-388 and FM-3A) are measured as $IC^{50}$ values. Compounds 3b and 4c showed moderate activities against all three cell lines, and all other compounds were found to be not active.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.353-366
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• 1992

This study was devised to purify the compound from tuna that have cytotoxic activities against various cancer cell lines and to observe its immunopotentiating activities. The cytotoxic compound was partially purified 277 fold, from petroleum ehter extract (crude extract) of tuna by silicic acid column chromatography (fraction D) and thin layer chromatography (Spot I). Cytotoxic activity was monitored using human colon cancer cell, HCT-48. The active compound (Spot I) was composed of seven materials which are fatty acids of four kinds ($C_{14:0},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{17:1},\;and\;C_{18:0}$) and unknown three fat materials. The active compound has cytotoxic activities against various cancer cell lines, that is, murine leukemic lymphocytes (L1210, P388) and human rectal (HRT-18) and colon cancer cells (HCT-48, HT-29). The patterns of size distribution of HCT-48 cells in the medium containing tuna extract were shifted to direction of the small size region. Also, the microscopic shape of HCT-48 cells were shrinked and distracted. The number of plaque forming cell and immunoglobin fraction of serum protein obtained from tuna-treated mice were increased, but natural killer cell activity was not affected.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.255-258
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• 2005

The compounds, 1-Linoleic-2-olein (1), stigmasterol (2), 1,4-glucopyranosyl-1',4'-glucopyranosyl-1",4"-glucopyranoside (3), 2',3'-diphosphoryl-1'-propanoxy-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (4), 1-Linoleic-3-olein (5), l-(N,N,N-trimethyl ethyl amino phosphoryl)-2,3-dilinolein ion (6) and glyceryl phosphate (7) were isolated and identified from the Mushroom of Pholiota adiposa for the first time by column chromatography, TLC, UV, IR, $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR, EI-MS, and FAB-MS. The compounds 1 and 2 were found to have weak cytotoxicity against P388 murine leukemia cells. However, the compounds 6 and 7 did not show any cytotoxicity.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.192-199
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• 2009

Bioactivity-directed isolation has led to the isolation of (-)-ent-costunolide (1) as the major active compound from Hepatostolonophora paucistipula. This compound (1) was determined by spectroscopic data interpretation. This sesquiterpene lactone (1) inhibited the growth of the dermatophytic fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 28185, (4 mm inhibition zone at $15{\mu}g$/disc), cytotoxic activity to murine leukaemia cell lines ATCC CCL 46 P 388D1 ($IC_{50}$ 687 ng/ml, at $0.075{\mu}g$/disk), BSC monkey kidney cell lines (100% of well at $15{\mu}g$/disk) and antiviral activity to Herpes simplex virus (0.25 mg/ml, 100% of well at $7.5{\mu}g$/disk) and Polio virus (0.125 mg/ml, 100% of well at $3.75{\mu}g$/disk). These results suggest that (-)-ent-costunolide (1) has potential antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.253-263
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• 2023

Purpose: Although chylous ascites is a frequent complication of radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer, proper diagnostic criteria and optimal treatment strategies have not been established. This study aimed to identify the clinical features of chylous ascites and evaluate the treatment outcomes. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients who underwent radical gastrectomy between 2013 and 2019. Diagnosis was made when milky fluid or elevated triglyceride levels (≥100 mg/dL) appeared in the drains without a preceding infection. The clinical features, risk factors, and treatment outcomes were assessed according to the initial treatment modalities for fasting and non-fasting groups. Results: Among the 7,388 patients who underwent radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer, 156 (2.1%) experienced chylous ascites. The median length of hospital stay was longer in patients with chylous ascites than in those without (median [interquartile range]: 8.0 [6.0-12.0] vs. 6.0 [5.0-8.0], P<0.001). Low body mass index (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=0.9; P<0.001), advanced gastric cancer (aOR=1.51, P=0.024), open surgery (reference: laparoscopic surgery; aOR=1.87, P=0.003), and extent of surgical resection (reference: subtotal gastrectomy, total gastrectomy, aOR=1.5, P=0.029; proximal gastrectomy, aOR=2.93, P=0.002) were associated with the occurrence of chylous ascites. The fasting group (n=12) was hospitalized for a longer period than the non-fasting group (n=144) (15.0 [12.5-19.5] vs. 8.0 [6.0-10.0], P<0.001). There was no difference in grade III complication rate (16.7% vs. 4.2%, P=0.117) or readmission rate (16.7% vs. 11.1%, P=0.632) between the groups. Conclusions: A fat-controlled diet and medication without fasting provided adequate initial treatment for chylous ascites after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.465-469
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• 1998

The search for platinum (II)-based compounds with improved therapeutic properties was prompted to design and synthesize a new family of water-soluble, third generation cis-diaminedichloroplatinum (II) complexes linked to uracil and uridine. Six heretofore unreported uracil and uridine-platinum (II) complexes are; [N-(uracil-5-yl-methyl)ethane-1,2-di-amine]dichloroplatinum (II) (3a), [N-(uracil-6-yl-methyl)ethane-1,2-diaminel dichloroplatinum (II) (3b), t[N-($2^1$, $3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyl)uridine-5-yl-methyl] ethane-1,2-diamineldichloroplatinum (II) (6a), {[N-($2^1$,$3^1$, $5^1$-tri-O-acetyl) uridine-6-yl-methyl]ethane-1,2-diamine)dichloroplatinum (II) (6b),[N-(uridine- 5-yl-methyl)ethane-1,2-diamine]dichloroplatinum (II) (7a), [N-(uridine-6-yl- methyl)ethane-1,2-diamine]dichloroplatinum (II) (7b). These analogues were prepared from the key starting materials, 5-chloromethyluracil (1a) and 6-chloromethyluracil (1b) which were reacted with ethylenediamine to afford the respective 5-[(2-aminoethyl)aminol methyluracil (2a) and 6-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]methyluracil (2b). The cis-platin complexes 3a and 3b were obtained through the reaction of the respective 2a and 2b with potassium tetrachloroplatinate (II). The heterocyclic nucleic acid bases 1a and 1b were efficiently introduced on the .betha.-D-ribose ring via a Vorbruggen-type nucleoside coupling procedure with hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylchlorosilane and stannic chloride under anhydrous acetonitrile to yield the stereospecific .betha.-anomeric 5-chloromethyl- $2^1$,$3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyluridine (4a) and 6-chloromethyl-$2^1$,$3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyluridine (4b), respectively. The nucleosides 4a and 4b were coupled with ethylenediamine to provide the respective 5-[(amino-ethyl)aminolmethyl-$2^1$,$3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyluridine (5a) and 6-[(aminoethyl)amino] methyl-$2^1$,$3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyluridine (5b). The diamino-uridines 5a and 5b were reacted with potassium tetrachloroplatinate (II) to give the novel nucleoside complexes, 6a and 6b, respectively which were deacetylated into the free nucleosides, 7a and 7b by the treatment with CH$_{3}$ONa. The cytotoxic activities were evaluated against three cell lines (FM-3A, P-388 and J-82) and none of the synthesized compounds showed any significant activity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.174-181
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• 1991

These experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of glycyrrhizin(GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid(GA) on histamine synthesis, lymphocyte blastogenesis in C57BL/6J mice splenocytes, IL-1 production, $Ca^{2+}$ uptake by macrophage-like P388D$_{1}$ cells and plaque forming cell assay against SRBC. Histamine contents, lymphocyte blastogenesis, IL-1 activity, $Ca^{2+}$ uptake and plaque forming cell were determined by enzyme isotope method, [sup 3/H]-thymidine incorporation, C3H/HeJ mouse thymocytes proliferation, the addition of 5 $\mu$Ci/ml $^{45}$Ca$^{2+}$ to P388D$_{1}$, cell suspension and assay to sheep red blood cell, respectively. Cytotoxicity, which was expressed as 50% mortality, was occurred by the addition of GL(10$^{-3}$M) and GA(10$^{-4}$M). Histamine production in mouse spleen cell culture was significantly increased by the addition of 0.25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of Con A, after 48 hour incubation. Con A dependent T-lymphocyte proliferation was also enhanced by the addition of 0.25 .mu.g/ml of Con A. The effects of GL on histamine contents and T-lymphocyte proliferation were significantly decreased at high dose (10$^{-5}$M), while IL-1 activity was remarkably suppressed by 10$^{-8}$~10$^{-4}$M of GL. $Ca^{2+}$ uptake was not changed, but antibody production was increased by GL(10 mg/kg). GA inhibited histamine contents at 10$^{-9}$~10$^{-7}$ and depressed Con A (0.25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) dependent T-lymphocyte proliferation at 10$^{-7}$~10$^{-5}$M of GA, but increased suboptimal dose (Con A 0.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) at 10$^{-9}$~10$^{-7}$M of GA. IL-1 activity was suppressed by 10$^{-8}$~10$^{-4}$M of GA and $Ca^{2+}$ uptake was enhanced by 10$^{-9}$~10$^{-6}$ of GA, but antibody production was not changed by GA. From the above results, it is suggested that GL and GA have immuno-regulatory action. GL decreased cell-mediated immune response, and increased humoral immune response at high dose. On the other hand, low dose of GA enhanced cell-mediated immune response, while high doses of GA decreased humoral immune reaction.