• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 1972

It has intended to identify the members of the Genus Lespedeza in Korea by a chemical colour reaction, and the following five species of the Genus Lespedeza grown in the garden have been used in this experiment. 1. Lespedeza bicolor Turcz 2. Lespedeza bicolor var. melanantha (Nak.) T. Lee 3. Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. 4. Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia Nakai 5. Lespedeza maritima Nakai 6. Lespedeza maximowiczii Schneider 7. Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella Nakai A few drops of each solution of $K_2Cr_2O_7$. $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, $FeCl_3$, $KH_2PO_4$, $KMnO_4$, $NH_4OH$, and HCl was added to the methanol extracts of wood dust to get the specific colour reaction. HCl-infused wood was also used for the identification of L. bicolor var. melanantha and L. bicolor. The results can be summarized as the following key; 1. Chrome lemon by $K_2Cr_2O_7$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$2 1. Sun flower yellow by $K_2Cr_2O_7$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella Nakai 2. $KH_2PO_4$ Oystem white by $KH_2PO_4$; golden yellow by $FeCl_3$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$=3 2. Cream colour by $KH_2PO_4$=6 3. Oyster white by $NH_4OH$; corn colour by $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$4 3. Cream colcur by $NH_4OH$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$5 4. Van dyke brown by $KMnO_4$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$; sea shell pink by HCl injection under heating ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia Nakai 4. Sepia colour by $KMnO_4$; honey colour by HCl injection under heating ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza maritima Nakai 5. Golden red by $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$; andover green by HCl-infused wood dust ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza bicolor var. melanantha (Nak.) T. Lee 5. Yellow ochre by $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$; sand warm gray by HCl-infused wood dust ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza bicolor Turcz 6. Amber green by $FeCl_3$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. 6. Leather brown by $FeCl_3$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza maximowiczii Schneider.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.43-48
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• 2002

This study was carried out to clarify the change characteristics of stream water quality by land-use of forest from July to September, 2000 in three stands(Pinus densiflora, Castanea crenata (I), Castanea crenata (II) stand) of Jeongpyeong-ri, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam. The mean pH of rainfall results in acid rain of 5.3. The pH of stream water in three stands was high in order of Pinus densiflora (pH 6.59), Castanea crenata (II)(pH 6.53) and Castanea crenata (I) stand(pH 6.47). The electrical conductivity of stream water was high in order of Castanea crenata (I), Pinus densiflora and Castanea crenata (II) stand. Cations contents of three stands in stream water were high in order of $Ca^{2+}$, $Na^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$ and ${NH_4}^+$. But anions of stream water in Pinus densiflora stand and Castanea crenata (II) stand were high in order of ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $Cl^-$ and ${NO_3}^-$. In Castanea crenata (I) stand cations of stream water were high in order of ${NO_3}^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$. The level of pH, ${NH_4}^+$, ${NO_3}^-$, $Cl^-$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ of stream water in Pinus densiflora stand and Castanea crenata (II) stand reached within the level of domestic use standard for drinking water But the level of ${NO_3}^-$ of stream water in Castanea crenata (I) stand was higher than that of domestic use standard. Therefore, non-point sources like forest watersheds which are fertilizer application lands should be taken to the appropriate mitigation measures.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.296-301
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• 1992

A Pseudomonas fluorescens was selected from mushrooms and studied in both batch and fed-batch cultures in order to get maximal biomass concentration. P. fluorescens is an aerobic bacterium and antagonistic to Pseudomonas tolaasii which causes blotch disease on the mushroom cap. P fluarescens and P. tolaasii were identified by Gram staining, gelatin liquefaction, oxidase test, etc. and were characterized by pigment production, temperature sensitivity, salt tolerance and rapid pitting test, etc., Celts of P. fluorescens well in medium containing 30g/L of glucose, whereas the growth was inhibited at the glucose levels at higher than 30g/L. The highest values of specific growth rate and productivity were obtained when using 10g/1 of yeast extract. Optimum concentrations of $NH_4Cl$ and ${(NH_4Cl)}_2SO_4$ for culture were found to be 1.0g/L and 0.1g/L respectively. Optimum concentration of $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ used as a sulfursource was 1.0g/L. It was also found that the cell concentrations reached the maximum level when grown on the medium containing 1.0g/L of $KH_2PO_4$ and 0.1g/L of $CaCl_2$. Also, the optimum culture conditions were $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0. Cultivation of P. fluarescens at high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration led to a decrease of bacterial productivity in batch culture. Maximum productivity was achieved at 40% DO concentration.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.760-766
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• 1998

This study was carried out far isolation and characterization of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) from aquacultural place and sludges of waste water collected in Pusan. One autotrophic AOB, Nitrosomonas sp. and 8 heterotrophic AOB (2 strains of Bacillus sp., 2 strains of Acinetobacter sp., Xanthomonas sp., Alcaligenes sp., Pseudomonas sp., Sphingobacterium sp.) were isolated. and identified. Variation of total nmmonia nitrogen (TAN) and $NO_2-N$ in mineral salt media containing 10mg/ $\ell$ of NHCl for 15 days in differents 9 strains was measured in order to examine the ablitity of ammonia oxidation. TAN was started to reduce after 4 days incubation and ca. 2 mg/$\ell$ of TAN was decreased after 15 days incubation by Nitrosomonas sp., At that time, $NO_2-N$ was produced to 0.023$\~$0.036 mg/$\ell$. Heterotrophic AOB showed the low ability of ammonia oxidation, 0.02$\~$0,04 mg/$\ell$ of TAN was decreased and $NO_2-N$ was produced to 0.01$\~$0.51 mg/$\ell$ after 15 days. When each strain of 8 heterotrophs was incubated in mimeral salt media containing 10 mg/$\ell$ $NH_4Cl$ and 50 mg/$\ell$ glucose, and 50 mg/$\ell$ $NH_4Cl$ and 5 g/$\ell$ glucose, the diminution of TAN was 1.12$\~$3.38 mg/$\ell$ and 1$\~$20 mg/$\ell$, respectively.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.239-243
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• 2019

In this study, anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid (2,7-AQDS) is used as negative active material and Tiron is used as positive active material for aqueous redox flow battery (RFB). In previous results that used the 2,7-AQDS and Tiron, sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$) was a supporting electrolyte. However, in this study, ammonium chloride ($NH_4Cl$) is suggested as the electrolyte for the first time. By changing the supporting electrolyte from $H_2SO_4$ to $NH_4Cl$, the cell voltage of RFB is improved from 0.76 V to 1.01 V. To investigate the effect of $NH_4Cl$ supporting electrolyte of the performance of RFB, the full-cell tests of RFB using 2,7-AQDS and Tiron that are dissolved in $NH_4Cl$ supporting electrolyte are carried out, while cut-off voltage range is a main parameter to determine their performance. When the cut-off voltage range is 0.2~1.6 V, the hydrogen evolution occurs during charging step. To address the side reaction effect, the cut-off voltage range is changed to 0.2~1.2 V. When the revised cut-off voltage range is used and the current density of $40mA/cm^2$ is applied, hydrogen evolution is not observed and the optimal RFB shows the charge efficiency of 99% and discharge capacity of 3.3 Ah/L at 10cycle.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of water quality variations by stand water balance in YangPyong-Gun Gejung-Lee small forest watershed. Water quantity. pH, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Na^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ were monitored in open rainfall for one unit storm and long-term stream water in small forest watershed from January. 1998 to December. 1999. The results were summarized as follows: The runoff rate was 46.4% in 1998 and 52.2% in 1999. The average pH values of rainfall were 4.8 to 6.2 and those of stream water were 6.4 to 7.1 in small forest watershed. Total amount of input anion and cation values (kg/ha) in rainfall were $SO_4{^{2-}}>NO_3{^-}>Ca^{2+}>NH_4{^+}>Cl^->Na^+>K^+>Mg^{2+}$ and in stream water were $NO_3{^-}>Ca^{2+}>SO_4{^{2-}}>Na^+>Cl^->K^+>Mg^{2+}>NH_4{^+}$ in the order, respectively. The dissolved $NH_4{^+}$ was stored 5.29kg/ha and output of the other contents were more flow than input in small forest watershed.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.20 no.E1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2004

To study the characteristics of ammonia and the related compounds, atmospheric aerosols and gases were collected using a triple filter pack sampler, a low volume air sampler, and a three-stage Anderson air sampler in Seoul and Kangwha Island, Korea from Dec. 1996 to Oct. 1997. Ammonia concentrations showed approximately two times higher in summer than in winter at both sites. The highest $HNO_3$ levels were generally observed in summertime at two sampling sites. The average mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ in heavily industrialized Seoul was about three times higher than that of Kangwha. In winter, the sum of $NH_4^+$ and its counter ions (such as $Cl^-,\;NO_3^-$, and $SO_4^{2-}$) comprised $30-41\%$ of $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration at each sampling site. Temperature dependence of particulate nitrate was examined at the urban sampling site. The formation of the nitrate in the fine mode was dependent not only on the amount of precursors but also on the variation of temperature. $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4HSO_4$ coexisted with $NH_4NO_3$ and $NH_4Cl$ at each site. According to the summertime backward trajectory analysis, $NO_3^-$ showed higher level with air parcels transported from northeast Asian continent. On the other hand, the concentration of $SO_4^{2-}$ showed significantly higher level when air masses originated from Pacific Ocean, southern part of Japan, and Korea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.272-277
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• 1991

To investigate changes of boron fractions in soil with vegetable cultivation affected by boron application Jossangmiho, chinese cabbage was planted in 1/2.000a pot with four different soils which are sandy loam, calcareous, organic and vinyl house soil. Increment of available boron in soil with different boron applications was in the order of vinyl hous soil>organic soil>sandy soil>calcareous soil. The ratio of boron fraction to total boron is highest in $NH_4$-oxalate ext.-B with 19.1 % and lowest in water sol.-B and $CaCl_2$ ext.-B with 0.7% respectively. The boron fraction increment due to the different application ratio was in the order of $NH_4-oxalate$ ext.-B>Mannitol exch.-B> $CaCl_2$ ext.-B> $NH_2OH{\cdpt}HCl$ ext.-B>Water soil.-B. As the concentration of calcium in soil increased. water sol.-B decreased and the other forms of boron increased. In the soil high in organic matter, water sol.-B and $NH_4$-oxalate ext.-B increased significantly. but the other forms of boron not.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 1976

In order to investigate the fate of nitrogen in the paddy soil, Suchang, Hwasoon and Susan soil which have different properties, were treated with several nitrogen fertilizers such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, urea and SCU (sulfur-coated urea), and incubated under water-logged condition in $30^{\circ}C$ incubator. $NH_4-N$, $NO_3-N$, $Fe^{++}$ and pH in soil and stagnant water, were determined at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after incubation. The obtained results were summarized as follows: 1. The effect of rising temperature was increased in order of Hwasoon>Suchang>Susan and the effect of air drying soil was risen in order of Susan>Hwasoon>Suchang, while the rate of ammonication was in order of Susan>Suchang>Hwasoon. 2. The changes of $NH_4-N$ in stagnant water was dependent upon the nitrogen concentration of $NH_4Cl$ and $(NH_4)SO_4$ plat was high and decreased after 30 days incubation, but increased after 40 days and then decreased again. In contrast with the above, $NH_4-N$ concentration of urea and SCU plot was low but the change showed slightly through the incubation period. 3. Accumulation of $NH_4-N$ in the oxidative layer of the $NH_4Cl$ and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ plot was higher than that of urea and SCU plot and $NH_4-N$ content was decreased with the incubation period. The change of $NH_4-N$ in the reductive layer showed the same pattern. 4. The changes of $NO_3-N$ in the stagnant water were different according to soil properties and nitrogen fertilizer. $NO_3-N$ concentration in stagnant water of urea and SCU plot was higher than in the $NH_4-Cl$ $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ plot and nearly disappeared after 30 to 40 days incubation. 5. The $NO_3-N$ concentration in the oxidative layer of soil was higher than reductive layer. The pattern of change was different in accordance with soil properties and nitrogen fertilizers. In general, nitrification in urea and SCU plot was more increased than $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ plot. In reductive layer, the concentration of $NO_3-N$ was very low until 30 days incubation and thereafter increased slightly. 6. Upon the concentration of $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ in stagnant water and soil, it was assumed that denitification of urea and SCU plot was higher than $NH_4Cl$ and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ plot and denitrified nitrogen in incubation period was above 50%.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.263-268
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• 1994

Field microplot(D 20cm, L 85cm) experiment filled with Bonryang sandy loam soil(Typic Udifluvents) was conducted to obtain quantitative information on the change of soil pH under different soil moisture regime and ladino clover cultivation, and the movement of applied nutrient under the rainfed bare soil condition. Slaked lime increased soil pH of the applied layer. $NH_4-N$ evolved from urea hydrolysis was more effective in raising the subsoil pH rather than the exchangeable Mg and Ca. Under the different soil miosture condition downward movement of Cl and $NO_3-N$ lowered subsoil pH during the middle of ladino clover growth. Leaching of CI and $NO_3-N$ down to the out of the soil microplot and increasing movement of Ca and Mg into the subsoil produced. a slight increase of subsoil pH during the late crop growth. The mean downward movement of applied nutrient 5.5 months after field installation of microplot in the bare soil under rainfed condition(1207mm) was in the order : Cl= more than 80.0>Inorganic nitrogen= 75.8>K= 67.3>Mg=62.7>Ca=18.1>P=2.3cm respectively.