• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.262-274
• /
• 2014

In this study, changes of nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants were determined by using a multi-functional grinder. Contents of vitamin C and vitamin $B_1$ were measured by HPLC, and antioxidant activity was estimated toward free radical scavenging effect in using DPPH. Contents of minerals(Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, K, and Ca) were computed by ICP-Mass. Results identified that the contents of vitamin C was $44.06{\pm}10.86mg/kg$ in mandarine, $132.1{\pm}22.80mg/kg$ in orange, and $12.79{\pm}2.01mg/kg$ in pineapple by using the hand blender for 3 minutes, and the loss rate of vitamin C contents were 12%, 7%, and 12% in comparison with the control group. In addition, the contents of vitamin C were $41.89{\pm}5.55mg/kg$ in mandarine, $131.51{\pm}12.67mg/kg$ in orange and $16.76{\pm}1.47mg/kg$ in pineapple when using of the grinder for 3 minutes, and the loss rate of vitamin C contents were 16%, 8%, and 17%. The results of vitamin $B_1$ showed a tendency to decrease in the same manner as the content of vitamin C even if there was no significant difference. Furthermore, the result of antioxidant activity revealed that free radical scavenging effect of sample was 60% decreased when using a hand blender and 10% decreased when using a grinder. Thus decrease rate of antioxidant activity when using the hand blender was higher than grinder. Lastly, current study could find any significant differences among the 16 food samples for cooking when employing the multi-functional grinder(p<0.05).

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.41-49
• /
• 2019

Probing the Na environments in Na silicate and aluminosilicate glasses is essential to the macroscopic properties of melts in the Earth. In particular, exploring the atomic structure of Na silicate and aluminosilicate glasses reveals Na-O distance, which plays an important role in transport properties of melts. Here we report the local environment around Na using $^{23}Na$ magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR. We also obtain $^{23}Na$ isotropic chemical shift (${\delta}_{iso}$) of Na silicate and aluminosilicate glasses with varying composition using Dmfit program. The Q mas 1/2 model simulates the experimental results with three simulated peaks while the CzSimple model simulates with one peak. The ${\delta}_{iso}$ decreases with increasing $SiO_2$ content in Na silicate and aluminosilicate glasses. The ${\delta}_{iso}$ increases with increasing $Na_2O$ content in Na-Ca silicate and Na aluminosilicate glasses when the $SiO_2$ content is fixed. Considering the ${\delta}_{iso}$ of Na aluminosilicate glasses available in the previous studies, together with the current simulation results, we confirm that the ${\delta}_{iso}$ has positive correlation with Al / (Al + Si). Those experimental results were reproduced better using Q mas 1/2 model. The disorder of Na in Na silicate and aluminosilicate glasses can be revealed through the simulation of 1D $^{23}Na$ MAS NMR spectra using Dmfit program in a short time.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.189-206
• /
• 1988

The effects of ouabain on the contractile and electrical activities were investigated in the isolated preparations of guinea-pig taenia coli, and compared with those of vanadate. Spontaneous contractions were recorded with force transducer, and electrical activites were measured by use of suction electrode, or single sucrose-gap technique. The contractions were induced by the electrical stimulation for 5 seconds every 1 minute with alternating current (60 Hz, 3.0 V/cm) through the platinum electrodes located in parallel with the long axis of the preparation. All experiments were performed in tris-buffered Tyrode solution which was aerated with $100%{\;}O_2$ and kept at $35^{\circ}C$. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Responses of spontaneous contractions to ouabain were concentration-dependent; $10^{-7}M$ ouabain caused a rise of basal tone. Above the concentration of $10^{-6}M$ ouabain, an initial increase followed by a decrease in tension was observed. 2) A continuous spike discharge was induced by the administration of $10^{-7}M$ ouabain. Above $10^{-6}M$ ouabain, a transient initial increase followed by a decrease in spike frequency and amplitude was produced, and finally membrane potential was sustained at a certain level without a spike discharge. 3) The characteristic response to $10^{-7}M$ ouabain was not blocked by the pretreatment with $10^{-7}M$ atropine. 4) The electrically induced contractions were completely suppressed at the concentration of $2{\times}10^{-7}M$ ouabain. These contractions were blocked more rapidly in paralled with the increase in ouabain concentration. 5) Effects of vanadate on the spontaneous activities were quite different from those of ouabain; $10^{-6}M$ vanadate increased the amplitude of contractions and $10^{-5}M$ vanadate increased slightly both amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions. $10^{-4}M$ vanadate showed irregular phasic contractions superimposed on the increased basal tone. 6) $10^{-5}M$ vanadate depolarized the membrane potential and shortened the interval between the bursts of spike discharge, whereas $10^{-4}M$ vanadate induced continuous spike discharge with membrane depolarization. 7) Vanadate caused a characteristic inhibitory response to the contractions induced by electrical stimulation; An initial rapid inhibition of tension development and then gradual recovery to a certain level. From the above results, the following conclusions could be made: 1) The rise of basal tone at $10^{-7}M$ ouabain is due to continuous spike discharge without a silent period. The continuous spike discharge is likely to be associated with a slight membrane depolarization caused by the blockage of Na pump. 2) The biphasic response induced by above $10^{-6}M$ ouabain seems to occur by the different mechanisms. The initial increase in tension is associated with depolarization along with an increase in spike frquency, whereas the subsequent relaxation occurs through a non-electrical mechanism. 3) The characteristic response to $10^{-7}M$ ouabain is resulted not from the action on intrinsic nerve terminal, but from its direct action on the membrane of smooth muscle cells. 4) The phasic contractions superimposed on the increased basal tone at the concentration of $10^{-4}M$ vanadate is resulted from the continuous spike discharge with membrane depolarization, of which mechanism remains unknown. 5) The inhibitory action of ouabain on the electrically induced contractions suggests that the increasein intracellular Na in some way inhibits the electrically induced $Ca^{2+}$ influx. The mechanism of vanadate action on the induced contractions remains unknown.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.210-218
• /
• 2012

This study was carried out to analyze the vegetation properties, soil characteristics and ordination of Bletilla striata population in South Korea. The $Bletilla$ $striata$ population was classified into $Juniperus$ $rigida$ dominant population, $Rhododendron$ $yedoense$ var. $poukhanense$ dominant population, $Rhus$ $javanica$ dominant population, $Bletilla$ $striata$ typical population. $Bletilla$ $striata$ were mainly distributed along the coast of south-western regions of the Korean penninsula and it's population was located at an elevation of 4m to 40m. In the study sites, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphate, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, cation exchange capacity and soil pH were 2.38-6.70%, 0.09-0.27%, 1.81-6.85mg/kg, 1.08-1.72$cmol^+/kg$, 3.56-7.71$cmol^+/kg$, 1.52-3.21$cmol^+/kg$, 5.28-16.95$cmol^+/kg$ and 4.60-6.01 respectively. $Rhododendron$ $yedoense$ var. $poukhanense$ dominant population was found in the steep sloped area that has high percentage of organic matter, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity and pH than other populations. $Rhus$ $javanica$ dominant population was found in the gentle sloped area that has less percentage of organic matter, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity and pH. $Juniperus$ $rigida$ dominant population and $Bletilla$ $striata$ typical population were found in the medium sloped area that has medium percentage of organic matter, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity and pH. Current status of $Bletilla$ $striata$ habitats is very vulnerable with local development constantly threatening the species' survival. Thus, concrete conservation plans to protect natural habitats should be set up as soon as possible.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.581-594
• /
• 2004

CREAHS II carried out an intensive hydrographic survey covering almost entire East Sea in 1999. Hydrographic data from total 203 stations were released to public on the internee. This paper summarized the results of water mass analysis by OHP (Optimum Multiparameter) method that utilizes temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, silicate, nitrate, phosphate and location data as an input data-matrix. A total of eight source water types are identified in the East Sea: four in surface waters(North Korea Surface Water, Tatar Surface Cold Water, East Korean Coastal Water, Modified Tsushima Surface Water), two intermediate water types (Tsushima Middle Water, Liman Cold Water), two deep water types (East Sea Intermediate Water, East Sea Proper Water). Of these NKSW, MTSW and TSCW are the newly reported as the source water type. Distribution of each water types reveals several few interesting hydrographic features. A few noteworthy are summarized as follows: The Tsushima Warm Current enter the East Sea as three branches; East Korea Coastal Water propagates north along the coast around $38^{\circ}N$ then turns to northeastward to $42^{\circ}N$ and moves eastward. Cold waters of northern origin move southward along the coast at the subsurface, which existence the existence of a circulation cell at the intermediate depth of the East Sea. The estimated volume of each water types inferred from the OMP results show that the deep waters (ESIW + ESPW) fill up ca. 90% of the East Sea basins. Consequently the formation and circulation of deep waters are the key factors controlling environmental condition of the East Sea.