• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.440-445
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• 1996

An attempt was made to study the relative composition of Monohydroperoxide isomers of methyl linoleate oxidized to different peroxide values at 60, 90, 120 and $150^{\circ}C$, respectively. HPLC was used to analyze and isolate the monohydroperoxide isomers fractionated by silica gel column after reduction with NaBH.. GC-MS was used to identify four monnhydroperoxide isomers as trimethylsilyl (TMS) in mixtures of oxidized methyl linoleate In the geometrical isomers, the proportions of 9/13-OOH-trans, trant-diene were higher than those of 9/13-OOH-cis, trans-diene at $60^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$. However in the initial stage at $150^{\circ}C$, the proportions of 9/13-OOH-cis, trans-diene were slightly higher than those of 9/13-OOH-trans, trans-diene. In case of positional isomers, equal proportions of 9-OOH-10, 12-diene and 13-OOH-9, 11-diene were found in all samples of methyl linoleate oxidized at different temperatures and peroxide levels.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.790-795
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• 1996

Citrus juice was treated with supercritical carbon dioxide $(SC-CO_{2})$ as an alternative to heat for pectinesterase (PE) inactivation to minimize undesirable changes in flavor, color and ascorbic acid loss caused by the current heat treatment, and the effect of temperature $(40,\;50,\;60^{\circ}C)$, pressure (138, 276 bar) and process time $(5{\sim}130\;min) $ on PE activity was determined. PE in temperature control samples was inactivated by 54% at $40^{\circ}C$ after 130 min, 84% at 50% after 60 min and 83% at $60^{\circ}C$ after 30 min treatment compared to the original juice. PE inactivation in $(SC-CO_{2})$ treated samples at 138 bar was 83% at $40^{\circ}C$ after 130 min, 88% at $50^{\circ}C$ after 20 min and 87% at $60^{\circ}C$ after 10 min. %PE inactivation due to pressure was higher at low temperature and lower at high temperature. Higher temperature, Pressure and longer process time resulted in higher %PE inactivation. Nonlinearity in the curves of PE inactivation at different temperatures and pressures indicated that at least two forms of PE existed in citrus juice with different stabilities.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.77-84
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• 2006

Surface roughness and wafer-level thickness distribution of the non-cyanide Au bumps were characterized with variations of the electroplating current density and the bath temperature. The Au bumps, electroplated at $3mA/cm^{2}\;and\;5mA/cm^{2}$, exhibited the surface roughness of $80{\sim}100nm$ without depending on the bath temperature of $40^{\circ}C\;and\;60^{\circ}C$. The Au bumps, electroplated with $8mA/cm^{2}$ at $40^{\circ}C\;and60^{\circ}C$, exhibited the surface roughness of 800nm and $80{\sim}100nm$, respectively. Wafer-level thickness deviation of the Au bumps became larger with increasing the current density from $3mA/cm^{2}\;to\;8mA/cm^{2}$. More uniform thickness distribution of the Au bumps was obtained at a bath temperature of $60^{\circ}C$ than that of $40^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.24-28
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• 2002

Effect of pretreatment processing (peeling time, drying temperature, sample type) on the quality of hot air drying peony roots was investigated. Peony roots were peeled for 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minute in the peeling machine after water washing. Sample types were whole or cut (thickness of 3mm). Temperatures of hot air drying were 30, 40, 50 and $60^{\circ}C$ The level of water contents in dried sample was $14{\sim}15%$. Drying time was muth reduced as the peeling time, cutting sample types and higher temperature. Contents of paeoniflorin were maintained highest amount (3.48%) in the non-peeling cut sample dried at $30^{\circ}C$ and lowest amount (2.29%) in the 120min-peeling whole one dried at $60^{\circ}C$. Skin color of dried peony roots was heavily discolored in the sample of non-peeling whole type dried at $60^{\circ}C$ and the color was dark brown $({\Delta}E\;was\;46.1)$. When considering shortening of drying time, preservation of active compounds and maintenance of color, the best pretreatment method of drying in peony roots was non-peeling, cut type processing.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.403-412
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• 2013

In this experiment, the effect of internal temperature on the physical properties of Hanwoo beef eye of round (ER) and center of heel (CH) during boiling was investigated. The pH value of Hanwoo beef ER and CH began to increase significantly (p<0.05) compared to raw meat around an internal temperature of $40^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively; in addition, it showed the biggest changes around $70^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$, respectively. No significant difference beyond the temperatures noted above was observed. The $L^*$ value of Hanwoo beef ER and CH began to increase significantly around an internal temperature of $50^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively, while the $a^*$ and $b^*$ values kept decreasing up to $80^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). None of these values showed a significant difference beyond the threshold temperature ($50{\sim}60^{\circ}C$ for the $L^*$ value, $80^{\circ}C$ for the $a^*$ and $b^*$ values). Hanwoo beef ER and CH showed the highest cooking loss and lowest water holding capacity around an internal temperature of $60^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$, respectively. No significant difference was observed beyond those temperatures. The hardness, gumminess and chewiness of Hanwoo beef ER and CH showed the biggest change around an internal temperature of $70^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$, respectively, while their cohesiveness showed the biggest change around $60^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$, respectively. No significant difference was observed beyond those temperatures. The springiness of Hanwoo beef ER and CH shown began to increase significantly around an internal temperature of $70^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$, respectively, while it began to decrease significantly around $90^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). Hanwoo beef ER showed a faster change in its physical properties due to boiling compared to CH.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.147-158
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• 2008

In this study, fermentation characteristics of waste agricultural and forest biomass for production of heat energy were focused to be used in agricultural farm households. The purpose of this study was focused on seeking practical utilization of agricultural and forest biomass wastes in agricultural farm households in the form of thermal energy by means of simple fermentation process. Fermentation process was performed in terms of different raw-materials and their mixture with different ratios. Urea, lime, and bioaids were added as fermenting aids. Moisture contents of fermenting substrates were adjusted to 55~65%. In order to optimize the fermentation process various factors, such as raw-materials, moisture contents, amount of fermenting aids, and practical measurement of hot-water temperature during fermentation were carefully investigated. The optimum condition of fermenting process were obtained from hardwood only and hardwood: softwood (50 : 50) beds. In case of hardwood only the highest temperature was recorded between 60 to $90^{\circ}C$ the lowest temperature was determined to more or less $40^{\circ}C$ and the average temperature was ranged to $50{\sim}60^{\circ}C$ and this temperature ranges were maintained up to 20~30 days. The optimum amount of additives were estimated to ca. 15 kg of urea, 20 kg of bioaids, and 10 kg of lime for 1 ton of substrate. To reach the highest temperature the optimum moisture content of fermenting substrate was proved to 55% among three moisture content treatments of 45%, 55% and 65%. The temperature of hot-water tank installed in fermenting bed of hardwood : grass (50 : 50) showed very different patterns according to measuring positions. In general, temperatures in the mid- and upper-parts of substrate piling were relative higher than lower and surface parts during 45-day fermentation process. The maximum temperature of fermenting stage was determined to $65^{\circ}C$, minimum temperature, more or less $40^{\circ}C$, and average temperature was $60^{\circ}C$. The water temperature of tank exit was ranged to $33{\sim}48^{\circ}C$ during whole measuring periods. It could be concluded that fermentation process of waste agricultural and forest biomass produces a considerable amounts of heat, averaging about $50{\sim}60^{\circ}C$ for maximum 3 months by using the heat exchanger (HX-helical type).

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.668-675
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to collect data of skin temperature and physiological responses which is useful for standardization of insulation measurement in various garments. And we investigated sex and season difference of physiological responses of 60's males and 60's females in hot and cold environment. Healthy ten 60's males and ten 60's females volunteered as subjects. The experiment was conducted three times; One for winter condition($5^{\circ}C$, 45%), another for summer condition($30^{\circ}C$, 65%) and the other for nude condition as control($30^{\circ}C$, 65%). The subjects were sitting for 1 hour with suitable ensemble on each experimental condition in climate chamber. We measured skin temperature, rectal temperature, heart rate, oxygen uptake, sweat rate, blood flow, blood pressure and subjective sensations. We found that skin temperature and most of physiological responses were higher in male subject, summer condition than in female subject, winter condition.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.1 s.60
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• pp.7-10
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• 2007

The interaction between polymers and surfactants was investigated by means of rheological and surface tension measurements. The polymers used in this study were acrylates/$C_{10-30}$ alkyl acrylate crosspolymer (AC) and ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP copolymer (AV). And the surfactants were PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (HC) and polysorbate 60 (P60). HC and P60 made the micelles intervening between AC polymers, resulting in the increase of viscosity. However, HC showed a similar behavior over the wider range of surfactant concentration than P60. Regarding of surface tensions in the same range of surfactant concentration, AC/HC solution showed the area of increasing surface tension with surfactant concentration in contrast to the AC/P60 solution showing no increasing area. It is assumed that the micelles between AC/HC were formed so cooperatively and strongly that the surfactants located at the surface originally moved to the micelles.

• Clean Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.206-212
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• 2010

The adsorption characteristics of quinoline yellow by granular activated carbon were investigated experimently in the batch adsorber and packed column. The adsorptivity of activated carbon for quinoline yellow were largely improved by acidic pH and higher temperature. When the pH was 3 at $60^{\circ}C$, quinoline yellowcould be removed 97 percent of initial concentration(10 mg/L). It was estabilished that the adsorption equilibrium of quinoline yellow on granular activated carbon was successfully fitted by Freundlich isotherm equation in the temperature range from $25^{\circ}C$ to $60^{\circ}C$. The estimated values of k and ${\beta}$ are 38.71~166.60, 0.380~0.490, respectively. The breakthrough curve of activated carbon-packed column depends on the design variables such as initial concentration, bed height, and flow rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.278-286
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• 1987

The results in vestigated produced fluorescence compounds and mycotoxins, studied stability and toxicity of these compounds which were isolated from varicous moistured rice culture extacts inoculated Aspergillus versicolor IFO 30338, 10 kinds of fluorescence compounds were isolated. Sterigmatocystin was produced $38{\mu}g/kg$ in 16%, $329{\mu}g/kg$ in 25% and $380{\mu}g/kg$ in 35% moistured rice 20 days culture respectively. Aflatoxin $B_1$ was produced $3{\mu}g/kg$ in 25% and $12.6{\mu}g/kg$ in 35% moistured rice 20 days culture. In embryo test of isolated fraction 2, 4 and 6 by T.L.C., $LD_{50}$ of fraction 2 was $40{\mu}g/egg$ and fraction 4,6 was $60{\mu}g/egg$, and these compounds were mostly decomposed and fraction 4 and 6 were partly changed into fraction 2 below pH 2 and above pH 10. fraction 2,4 and 6 were all stable when treated 60 min, at $100^{\circ}C$, but were decomposed $60{\sim}65%$ when treated 60 min at $150^{\circ}C$, $95{\sim}100%$ when treated 10 min at $200^{\circ}C$.