• ALGAE
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.91-103
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• 2016

A goal of phylogeography is to relate phylogenetic patterns to potential historic and contemporary geographic isolating events. Genetic breaks found in phylogeographic studies may denote boundaries between more generally applicable biogeographic regions. We investigated the distribution of Lessonia variegata, an important habitat forming alga, found on most rocky shores around New Zealand’s main islands, plus related species from surrounding waters. L. variegata has been shown to consist of four distinct cryptic species. Our aim was to compare the distribution of L. variegata with proposed bioregions; and to develop phylogeographic hypotheses to explain its present day distribution. Both a mitochondrial (atp8-sp) and plastid (RuBisCo spacer) marker, with different mutation rates, were used to gain information of the phylogenetic history of Lessonia. The data revealed high phylogeographic structuring and reciprocal endemism for all L. variegata cryptic species. One species (L. variegata / N) is confined to the northern part of the North Island of New Zealand; L. variegata / W is found at the southeast of the North Island and the northern South Island; L. variegata / K is endemic to the northeast South Island; and L. variegata / S is restricted to the southern part of the South Island. No overlapping areas of L. variegata species distribution were found. The data showed that genetic breaks in Lessonia do mostly correlate to bioregions, and highlight the importance of Cape Campbell at the northeast of the South Island and East Cape in the North Island, well known phylogeographic breaks, as a barrier between adjacent species.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.113-115
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• 2004

Six generations (P$_1$, P$_2$, F$_1$, BC$_1$, BC$_2$ and F$_2$) of four bivoltine silkworm crosses (SKAU-R-1 ${\times}$ Yakwei, SKAU-R-6 ${\times}$ Yakwei, CSR$_2$ ${\times}$ CSR$_4$ and SH$_{6}$${\times}$ NB$_4$D$_2$) were evaluated in a completely randomized block design with 5 replications for each treatment. The generation mean 2 in respect of 3 metric traits (single cocoon weight, single shell weight, and shell ratio ％), were subjected to Cavallis joint scaling test. Additive dominance model was found to be adequate in CSR$_2$${\times}$CSR$_4$ and SH$_{6}$${\times}$ NB$_4$D$_2$ for single cocoon weight and shell weight and SKAU-R-6 ${\times}$ Yakwei for shell ratio(％). Whereas, in rest of the crosses epistasis was evident in the traits under investigation. Magnitude of additive gene effect (d) was greater than dominance(h) in SH$_{6}$${\times}$NB$_4$D$_2$ and SKUA-R-6${\times}$Yakwei for shell ratio (％) and in CSR$_2$${\times}$ CSR$_4$ for shell weight. Thus selection for these traits in early segregating generations of these crosses would be effective for obtaining considerable genetic gain. gain.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2007

흰털오가피의 면역활성 증진 효과를 알아보기 위하여 선발된 수컷 마우스를 대상으로 하여 발효유에 흰털오가피 (뿌리 : 잎 : 줄기)와 더덕 열수추출건조물을 (5 : 2 : 1.5) : 1.5 비율로 혼합하여 투여한 그룹 1 mg/mL(A), 3 mg/mL(B), 9 mg/mL(C) 3그룹으로 나누어 임상적용 경로인 경구투여를 선택하여 발효유를 각각 3 mL/kg씩 위내로 직접 투여하였다. 대조군은 발효유만 먹인 그룹(D)과 식염수만 먹인 그룹(E)을 두었다. 흰털오가피의 함량이 ICR계 수컷 마우스의 면역기능에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아본 결과 모든 그룹에서 마우스의 증체량과 체중 증가는 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았고, 7주와 10주령에 안락사 시킨 마우스의 각 장기 무게에서도 간, 신장, 심장, 폐, 고환의 무게에서는 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 비장계수는 7주령 C군과 10주령 B군에서 유의성(p<0.05)있는 증가가 있었으며, 식이 지속기간이 길어질수록 증가된 반면, 흉선계수는 모든 군에서 유의성 있는 증가가 관찰되지 않았다. 항체생산 세포수는 흰털오가피 투여군이 대조군에 비해 증가하였으며, 7주령에 비해 10주령이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 항원에 대한 항체 생성량을 알아보기 위하여 혈구응집반응을 실시한 결과 흰털오가피 투여군이 대조군에 비하여 증가하는 경향을 보였고 10주령 C군에서 유의성 있는 차이를 보였다. 면역글로블린 농도는 흰털오가피 투여군에서 증가하였고, 7 및 10주령 C군에서 유의성이 있었다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.827-836
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• 2001

L자 형태의 스트립 급전 구조는 두꺼운 유전체 기판 (두께=0.1λ)을 갖는 마이크로 스트립 안테나에 있어 적합한 구조이다. L자 형태의 스트립 급전 구조는 방사 패치와 결합하여 캐패시턴스 성분을 발생시켜 스트립 자체에 의해 발생되는 인덕턴스 성분을 억제시킨다. 본 논문에서는 PCS대역(1,750~1,870 MHz)과 IMT-2000대역(1,920~2,170MHz)의 광대역 주파수(420 MHz)를 모두 만족시킬 수 있는 L자 형태로 급전되는 안테나를 두 개 배열한 형태의 안테나도 소개한다. 이들 두 안테나는 모두 패스밴드에서 안정된 방사패턴을 가지며 임피던스 대역폭은 중심주파수 (1,960 MHz)의 31%(VSWR<1.5, 615 MHz) 이상을 가지고 약 7 dBi의 평균 이득을 갖는다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.61-71
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• 1992

This study was designed to evaluate the anti hypercholesterolemic effect in either soybean oil or lard containing hypercholesterol diet in rats. Rats were fed, ad libitum, for 5 weeks with diets containing 0, 5, 10% of L.edodes in either soybean oil or lard with 1% exogenous cholesterol. Forty-two male sprague-dawley rats weighing 71.6$\pm$8.1g were divided into 6 groups. The results of this study were summairzed as follows: 1. Weight gain, total feed intake, feed intake efficiency ratio, total calorie intake and calorie efficiency ratio during five weeks showed significant difference among groups. The lowest value was found in soybean oil ＋ L.edodes-free group and the highest value was found in lard ＋ L.edodes-free group. The weight of organs were significantly higher in lard groups than soybean oil groups. 2. The contents of serum triglyceride showed significant difference kinds of lipids. It tended to be lower soybean oil groups than lard groups. It was difference with dietary L.edodes levels in soybean oil groups. The contents of total serum cholesterol showed significant difference by kinds of lipids, it was lower soybean oil groups than lard groups. But it was not differ with dietary L.edodes levels in soybean oil groups. 3. The contents of total liver cholesterol showed no difference kinds of lipids. And it was lower in soybean oil groups than lard groups. This result showed that the soybean oil decreased the contents of total liver cholesterol.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.180-193
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity is a major cause of metabolic disorders; to prevent obesity, research is ongoing to develop natural and safe ingredients with few adverse effects. In this study, we determined the anti-obesity effects of Rosa multiflora root extract (KWFD-H01) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: The anti-obesity effects of KWFD-H01in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and SD rats were examined using various assays, including Oil Red O staining, gene expression analyses, protein expression analyses, and blood biochemical analyses. RESULTS: KWFD-H01 reduced intracellular lipid accumulation and inhibited the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine (CCAAT)/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPα), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP-1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in 3T3-L1 cells. KWFD-H01 also reduced body weight, weight gain, and the levels of triglycerides, total and LDL-cholesterol, glucose, and leptin, while increasing high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and adiponectin in SD rats. PPARγ, C/EBPα, SREBP-1c, ACC, and FAS protein expression was inhibited in the epididymal fat of SD rats. CONCLUSION: Overall, these results confirm the anti-obesity effects of KWFD-H01 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and SD rats, indicating their potential as baseline data for developing functional health foods or pharmaceuticals to control obesity.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.635-643
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 무선 LAN 시스템에서 편파 다이버시티를 사용하기 위한 이중편파 특성을 가지는 2${\times}$2 배열 안테나를 설계, 제작하였다. 이중편파 안테나의 대역폭과 격리특성을 개선하고자 개구면 결합 급전 구조와 L형 이중 프루브 급전 구조를 사용하였다. 제작된 안테나의 -15dB 기준 반사손실 대역폭은 개구면 결합 급전에서 210MHz, L형 이중 프루브 급전에서 280MHz로 측정되었다. 두 입력포트간의 격리특성은 -40dB 이하이며, 안테나 이득은 무선 LAN 동작주파수 대역에서 14.3$\pm$0.2dBi로 측정되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.395-399
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• 1999

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of conditioning a complex (20% whey, 10% lactose, 4% plasma protein, 4% wheat gluten and 2% blood meal) diet on growth performance of weanling pigs. In Exp. 1,180 pigs (average initial BW of 6.4 kg) were fed the experimental diet (1.7% lysine) during a 7-d growth assay. Treatments were a meal control (M), standard (ST), and expander (EX) conditioned mash or pellets. Rate and efficiency of gain were decreased by 39% and 21% (p<0.005) respectively, for pigs fed EX diets compared to those fed the ST diet. In Exp. 2,196 pigs (average initial BW of 6.5 kg) were used to determine the effects of EX operating conditions on nutritional value of a pelleted complex diet. When steam conditioning temperature (prior to expanding) was $54^{\circ}C$, increasing cone pressure of the EX from 0 to 7 to 14 kg/cm2 resulted in linear decreases in rate of gain of weaned pigs (p<0.006), suggesting heat damage of the diet. Increasing conditioning temperature (i.e., adding steam) of the diets from 46 to 54 to $63^{\circ}C$ (cone pressure at $12kg/cm^2$) resulted in improved rate of gain (p<0.04) of the pigs. However, none of the pigs fed expanded diets compared favorably to the pigs fed the conditioned $(54^{\circ}C)$ pellets processed with no cone pressure. In Exp. 3,168 pigs (average initial BW of 6.6 kg) were used to determine the effects of expanding the various components of the diet. Treatments were M and ST pellets as controls, EX-corn, EX-corn soybean-meal, EX corn-soybean meal-oil, and EX-complete diet. Efficiency of gain was increased by 13% with EX portions of the diet compared to the mash control, but there was a marked decrease in performance when the complete diet was expanded (p<0.001). Expanded corn-soybean meal-oil supported the greatest ADG with a 19% increase compared to the average of the EX corn and EX corn-soybean meal treatments (p<0.005). In conclusion, our results suggest no benefit from expanding complete phase-I diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.198-203
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the effects of feeding high protein and low energy milk replacer (HPR; CP 25%, ME 3.6 Mcal/kg DM) with low protein and high energy milk replacer (HPR; CP 21%, ME 4.2 Mcal/kg DM) on feed consumption, body weight (BW) gain, health and selected blood metabolites in Holstein calves during the pre-weaning period. At each feeding, each milk replacer (MR) was prepared by mixing 0.125 kg of dry MR in 1L of warm ($60^{\circ}C$) water. The calves were fed either HPR (n = 10) or HER (n = 10) using mobile plastic bottles fitted with soft rubber nipples. All calves received 1.8L diluted MR at each feeding 3 times daily during the first 4 weeks of age; feeding frequency was reduced to 2 times daily for the next 2 weeks of age and then to once daily during the last week of the experiment. Jugular blood was sampled in calves at day 7, 14, 21, 35 and 49 of age to enumerate selected metabolites. Daily MR, starter and hay intake during the pre-weaning period were similar in calves fed HPR and HER. Consumption of starter, MGH and total DM steadily increased with the age of calves. Final BW, daily BW gain and feed efficiency of calves were not affected by treatments. Serum glucose, cholesterol, creatinine were decreased (p<0.05) and blood urea N was increased (p<0.05) in calves fed HER or HPR as they grew older. Serum glucose, total protein and albumin concentrations in calves were not affected by treatments. Serum GPT and GOT concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in calves on HPR than on HER. Scouring score, days scoured, respiratory score, rectal temperature and general appearance were similar in calves fed HPR and HER. Poor general appearance (dullness and droopy ears) of calves fed either HPR or HER reflected nutritional insufficiency and stress. In conclusion, energy and protein concentrations in MR did not affect feed intake and BW gain in Holstein calves during the pre-weaning period. Poor general appearance and lower BW gain of calves compared to those reported in the literature for milk fed calves prompt a demand for further research to improve the daily nutrient supply to MR-fed calves.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 ultra wide band(UWB) 대역(3.1-10.6 GHz)에서 동작하는 소형 계단형 개방 슬롯 안테나의 설계 방법에 대하여 연구하였다. 계단형 개방 슬롯 안테나의 접지면에 L형 슬롯을 추가하여 낮은 주파수에서 공진이 발생하도록 하여 소형화하고, 중간주파수 및 고주파수 대역에서 이득을 높이기 위해 스트립 도파기를 추가하였다. L형 슬롯의 길이, 도파기와 슬롯 안테나 사이의 간격 및 도파기의 길이에 따른 입력 반사계수와 이득 특성을 분석하였다. $30mm{\times}30mm$ 크기로 최적화된 안테나를 FR4 기판 상에 제작하고 특성을 실험한 결과 전압 정재파비(voltage standing wave ratio; VSWR)가 2 이하인 대역은 3.02-11.04 GHz으로 UWB 대역에서 동작함을 확인하였다.