• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2005

Synthesis or fullerene oxides[$C_{60}(O)_n$] ($n=1{\sim}4$ or n=1) by fullerene[$C_{60}$] and several oxidants such as 3-chloroperoxy benzoic acid, benzoyl peroxide, trichloroisocyanuric acid, and chromium(VI) oxide took place under microwave irradiation. The reactivity in solid state of fullerene[$C_{60}$] with various oxidants under same microwave rendition increased in order or 3- chloroperoxy benzoic acid > benzoyl peroxide > trichloroisocyanuric acid $\simeq$chromium(VI) oxide. The MALDI-TOF-MS, UV-visible spectra and HPLC analysis confirmed that the products of fullerene oxidation were [$C_{60}(O)_n$] ($n=1{\sim}4$ or n=1).

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2003

Synthesis of fullerene oxides by fullerenes [$C_{60},\;C_{70}$] and several oxidants such as benzoylperoxide, trichloroisocyanuric acid, methyltrioxorhenium(VII), iodosobenzene, phosphorous pentoxide take place under ultrasonic condition at room temperature. The MALDI-TOF MS,UV-visible spectra and HPLC analysis confirmed that the products of fullerenes oxidation are [$C_{60}(O)_n$], ($n=1{\sim}3$ or n=1) and [$C_{70}(O)_n$], ($n=1{\sim}2$ or n=1). As compared with the reactivity of epoxidation of fullerenes [$C_{60},\;C_{70}$], the reaction rate of $C_{70}$ was lower than that of $C_{60}$ under same reaction condition.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.905-911
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• 2011

The possible minimum structures of $C_{60}(CH_2)_nOH$ (n=0~2) and $C_{60}(OH)_2$have been optimized using density functional theory (DFT) with the 6-311G (d,f) basis set. The harmonic vibrational frequencies and IR intensities are also determined to confirm that all the optimized geometries are true minima. Also zero-point vibrational energies (ZPVE) have been considered to predict the binding energies. The predicted binding energy of $C_{60}CH_2OH$ is about 10 kcal/mol more stable than the binding energy of $C_{60}OH$.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.109-120
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• 2018

The distributional characteristics of fault segments in Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks from southeastern Gyeongsang Basin were derived. The 267 sets of fault segments showing linear type were extracted from the curved fault lines delineated on the regional geological map. First, the directional angle(${\theta}$)-length(L) chart for the whole fault segments was made. From the related chart, the general d istribution pattern of fault segments was derived. The distribution curve in the chart was divided into four sections according to its overall shape. NNE, NNW and WNW directions, corresponding to the peaks of the above sections, indicate those of the Yangsan, Ulsan and Gaeum fault systems. The fault segment population show near symmetrical distribution with respect to $N19^{\circ}E$ direction corresponding to the maximum peak. Second, the directional angle-frequency(N), mean length(Lm), total length(Lt) and density(${\rho}$) chart was made. From the related chart, whole domain of the above chart was divided into 19 domains in terms of the phases of the distribution curve. The directions corresponding to the peaks of the above domains suggest the directions of representative stresses acted on rock body. Third, the length-cumulative frequency graphs for the 18 sub-populations were made. From the related chart, the value of exponent(${\lambda}$) increase in the clockwise direction($N10{\sim}20^{\circ}E{\rightarrow}N50{\sim}60^{\circ}E$) and counterclockwise direction ($N10{\sim}20^{\circ}W{\rightarrow}N50{\sim}60^{\circ}W$). On the other hand, the width of distribution of lengths and mean length decrease. The chart for the above sub-populations having mutually different evolution characteristics, reveals a cross section of evolutionary process. Fourth, the general distribution chart for the 18 graphs was made. From the related chart, the above graphs were classified into five groups(A~E) according to the distribution area. The lengths of fault segments increase in order of group E ($N80{\sim}90^{\circ}E{\cdot}N70{\sim}80^{\circ}E{\cdot}N80{\sim}90^{\circ}W{\cdot}N50{\sim}60^{\circ}W{\cdot}N30{\sim}40^{\circ}W{\cdot}N40{\sim}50^{\circ}W$) < D ($N70{\sim}80^{\circ}W{\cdot}N60{\sim}70^{\circ}W{\cdot}N60{\sim}70^{\circ}E{\cdot}N50{\sim}60^{\circ}E{\cdot}N40{\sim}50^{\circ}E{\cdot}N0{\sim}10^{\circ}W$) < C ($N20{\sim}30^{\circ}W{\cdot}N10{\sim}20^{\circ}W$) < B ($N0{\sim}10^{\circ}E{\cdot}N30{\sim}40^{\circ}E$) < A ($N20{\sim}30^{\circ}E{\cdot}N10{\sim}20^{\circ}E$). Especially the forms of graph gradually transition from a uniform distribution to an exponential one. Lastly, the values of the six parameters for fault-segment length were divided into five groups. Among the six parameters, mean length and length of the longest fault segment decrease in the order of group III ($N10^{\circ}W{\sim}N20^{\circ}E$) > IV ($N20{\sim}60^{\circ}E$) > II ($N10{\sim}60^{\circ}W$) > I ($N60{\sim}90^{\circ}W$) > V ($N60{\sim}90^{\circ}E$). Frequency, longest length, total length, mean length and density of fault segments, belonging to group V, show the lowest values. The above order of arrangement among five groups suggests the interrelationship with the relative formation ages of fault segments.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.407-412
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• 2009

Vacuum deposited N,N-di-1-naphthyl-N,N-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (NPD) as a hole transporting (HTL) materials in OLEDs was placed on PEDOT-PSS, a hole injection layer (HIL). PEDOT-PSS was spin-coated on to the ITO glass. $C_{60}$-doped NPD-$C_{60}$(10 wt%) film was formed via co-evaporation process and the morphology of NPD-$C_{60}$ films was investigated using XRD and AFM. The J - V, L - V and current efficiency of multi -layered devices were characterized. According to XRD results, the deposited $C_{60}$ thin film was partially crystalline, but NPD-$C_{60}$ film was observed not to be crystalline, which indicates that $C_{60}$ molecules are uniformly dispersed in the NPD film. By using $C_{60}$-doped NPD-$C_{60}$ film as a HTL, the current density and luminance of multi-layered ITO/PEDOT-PSS/NPD-$C_{60}/Alq_3$/LiF/Al device were significantly increased by about 80% and its efficiency was improved by about 25% in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1998

An investigation made of the easing contraction ratio according to sewing conditions (eased seam angle; 0$^{\circ}$ 20$^{\circ}$ 30$^{\circ}$ 45$^{\circ}$ 60$^{\circ}$ 70$^{\circ}$ 90$^{\circ}$, stitch density; 38 stitches/3 cm(N1.0), 26 stitches/ 3 cm(N1.5), 19 stitches/3 cm(N2.0), 14 stitches/3 cm(N2.5), 12 stitches/3 cm(N3.0), thread; sp 60' s/2) by lockstitch industrial sewing machine with shirring foot. The results abstained were as follows: 1. The lower the stitch density , the higher the easing contraction ratio. 2. The easing contraction ratio at 0$^{\circ}$ and 90$^{\circ}$ were lower than bias angles (20$^{\circ}$, 30$^{\circ}$, 45$^{\circ}$, 60$^{\circ}$, 70$^{\circ}$). 3. As the results of visual test, the maximum easing conditions were Fl -0$^{\circ}$.20$^{\circ}$.30$^{\circ}$.45$^{\circ}$-12 stitches/3 cm(N3.0), 60$^{\circ}$. 70$^{\circ}$. 90$^{\circ}$-14 stitches/3 cm(N2.5), F2 -0$^{\circ}$. 20$^{\circ}$.30$^{\circ}$.60$^{\circ}$.70$^{\circ}$.90$^{\circ}$-19 stitches/ 3 cm(N2.0), 45$^{\circ}$ -14 stitches/3 cm(N2.5), and F3 -0$^{\circ}$.20$^{\circ}$.30$^{\circ}$.45$^{\circ}$.60$^{\circ}$.70$^{\circ}$.90$^{\circ}$-19 stitches/3 cm (N2.0). 4. Approximately easing contraction ratio was obtained as 2.0% (N1.0)~ 10.2% (N3.0) in F1, 6.7% (N1.0)~ 15.7% (N2.0) in F2, and 5.2% (N1.0)~ 12.1% (N2.0) in F3, according to different angles on the sleeve cap curve line. 5. As a resets of SPSS PC) statistics analysis, it confirmed the relations which were observed between easing contration ratio and stitch density, and easing contraction ratio was correlated with bending properties.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.163-170
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• 2006

Nardostachyos Rhizoma (N. Rhizoma) belonging to the family Valerianaceae has been anti-arrhythmic effect, and sedation to the central nerve and a smooth muscle. We reported that the water extract of N. Rhizoma induced apoptotic cell death and differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. Cytotoxicity of N. Rhizoma was detected only in HL-60 cells (IC50 is about 200 ${\mu}g/ml$). The cytotoxic activity of N. Rhizoma in HL-60 cells was increased in a dose-dependent manner. We used several measures of apoptosis to determine whether these processes were involved in N. Rhizoma-induced apoptotic cell death. The high-dose (200 ${\mu}g/ml$) treatment of N. Rhizoma to HL-60 cells showed cell shrinkage, cell membrane blobbing, apoptotic bodies, and the fragmentation of DNA, suggesting that these cells underwent apoptosis. Treatment of HL-60 cells with N. Rhizoma time-dependently induced activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 and proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Also, we investigated the effect of N. Rhizoma on cellular differentiation and proliferation in HL-60 cells. Differentiation and proliferation of HL-60 cells was determined through expression of CD11b and CD14 surface antigens using flow cytometry and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assay, and through analysis of cell cycle using propidium iodide assay, respectively. N. Rhizoma induced the differentiation of HL-60 at the low-dose (100 ${\mu}g/ml$) treatment, as shown by increased expression of differentiation surface antigen CD11b, but not CDl4 and increased reducing activity of NBT. When HL-60 cells were treated with N. Rhizoma at concentration of $50{\mu}g/ml\;and\;100{\mu}g/ml$, NBT-reducing activities induced approximately 1.5-fold and 20.0-fold as compared with the control. In contrast, HL-60 cells treated with the N. Rhizoma-ATRA combination showed markedly elevated levels of 26.3-fold at $50{\mu}g/ml$ N. Rhizoma-0.1 ${\mu}M$ ATRA combination and 27.5-fold at 50 ${\mu}g/ml$ N. Rhizoma-0.2 ${\mu}M$ ATRA combination than when treated with N. Rhizoma alone or ATRA alone. It may be that N. Rhizoma plays important roles in synergy with ATRA during differentiation of HL-60 cells. DNA flow-cytometry indicated that N. Rhizoma markedly induced a G1 phase arrest of HL-60 cells. N. Rhizoma-treated HL-60 cells increased the cell population in G1 phase from 32.71% to 42.26%, whereas cell population in G2/M and S phases decreased from 23.61% to 10.33% and from 37.78% to 33.98%, respectively. We examined the change in the $p21^{WAF1/Cip1}\;and\;p27^{Kip1}$ proteins, which are the CKIs related with the G1 phase arrest. The expression of the CDK inhibitor $p27^{Kip1},\;but\;not\;p21^{WAF1/Cip1}$ were markedly increased by N. Rhizoma. Taken together, these results demonstrated that N. Rhizoma induces apoptotic cell death through activation of caspase-3, and potently inhibits the proliferation of HL-60 cells via the G1 phase cell cycle arrest in association with $p27^{Kip1}$ and granulocytic differentiation induction .

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 1991

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of nitrogen(N) fertilization levels(0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha) in early spring on the growth, dry matter(DM) yield, seasonal distribution of production and nutritive value of grasses. Additional N after the first, second and third harvest were applied as 60, 60 and 30 kg/ha, equally in 1989. Grass growth and DM yield were significantly increased(p$NO_3$-N concentration was not affected by N level of early spring. It is suggested that, therefore, N application in early spring is essential, and 60 to 90 kg/ha of N application may be desirable in early spring.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.252-256
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• 2019

Fullerene oxide[$C_{60}(O)_n$, ($n{\geq}1$)] was synthesized by dissolving fullerene[$C_{60}$] and 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in toluene under refluxing condition for 5 h. Hybrid fullerene oxide-silver nanoparticle composites were synthesized by dissolving fullerene oxide and silver nitrate[$AgNO_3$] in diethylene glycol under ultrasonic irradiation for 3 h. The synthesized hybrid nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible[UV-vis] spectroscopy. The catalytic activity for the reduction of various nitroanilines[NAs] was identified by UV-vis spectrophotometer. The efficiency of the catalytic reduction by the synthesized hybrid nanocomposites has an order of 4-NA > 2-NA > 3-NA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.710-717
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• 1997

An investigation made of fabric strength & elongation and the lock stitch seam strength & elongation by stitch density (N1.5; 26 stitches/3 cm, N2.0; 19 stitches/3 cm, N2.5; 14 stitches/3cm) depending on methods of. sample prepariation (angle variations of unseamed sample and overlapping way of seamed sample) It found maximum stitch density that results of the seam strength test was highist in each angle of bias. The results obstained were as follows: 1. As the results of fabric strength and elongation tests as a function of angle of bias, breaking strength were that warp and weft angles (0$^{\circ}$, 90$^{\circ}$) were much higher than bias angles (20$^{\circ}$, 30$^{\circ}$, 45$^{\circ}$, 60$^{\circ}$) . And otherwise breaking elongation were that 45$^{\circ}$ angle of bias were highest and were that the warp & weft way were lower. 2. As the results of the seam strength tests by the stitch density under samples of same angles, the maximum stitch density were those; under 0$^{\circ}$/0$^{\circ}$, 60$^{\circ}$/60$^{\circ}$:F1, F2-N2.0, F3-N1.5, under 20$^{\circ}$/20$^{\circ}$, 30$^{\circ}$/30$^{\circ}$, 45$^{\circ}$/45$^{\circ}$: F1-N2.5, F2-N2.0, F3-N1.5, under 90$^{\circ}$/90$^{\circ}$: F1, F2, F3-N1.5. 3. As the results of the seam strength tests by the stitch density under samples of symmetry angles, the maximum stitch density were those; under 20$^{\circ}$/-20$^{\circ}$, 30$^{\circ}$/-30$^{\circ}$, 60$^{\circ}$/-60$^{\circ}$: F1, F3-N1.5, F2-N2.0, under 45$^{\circ}$/-45$^{\circ}$: F1, F2-N2.0, F3-N1.5.