• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.90-102
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was investigated the protective effect of Spatholobi Caulis water extract against cadmium (CdCl2, Cd)-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Methods: To induce acute hepatic toxicity, Cd (4 mg/kg body weight) was dissolved in normal saline and intravenously injected into rats. Then, the rats received either a vehicle or silymarin (100 mg/kg) or Spatholobi Caulis water extract (30, 50 mg/kg/day) for 3 days, and were exposed to a single injection of Cd 24 h after the last Spatholobi Caulis/vehicle treatment. Results: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly increased by Cd treatment. In contrast, pretreatment with Spatholobi Caulis reduced ALT, AST and LDH. Cd-intoxicated liver damage was significantly inhibited by treatment of Spatholobi Caulis 30 and 50 mg/kg at histopathological observations in the present study. Conclusions: These results can be considered as direct evidence that Spatholobi Caulis has favorable inhibitory effects on the Cd-intoxicated liver damages. The efficacy of Spatholobi Caulis 30 mg/kg shows similar effects to that of silymarin 100 mg/kg, and more favorable hepatoprotective effects were observed in Spatholobi Caulis 50 mg/kg as compared with silymarin 100 mg/kg against Cd-intoxicated hepatopathies in the present study.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 1997

A new sensing system based on the immobilization of luminescent batcteria, Photobacterium phosphoreum, was proposed for continuous real-time monitoring of polluants. The response curves demonstrate that Photobacterium phosphoreum immobilized on the strontium alginate was very sensitive to seven reference chemicals used. The significant inhibitory concentrations for bioluminescence emission were 5 ppm for Pb(NO3)2, NiCl2, CdCl2, 50 ppm for NaAsO2, 0.1ppm for HgCl2, 0.5ppm for pentachlorophenol and less than 5ppm for SDS, respectively. The alginate mixed-cells (AMC) retained their luminescence during experimental period (29 days) under storage condition of -8$0^{\circ}C$. The variables affecting performance of continuous flow through monitoring (CFTM) were optimized in order to ensure stability and efficiency. The flow through cell with strontium-alginate immobilized luminescent bacteria was tested with salicylate and 4-nitrophenol and a rapid response of luminescence was recorded by time drive mode in bioluminescence spectrometer after exposure to both toxicants.

• Clean Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.217-222
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• 2002

The effects of initial cadmium ion concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300ppm), and feeding velocities (30, 45, 60mL/hr) on the removal ratio of cadmium ion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 immobilized in Ca-alginate gel beads in a packed-bed column reactor were investigated at operating temperature $37^{\circ}C$. The removal ratio of cadmium ion with variable initial concentration was decreased in the following order : 50ppm > 100ppm > 200ppm > 300ppm. The optimum removal conditions of cadmium ion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were initial concentration 50ppm, feeding velocity 30mL/hr.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.223-232
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• 1995

New two macrocyclic compounds using as carriers of liquid emulsion menbrame, have been synthesized. These reuslts provide evidance for the usefulness of the theory in designing the systems. The efficiency of selective transport for heavy metal ions have been discussed from the membrane systems that make use of $SCN^-$,<>,$I^-$,CN- and $Cl^-$ ion as co-anions in source phase and make use of $S_2O_3^{2-}$ and $P_2O_7^{4-}$ ion as receiving phase, respectively. The transport rate of M(II) was highest when a maximum amount of the M(II) in the source phase was present as$Cd(SCN)_2$$(P[SCN^-]= 0.40M)$, $Hg(SCN)_2([SCN^-]=0.40M)$ and Pd(CN)$([CN^-]= 0.40M)$. The Cd(II) and Pb(II) over each competitive cations were well transprted with 0.3M-S2032- and 0.3M-P2O74-, respectively in the receiving phase. Results of this study indicate that two criteria must be met in order to have effective macrocycle-mediated transport in these emulsion system. First one must effective extraction of the $M^{n+}$ into the toluene systems. The effectiveness of this extraction is the greatest if locK for $M^{n+}$macrocycle interaction is large and if the macrocycle is very insoluble in the aqueous phase. Second, the ratio of the locK values (or Mn+-receiving phase ($S_2O_3^{2-}$- or $P_2O_7^{4-}$) to $M^{n+}$-macrocycle (($L_1$이나 $L_2$) interaction must be large enough to ensure quantitative stripping of Mn+(($Cd^{2+}$,$Pb^{2+}$)at the toluene receiving Phase interface. $L_1$(3.5-benzo-10,13,18,21-tetraoxa-1,7,diazabicyclo(8,5,5) eicosan) forms a stable ($Cd^{2+}$ and >,$Pb^{2+}$ complexes and $L_1$ is very insoluble in water and its $Cd^{2+}$ and >,$Pb^{2+}$ complex is considerably less stable than $Cd^{2+}$-(S2O3)22- and $Pd^{2+}-P_2O_7^{4-}$ complexes. On the other hand, the stability of the $Hg^{2+}$)+-$L_1$( complex exceed that of the $Hg^{2+}$- (S2O3)22- and Hg2+-P2O74-, and the distribution coefficient of $L_2$(5,8,15,18,23,26-hexaoxa-1,12- diazabicyclo-(10,8,8) octacosane) is much smaller than that of $L_1$. Therefore, the partitioning of Lr is favored by the aqueous receiving Phase, and little heavy metal ions transport is seen despite the large logK for $Hg^{2+}$+-$L_1$ and $Mn^+$($Cd^{2+}$+, $Pb^{2+}$+ and $Hg^{2+}$)-$L_2$ interactions. Key Words : macrocycles, transport, heavy metal, co-anion, source phase, receiveing, complex separation, interaction, destribution coefficient.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.87-95
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• 1995

The concentrations of cadmium, metallothionein(MT), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) were investigated in liver and kidney of rats which were fed the water containing 100 ppm cadmium chloride with basal diet and 5% Agaricus bisporus diet during 16 weeks. Cadmium concentrations in liver and kidney increased during 16 weeks, and there were significantly higher accumulation of cadmium in the kidney than in the liver. The concentrations of MTs in liver and kidney decreased linearly during 16 weeks, but there was no significant difference between control and experimental group. MT concentrations of liver were significantly higher than those of kidney. The superoxide dismutase activities and lactate dehydrogenase activities were not affected by the diet, but there was a significant difference by the duration of administration. These data indicate that the kidney is a major target organ of chronic cadmium poisoning, and suggest that Cd-induced hepatic injury, via release of Cd-MT, may play an important role in the nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, induction of MT occurs in both the liver and the kidney after administration of $CdCl_2$. However, the kidney is less responsive than the liver to the induction of MT by cadmium, which may contribute to making the kidney the target organ of toxicity during chronic Cd exposure.

• Carbon letters
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2008

Oxidized activated carbons were prepared by reacting steam-activated carbon developed from pecan shells with nitric acid of varying strength (15, 30, 45 and 60%). The textural properties and the chemistry of the surface of the non-oxidized and of the oxidized carbons were determined from nitrogen adsorption and base neutralization capacities. The uptake of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution by these carbons was determined by kinetic and equilibrium experiments as well as by the column method. Treatment with nitric acid brought about drastic decrease in surface area and remarkable increase in the pore size of the carbon with these changes depending on the strength of nitric acid. Nitric acid increased the surface acidity by developing new surface oxygen functional groups of acidic nature. $HNO_3$-oxidized carbons exhibited high adsorption capacities for Pb(II) and Cd(II). The adsorption of these ions increased with the decrease of the surface pH of the carbon and with the increase of the solution pH from 2.5 to 6 and 7. The amount adsorbed from lead and cadmium was also related to the amount of surface acidity, the pH of the point of zero charge and on some metal ion parameters. Cadmium and lead uptake by the investigated carbons followed pseudo-second order model and the equilibrium sorption data fitted Langmuir adsorption model.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2009

A bacterial strain producing intracellular phytase was isolated from cultivable soil near cowsheds and identified as a fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. BUN1. The BUN1 phytase, partially purified by cation and anion exchange chromatography, exhibited its optimal activity at $40^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.5. As for substrate specificity, it was very specific for phytate and showed little activity on other phosphorylated conjugates. Its activity was greatly inhibited by metal ions such as $Cu^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$, and $Zn^{2+}$. Addition of corn starch to PSM (phytasesynthetic medium) [0.5% sodium phytate, 0.5% $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, 0.5% KCl, 0.01% $MgSO_4\cdot7H_2O$, 0.01% $CaCl_2\cdot2H_2O$, 0.01% NaCl, 0.001% $FeSO_4\cdot7H_2O$, 0.001% $MnSO_4\cdot4H_2O$; pH 6.5] for the phytase production significantly induced its enzyme activity in comparison with other carbon sources tested.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 1997

A new sensing system based on the immobilization of luminescent bacteria, photobacterium phosphoreum, was proposed for continuous real-time monitoring of pollutants. The response curves demonstrate that Photobacterium phosphoreum immobilized on the strontium alginate were very sensitive to seven reference chemicals used. The significant inhibitory concentrations for bioluminescence emission were 5 ppm for Pb$(NO_3)_2$), $NiCl_2$, $CdCl_2$, 50 ppm for $NaASO_2$, 0.1 ppm for $HgCl_2$, 0.5 ppm for pentachlorophenol and less than 5 ppm for SDS, respectively. The alginate mixed-cells (AMC) retained their luminescence during experimental period (29 days) under storage condition of $-80^{\circ}C$. The variables affecting performance of continuous flow through monitoring (CFTM) was optimized in order to ensure stability and efficiency. The flow through cell with strontium-alginate immobilized luminescent bacteria was tested with salicylate and 4-nitrophenol. A rapid response of luminescence was recorded by time drive mode in bioluminescence spectrometer after exposure to both toxicants.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.799-809
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• 2006

Hydrobromic acid salts of new N, N, O tridentate ligands containing phenol, 2-[(2-Methylamino- ethyl- amino)-methyl]-phenol(H-MMP. 2HBr), 5-Bromo-2-[(2-Methylamino-ethylamino)-methyl]-phenol (Br- MMP. 2HBr), 5-Chloro-2-[(2-Methylamino-ethylamino)-methyl]-phenol(Cl-MMP. 2HBr), 5-Methyl-2-[(2-Methylamino-ethylamino)-methyl]-phenol(Me-MMP. 2HBr), 5-Methoxy-2-I(2-Methylamino-ethylamino)- methyl]-phenol(MeO- MMP. 2HBr) and. 1-[(2-Methylamino-ethylamino)- methyl]-naphthalen-2-ol(Nap- MMP. 2HBr) were synthesized. The synthesized ligands were confirmed by C. H. N. atomic analysis, UV-visible and IR spectroscopies, $^1$H NMR, $^{13}$C NMR and mass analysis. The potentiometry study revealed that the proton dissociation constants(logK$_n^H$) of the synthesized ligands and stability constants (logK$_{ML}$, logK$_{LM2}$) of transition metal complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions occurred in three steps and the order of the calculated overall proton dissociation constants(log$\beta_p$) and stability constants (logK$_{ML}$) of ligands was Br-MMP. 2HBr < Cl-MMP 2HBr < H-MMP. 2HBr < Nap-MMP. 2HBr < Me-MMP. 2HBr < MeO-MMP. 2HBr. The order showed a similar trend to that of Hammett substituent constants($\delta_p$). The synthesized ligands usually form 2:1(ML$_2$) complexes with transition metal ions. The order of the stability constants of each transition metal ions was Co(II) < Ni(II) < Cu(II) ;> Zn(II) ;> Cd(II) ;> Pb(II).

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.139-147
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• 1984

This in vitro study was employed to clarify the effects of several pollutants i.e. $SO_2$, fluoride, cadmium(Cd), aluminum(Al) and NaCl, on the organogenesis and growth responses of shoot-tip, stem and multiple-buds segments derived from hypocotyl or cotyledon culture of petunia seedlings. ${Na_2}{SO_3}$levels of more than 200$\mu{g}$/ml had significantly reduced organogenesis, growth, and chlorophyll content. The injuries caused by ${Na_2}{SO_3}$, concentration of more than 400$\mu{g}$/ml were alleviated by increasing hydrogenion concentration of medium, indicating some relationship between two factors. Organogenesis was not affected by the fluoride concentration up to 100ppm in the media, but the growth and chlorophyll content were greatly reduced by the fluoride. The effect of Cd depended on the explant sources used for the culture; 1.0ppm was effective for fresh weight increase in shoot tip culture, and 3.0ppm in stem segments culture. Organogenesis and growth were greatly reduced by more than 10.0 Cd treatment. Growth and formation of shoots were better with Na conc. of 0.3% compared to control, but those of roots were inhibited. Na concentration goes over 1.0%, organogenesis and subsequent growth were inhibited, and chlorophyll synthesis was drastically reduced. Chlorophyll content was increased on the medium supplemented with Al 50$\mu{g}$/ml compared to control. However the formation and growth of shoots were greatly inhibited with more than 400$\mu{g}$/ml and roots were not produced at all.