• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.751-757
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• 1998

Nitrogen dynamics in mineral soils of an alder (Alnus maximowiczii) stand established on volcano Mt. Showa-Shinzan were measured by laboratory incubation method in order to clarify characteristics of $NH_{4}^{+}$ mineralization and nitrification rate, from August 1994 to July 196. Contents of total N and organic matter were relatively low, but increased in May-July. Extractable $NH_{4}^{+}$ concentrations and $NH_{4}^{+}$ mineralization were high in June and July, and decreased in midsummer and fall. Extractable $NO_{3}^{-}$ concentrations did not vary seasonally. Negative values at $NH_{4}^{+}$ mineralization and nitrification rate were observed in August and September. $NH_{4}^{+}$ mineralization was positively correlated with soil organic matter, and nitrification rates were influenced by extractable $NH_{4}^{+}$ concentration and $NH_{4}^{+}$ mineralization.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.205-217
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• 2017

간접 탄산화(indirect method) 및 양이온 공급원으로 사문암(serpentinite)을 이용하여 광물탄산화 연구를 수행하였다. 이산화탄소와 사문암 내 알칼리 토금속(칼슘과 마그네슘)의 탄산화 반응을 통해 고순도의 탄산칼슘과 탄산마그네슘을 합성할 수 있었다. 마그네슘 추출을 위해 황산암모늄을 사용하였고 Mg 추출률 향상을 위해 황산암모늄 농도, 반응온도 및 사문암과 추출 용매의 비(고액비) 등 여러 반응 변수를 검토하였다. 본 연구로부터 2 M 황산암모늄을 사용하여 $300^{\circ}C$ 반응온도에서 고액비(5 g/66 mL) 실험을 진행한 경우 약 80 wt% 이상의 Mg를 얻을 수 있었다. Mg 추출률은 추출 용매 농도 및 반응온도와 비례하여 증가하였다. 사문암의 Mg 추출 과정에서 얻어진 암모니아($NH_3$)는 회수하여 탄산화 과정에서 필요한 pH 복원제(pH swing agent)로 활용하였다. 본 연구를 통해 약 1.78 M 암모니아를 회수할 수 있었고 지구화학 모델링을 통해 사문암의 Mg 추출 과정의 핵심 단계를 해석하고자 하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제88권3호
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• pp.419-427
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• 1999

이 연구(硏究)는 일본(日本) 북부(北部)의 소화신산(昭和新山) 분화후(噴火後)에 성립(成立)한 장령림(壯齡林)과 유령림(幼齡林)의 두 아카시아 나무 임분(林分)에 있어서 토양중(土壤中)의 질소동태(窒素動態)와 식생회복(植生回復)과의 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 1994년(年) 8월(月)부터 1996년(年) 7월(月)까지 2년간(年間) 조사(調査)하였다. 토양(土壤)의 화학적성질(化學的性質)과 유효태(有效態) 질소(窒素)는 두 임분(林分) 간(間)에 뚜렷한 차이(差異)는 나타나지 않았지만, 토양중(土壤中) 전질소(全窒素) 함량(含量)은 초기생장기(初期生長期)인 5월(月)에 높은 수치(數値)를 나타낸 후(後) 점차 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. 두 조사(調査) 임분(林分)에서 암모니아태(態) 질소(窒素)와 질산태질소(窒酸態窒素)는 7월(月)에 뚜렷이 높아지는 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. 질소무기화(窒素無機化)는 지온(地溫)의 증가(增加)로 인(因)해 매년(每年) 6월(月)~7월(月)에 높아지는 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. 질산태질소(窒酸態窒素)의 함량(含量)과 질산화(窒酸化) 작용(作用)은 두 조사(調査) 임분(林分)에서 비교적(比較的) 높은 수치(數値)를 나타내었다. 두 조사(調査) 임분(林分)의 질소무기화(窒素無機化)는 8월(月)에 마이너스의 수치(數値)를 나타내었다. 두 조사(調査) 임분(林分)에 있어서 암모니아태(態) 질소(窒素)와 질산태질소(窒酸態窒素)는 토양유기물(土壤有機物) 함량(含量)과, 질산화작용(窒酸化作用)은 질소무기화(窒素無機化)와 암모니아태(態) 질소(窒素)의 함량(含量)과 정(正)의 상관(相關)을 나타내었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.317-325
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• 1991

Mineral nitrogen dynamics and net mineralization of nitrogen in oak(quercus accutissima) and pine(pinus rigida) forest soils were studied. Nitrogen mineralization was determined over 8-week period by incubation method at laboratory. Initial water content of incubating soils was adjusted by applying suction(30mmhg), and lossof water during incubation was recovered with deionized water using syringe at every 3 or 4days. Temperature of incubator was maintained with 35+0.3c during the incubation period. Content of organic matter, total nitrogen, nh4-n and no3-n in soils in oak stand were significantly highter than those in pine stand. soil ph was lower in pine stand than in oak stand. initial nh4-n and no3-n of soils used in incubation experiment were 12.6 ug/g and 6.5 ug/g for oak stand, and 5.3ug/g and 5.1 ug/g for pine stand, respectively. Production of nh4-n increased from the beginning st both stands, and showed a peak at 5th week in oak stand(28.5 ug/g) and 6th week in pine stand(16.7 ug/g), and then decreased. intial no3-n of soils in oak(6.5 ug/g) and pine(5.1ug/g)stands, increased to 36.2 ug/g in soils of oak stand(5th week) and 13.4 ug/g in pine stand(4th week), respectively. The low values of no3-n of the field soil in the growing season compared with those of incubating soils at both stands indicate that considerable amount of nh4-n and no3-n produced in soils of oak and pine stands during two-months incubation were 59.7 and 141.6mg/kg soil, and 51.9 and 41.2mg/kg soil, respectively.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.195-200
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• 2017

In order to compare greenhouse gases emission from different animal manures and to explore how different animal manures effect on soil mineralization, three kinds of materials, cattle, goat and chicken manure were amended to soil for 14 days incubation as CtS (cattle manure-amended soil), GS (goat manure-amended soil) and ChS (chicken manure-amended soil). Cumulative $NH_3$ emissions in all treatments were rapidly increased until day 7 and then it was slightly increased in three manure-amended soils but maintained in control until day 14. GS had the highest $NH_3$ emission at $0.14mg\;kg^{-1}$ during the entire experimental period. Emissions of $CO_2$ were highly increased by 7.8-, 9.0- and 12.4-fold in CtS, GS and ChS, respectively, compared to control at day 14. A significant increase of $N_2O$ emission in all treatments occurred within 5 days and then it was slightly increased until day 14. $N_2O$ emission was 2-fold higher in all manure-amended soils than that of control. Compared to day 1, inorganic N ($NH_4{^+}$ plus $NO_3{^-}-N$) content was highly increased in all four treatments at day 14. The increase rate was the highest in CtS treatment. Net N mineralization was increased by 4.0-, 2.4- and 2.9-fold in CtS, GS and ChS, respectively, compared to control. These results indicate that increase of $NH_3$, $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ gas emissions was positively related to high N mineralization.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제79권3호
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• pp.285-289
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• 1990

산림토양내(山林土壤內) N 양료화(養料化)와 질산화(窒酸化)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 최근(最近) 많이 사용하고 있는 ion 교환 (交換) 수지(樹脂) (Ion Exchange Resin : IER)의 방법(方法)을 구명(究明)하고 실험실(實驗室)과 토양(土壤)에 묻었던 IER의 재사용(再使用) 여부를 판단(判斷)하기 위하여 흡수율(吸收率)을 분석(分析)하였다. IER 20g을 나이론 스타킹에 넣고 무처리구, 2M NaCl에 진탕한 후 물에 씻은 처리구(處理區)(2M NaCl구(區), 4M NaCl에 진탕한 처리구(處理區)로서 N 흡수율(吸收率)을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 2M NaCl구(區)의 IER은 $NH_4$ 및 $NO_3$를 각각(各各) 70, 60% 흡수(吸收)하여 가장 높은 결과를 보였고 4M NaCl구(區)는 40%정도의 흡수율(吸收率)을 나타냈다. 무처리(無處理) IER은 $NO_3$ 흡수율에서 2M NaCl구(區)와 비슷하였으나 $NH_4$는 낮은 N 농도에서 과대치를 나타냈다. 재사용(再使用)한 IER의 흡수율은 60~80%로서 일정한 흡수율을 나타내지 않았지만 전처리(前處理)로서, 흡수율(吸收率)을 구명(究明)하여 N 농도별로 각각(各各) 흡수율(吸收率)을 적용하면 재사용이 가능할 것으로 판단(判斷)된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.527-533
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• 2011

Decomposition of compost applied to soils is affected basically by its biological stability; but, many other chemical properties of the compost may also influence compost organic-C mineralization. This study was conducted to investigate the principal substrate quality factors of composts that determine C mineralization of compost with similar stability degree (SD). Three composts samples with similar SD but different chemical properties such as pH, C/N, $K_2SO_4$-extractable C, and molar ratio of $NH_4^+$ to $NO_3^-$ were mixed with an acid loamy soil and $CO_2$ emission was monitored during the laboratory incubation for 100 days. Temporal pattern of cumulative compost organic-C mineralization expressed as % of total organic C ($C_{%\;TOC}$) followed double exponential first order kinetics model and the $C_{%\;TOC}$ ranged from 4.8 to 11.8% at the end of incubation. The pattern of C%TOC among the composts was not coincident with the SD pattern (40.1 to 58.6%) of the composts; e.g. compost with the lowest SD resulted in the least $C_{%\;TOC}$ and vice versa. This result indicates that SD of compost can not serve as a concrete predictor of compost mineralization as SD is subject not only to maturity of compost but also to characteristics of co-composting materials such as rice hull (low SD) and sawdust (high SD). Meanwhile, such pattern of $C_{%\;TOC}$ collaborated with pH, C/N, $K_2SO_4$-extractable C, and molar ratio of $NH_4^+$ to $NO_3^-$ of the composts that are regarded as chemical indices of the progress of composting. Therefore, for better prediction of compost mineralization in soils, it is necessary to consider both SD and other chemical indices (pH, C/N, and molar ratio of $NH_4^+$ to $NO_3^-$).

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.559-564
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• 2011

Soil microbial functions are considered to be effective in assessing the severity of heavy metal pollution. Therefore, this study was carried out to examine the effect of heavy metals on nitrogen mineralization by measuring the releasing pattern of inorganic nitrogen ($NH_4^+$-N and $NO_3^-$-N) in a soil treated with heavy metals. A factorial combination of two heavy metals (Zn and Cd) treated with three concentrations (50, 100 and $150{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}$ soils) was used in a laboratory incubation. Nitrogen mineralization was determined at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 days after the treatments replicated four times. Soil sample free from heavy metals was served as the control. The amount of nitrogen mineralization from heavy metal treated soils was found to be decreased at an increasing rate during the first 21 days of incubation. However, as the incubation progressed, nitrogen mineralization was found to be decreased at decreasing rates. Furthermore, during this period, nitrogen mineralization in Cd treated soils was significantly lower ($P{\leq}0.05$) than that of the control. Soils treated with Cd at the concentration of $150{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}$ showed the lowest N mineralization throughout the incubation. Nitrogen mineralization in Zn treated soils ($50{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}$) was found to be higher than the other heavy metal treated soils. On the base of present findings, nitrogen mineralization of soil could be considered as a viable assessment of the degree of heavy metal pollution.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.56-60
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• 2017

Mineralization is an important biological process for conversion of organic nitrogen (N) to inorganic N which can be used by plants directly. To investigate the effect of different manures on soil mineralization, the soil amended with cattle (CtM), goat (GM), chicken manure (ChM) and pig slurry (PS) were incubated under in vitro condition and ammonium N ($NH_4{^+}-N$), ammonification rate and ammonia emission were determined for eighty-four days. $NH_4{^+}-N$ was the highest in PS-amended soil for the whole experimental period. $NH_4{^+}-N$ in PS-amended soil was gradually decreased until day 84, whereas it was rapidly decreased for the first 14 days and then slightly increased until 84 days in ChM-, CtM- and GM-amended soil. The ammonification rate showed negative value for the first 14 days in all treatments. From day 14, ammonification rate started to increase in CtM- and ChM-amended soil, whereas it was maintained in GM- and PS-amended soil until day 84. The daily ammonia emission was the highest in PS-amended soil ($41mg\;kg^{-1}d^{-1}$), followed by CtM-, ChM-, and GM-amended soil at day 1. It was gradually decreased until day 84 in all treatments. The total $NH_3$ emission was the highest in PS-amended soil with $0.6mg\;kg^{-1}$ for 84 days, while less than $0.1mg\;kg^{-1}$ in three other plots. These results indicate that different manures showed different soil ammonification rate and $NH_3$ emission.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 1997

North Caralina의 대표적인 piedmont 토양에 내재하고 있는 질소무기화 및 질산화 과정에 대한 결정은 식물체 잔사 처리로 인한 효과에 관한 이해를 필요로 한다. 질소무기화 및 질산화 과정은 토양종류 및 식물체의 종류에 따라 유의성 있게 영향을 받았다. 식물체 잔사를 처리한 토양의 질소 무기화 및 질산화량은 계속적인 배양 기간에 따라 꾸준히 증가되었으며, 질소무기화 및 질산화량은 배양 기간 동안 각각 $9.77{\mu}g/kg{\sim}143.80{\mu}g/kg$과 $5.31{\mu}g/kg{\sim}145.66{\mu}g/kg$ 이었다. 질소무기화 과정은 $NH_4-N$보다는 $NO_3-N$에 더 영향을 받았다. 전반적으로 가장 많은 질소무기화 및 질산화량은 Chewela와 Wehadkee 토양에서 발생하였으며, Enon과 Mecklenburg 토양에서 낮은 수치로 나타났다. 식물체 잔사 효율은 옥수수 식물체 잔사 처리에서 가장 낮았으며, 콩 식물체 잔사 처리에서 가장 높은 것으로 관측되었다. 저 투입 농업체계에서 콩 식물체의 잔사 처리가 North Caralina의 대표적인 Piedmont의 질소상태를 증진시키는 피복작물로서 유효하다고 사료된다.