• Title/Summary/Keyword: $CO_2$ Elimination

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Drug Interaction of Cimetidine and Cyclosporine in Human (정상지원자에서 Cimetidine과 Cyclosporine의 약물상호작용)

  • Choi, In;Choi, Jun Shik
    • Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.51-63
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    • 1997
  • The effect of cimetidine administration on the pharmacokinetic parameters of cyclosporine were determined in healthy voluteers. This study was performed in 10 volunteers of age ranged 22-48 years and body weight 48-62 kg. This study was performed with cross-over design. Mono cyclosporine and cyclosporine metabolites was extracted from whole blood analysed by fluororescence polarization immune assay (TDX-FLX, Abbott). After coadministration of cimetidine (300 mg) with cyclosporine (300 mg) orally, maximum concentration of mono cyclosporine was significantly increased $1221{\pm}143\;ng/ml\;to\;1562{\pm}184\;ng/ml$ (P<0.05), area under the time curve of cyclosporine (12 hr) also was significantly increased $7478{\pm}829\;ng/ml{\cdot}hr\;to\;9721{\pm}879\;ng/ml{\cdot}hr$ (P<0.05) and absolute baioavailability of cyclosporine was increased $50\pm5.6\%\;to\;57.6\pm6.1\%\;(P<0.05)$ compared to control group. The blood concentrations of cyclopsorine metabolites were significantly decrased (P<0.05) after coadministration of cimetidine. In cimetidine pretreated group, blood mono cyclosporine concentrations were increased significan시y $1220.0\pm203.00\;ng/ml\;to\;1510.0\pm204.00\;ng/ml$ compared with control group (P<0.05). In the mono cyclosporine pharmacokinetic parameter after oral administration absorption rate and maximum concentration were significantly higher in cimetidine coadministered and pretreated group than control group (P<0.05). The ratio of metabolites and mono cyclosporine concentrations was decreased significantly from $70.8\%\;in\;control\;to\;34.8\%$ in coadministration of cimetidine orally. As matter of facts these reults are considered to inhibition of cyclosporine hepatic metabolism and increasing of cyclosporine absorption rate in gastrointestinal tract because of maintaining cyclosporine stability in elevated gastric pH by cimetidine. We considered, it appeares that cimetidine increase bioavailability of cyclosporine by increasing oral absorption and by decreasing hepatic clearance. But the absorption and clearance of cyclosporine was highly variable individually, and therefore we consider that cyclosporine blood level monitoring would be essential in patients with cimetidine co-administration.

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Studies on Elemental Carbon and Its Origin in Black Surface Layer on Stone Pagoda in Urban Environments (도심에 위치한 석탑 표면 흑색층 내의 원소탄소성분과 그 기원연구)

  • Do, Jin-Young
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.20
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    • pp.55-65
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    • 2007
  • Black surface layers collected from stone pagodas were analyzed to study the effects of carbon compounds on the blackening of stone surface layer. The total amounts of carbon was measured through elemental analyser. Organic and elemental carbon were measured by combustion ihrornatographic $CO_2$ determination after elimination of carbonates carbon with acid treatment. The elemental carbon concentration in the black surface layer measured 0.52wt.%. This value is not sufficient to explain the complete blackening of stone surface. To trace the origin of carbon in black surface layer on the stone pagoda, aerosol samples for PM 10 were collected at the near sites of the pagoda. The major components of them were soluble ions(42.8wt.%), carbon(38.4 wt.%) and crustal matter(16wt.%). From the high content(13wt.%) of elemental carbon in aerosol ran be deduced that it may be a prime origin for the elemental carbon in the black surface layer on the stone pagoda. The crustal matter in aerosol can be also a origin of silicate mineral in black surface layer and plays a important role in the darkening of black surface layer.

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Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Nisoldipine and Repaglinide in Rats

  • Choi, In;Choi, Dong-Hyun;Yeum, Cheul-Ho;Choi, Jun-Shik
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.498-503
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    • 2011
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nisoldipine on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in rats. The effect of nisoldipine on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activity and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) were evaluated. The pharmacokinetic parameters of repaglinide were also determined in rats after oral (0.5 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) and intravenous (0.2 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) administration of repaglinide to rats without or with nisoldipine (0.3 and 1.0 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$). Nisoldipine inhibited CYP3A4 enzyme activity with a 50% inhibition concentration of 5.5 ${\mu}M$. In addition, nisoldipine significantly enhanced the cellular accumulation of rhodamine-123 in MCF-7/ADR cells overexpressing P-gp. Compared to the oral control group, nisoldipine significantly increased the $AUC_{0-{\infty}}$ and the $C_{max}$ of repaglinide by 46.9% and 24.9%, respectively. Nisoldipine also increased the absolute bioavailability (A.B.) of repaglinide by 47.0% compared to the oral control group. Moreover, the relative bioavailability (R.B.) of repaglinide was 1.16- to 1.47-fold greater than that of the control group. Nisoldipine enhanced the oral bioavailability of repaglinide, which may be attributable to the inhibition of the CYP3A4-mediated metabolism in the small intestine and/or in the liver and to inhibition of P-gp in the small intestine rather than to reduction of renal elimination of repaglinide by nisoldipine. The increase in the oral bioavailability of repaglinide should be taken into consideration of potential drug interactions when co-administering repaglinide and nisoldipine.

Tracheal gas insufflation (TGI) in patients with increased deadspace fraction: the effect and its determining factors (사강호흡율이 증가된 환자에서 기관내 가스주입법(Tracheal Gas Imsufflation)이 가스교환에 미치는 효과와 그 결정인자)

  • Lim, Chae Man;Jung, Bok Hyun;Koh, Youn Suck;Lee, Sang Do;Kim, Woo Sung;Park, Pyung Hwan;Kim, Dong Soon;Kim, Won Dong
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.44 no.1
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    • pp.136-145
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    • 1997
  • Background : Tracheal Gas Insufflation (TGI) is one of the newer ancillary measures in mechanical ventilation employed to enhance carbon dioxide elimination. TGI exerts its effect through reduction of deadspace ventilation, but the factors determining its effect are not well studied yet. Method : The subjects were seven mechanically-ventilated patients ($58.8{\pm}10.6$ yrs) who showed increased physiologic deadspace greater than 60%. After 30 nun of stabilization with 100% oxygen on pressure control ventilation, continuous flow TGI was administered via the insufflation lumen of Hi-Lo Jet Tracheal Tube (Mallincrodt, USA) for 15 min at 3 L/min and 5 L/min each. Results : $PaCO_2$ was decreased ($51.4{\pm}17.6$ at baseline, $49.1{\pm}18.9$ at TGJ 3 L/min $45.0{\pm}14.9$ mm Hg at TGI 5 L/min, p=0.050), and pH was increased ($7.37{\pm}0.12$, $7.38{\pm}0.13$, $7.39{\pm}0.12$, respectively, p=0.037) while mixed expired $CO_2$ ($P_ECO_2$) was not changed significantly from baseline (p=0.336) by TGI. Physiologic deadspace(Vdphy) was decreased ($73.0{\pm}7.9$% at baseline, $69.8{\pm}10.0$% at TGI 3 L/min, and $67.1{\pm}10.1$% at TGI 5 L/min, p=0.015). $AaDO_2$(p=0.147), Vt(p=0.2140), Pmean(p=0.7788) and mean arterial pressure(p=0.4169) were not changed. The correlation between % maximal decrease of Vdphy were r=0.790 with the ratio of baseline Vdana/Vdphy(p=0.035) and r=-0.754 with baseline Vdalv(p=0.050). Conclusion: TGI was effective in reducing $PaCO_2$ and deadspace, and the deadspace-reducing effect was best correlated with baseline anatomic/physiologic deadspace ratio.

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Selective Word Embedding for Sentence Classification by Considering Information Gain and Word Similarity (문장 분류를 위한 정보 이득 및 유사도에 따른 단어 제거와 선택적 단어 임베딩 방안)

  • Lee, Min Seok;Yang, Seok Woo;Lee, Hong Joo
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.105-122
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    • 2019
  • Dimensionality reduction is one of the methods to handle big data in text mining. For dimensionality reduction, we should consider the density of data, which has a significant influence on the performance of sentence classification. It requires lots of computations for data of higher dimensions. Eventually, it can cause lots of computational cost and overfitting in the model. Thus, the dimension reduction process is necessary to improve the performance of the model. Diverse methods have been proposed from only lessening the noise of data like misspelling or informal text to including semantic and syntactic information. On top of it, the expression and selection of the text features have impacts on the performance of the classifier for sentence classification, which is one of the fields of Natural Language Processing. The common goal of dimension reduction is to find latent space that is representative of raw data from observation space. Existing methods utilize various algorithms for dimensionality reduction, such as feature extraction and feature selection. In addition to these algorithms, word embeddings, learning low-dimensional vector space representations of words, that can capture semantic and syntactic information from data are also utilized. For improving performance, recent studies have suggested methods that the word dictionary is modified according to the positive and negative score of pre-defined words. The basic idea of this study is that similar words have similar vector representations. Once the feature selection algorithm selects the words that are not important, we thought the words that are similar to the selected words also have no impacts on sentence classification. This study proposes two ways to achieve more accurate classification that conduct selective word elimination under specific regulations and construct word embedding based on Word2Vec embedding. To select words having low importance from the text, we use information gain algorithm to measure the importance and cosine similarity to search for similar words. First, we eliminate words that have comparatively low information gain values from the raw text and form word embedding. Second, we select words additionally that are similar to the words that have a low level of information gain values and make word embedding. In the end, these filtered text and word embedding apply to the deep learning models; Convolutional Neural Network and Attention-Based Bidirectional LSTM. This study uses customer reviews on Kindle in Amazon.com, IMDB, and Yelp as datasets, and classify each data using the deep learning models. The reviews got more than five helpful votes, and the ratio of helpful votes was over 70% classified as helpful reviews. Also, Yelp only shows the number of helpful votes. We extracted 100,000 reviews which got more than five helpful votes using a random sampling method among 750,000 reviews. The minimal preprocessing was executed to each dataset, such as removing numbers and special characters from text data. To evaluate the proposed methods, we compared the performances of Word2Vec and GloVe word embeddings, which used all the words. We showed that one of the proposed methods is better than the embeddings with all the words. By removing unimportant words, we can get better performance. However, if we removed too many words, it showed that the performance was lowered. For future research, it is required to consider diverse ways of preprocessing and the in-depth analysis for the co-occurrence of words to measure similarity values among words. Also, we only applied the proposed method with Word2Vec. Other embedding methods such as GloVe, fastText, ELMo can be applied with the proposed methods, and it is possible to identify the possible combinations between word embedding methods and elimination methods.

Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydrolysis of Insecticidal Imidacloprid (살충성 Imidacloprid의 가수분해 반응 메카니즘)

  • Yu, Sung-Jae;Kang, Moon-Sung;Sung, Nack-Doo
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.40 no.1
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    • pp.53-57
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    • 1997
  • The rate of hydrolysis of insecticidal 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl) -2-nitro-iminoimidazolidine (common name; imidacloprid) have been investigated in 15%(v/v) aqueous dioxane at $45^{\circ}C$. From the kinetics and non-kinetics data such as pH-effect, solvent effect(m=0.04, n=0.30 IT m<${\Delta}H^{\neq}=16.14kcal{\cdot}mol^{-1}\;&\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}=-0.03e.u.$), rate equation ($k_{obs.}=4.56{\times}10^{-3}[OH^-]$) and analysis of hydrolysis product, 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl-2)-imidazolidinon, the hydrolysis mechanism of imidacloprid is proposed that the specific base catalyzed hydrolysis($K_{OH^-}$) through nucleophilic addition-elimination ($Ad_N-E$) mechanism proceed via intermediate, 1-(6-chloro-3- pyridylmethyl)-2-hydroxy-2-imidazolidinylisonitraminate (I) and ${\beta}$-3-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)aminoethyl-1-nitrourea(III). And the half-life(t1/2) of hydrolytic degradation at pH 8.0 and $45^{\circ}C$ was about 4.5 months.

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Combustion Characteristic Study of LNG Flame in an Oxygen Enriched Environment (산소부화 조건에 따른 LNG 연소특성 연구)

  • Kim, Hey-Suk;Shin, Mi-Soo;Jang, Dong-Soon;Lee, Dae-Geun
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.23-30
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    • 2007
  • The ultimate objective of this study is to develop oxygen-enriched combustion techniques applicable to the system of practical industrial boiler. To this end the combustion characteristics of lab-scale LNG combustor were investigated as a first step using the method of numerical simulation by analyzing the flame characteristics and pollutant emission behaviour as a function of oxygen enrichment level. Several useful conclusions could be drawn based on this study. First of all, the increase of oxygen enrichment level instead of air caused long and thin flame called laminar flame feature. This was in good agreement with experimental results appeared in open literature and explained by the effect of the decrease of turbulent mixing due to the decrease of absolute amount of oxidizer flow rate by the absence of the nitrogen species. Further, as expected, oxygen enrichment increased the flame temperatures to a significant level together with concentrations of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ species because of the elimination of the heat sink and dilution effects by the presence of $N_2$ inert gas. However, the increased flame temperature with $O_2$ enriched air showed the high possibility of the generation of thermal $NO_x$ if nitrogen species were present. In order to remedy the problem caused by the oxygen-enriched combustion, the appropriate amount of recirculation $CO_2$ gas was desirable to enhance the turbulent mixing and thereby flame stability and further optimum determination of operational conditions were necessary. For example, the adjustment of burner with swirl angle of $30\sim45^{\circ}$ increased the combustion efficiency of LNG fuel and simultaneously dropped the $NO_x$ formation.

Strength Development and Hardening Mechanism of Alkali Activated Fly Ash Mortar (알카리 활성화에 의한 플라이애쉬 모르타르의 강도 발현 및 경화 메커니즘)

  • Jo, Byung-Wan;Park, Min-Seok;Park, Seung-Kook
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.18 no.4 s.94
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    • pp.449-458
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    • 2006
  • The discharge of fly ash that is produced by coal-fired electric power plants is rapidly increasing in Korea. The utilization of fly ash in the raw materials would contribute to the elimination of an environmental problem and to the development of new high-performance materials. So it is needed to study the binder obtained by chemically activation of pozzolanic materials by means of a substitute for the cement. Fly ash consists of a glass phase. As it is produced from high temperature, it is a chemically stable material. Fly ash mostly consists of $SiO_2\;and\;Al_2O_3$, and it assumes the form of an oxide in the inside of fly ash. Because this reaction has not broken out by itself, it is need to supply it with additional $OH^-$ through alkali activators. Alkali activators were used for supplying it with additional $OH^-$. This paper concentrated on the strength development according to the kind of chemical activators, the curing temperature, the heat curing time. Also, according to scanning electron microscopy and X-Ray diffraction, the main reaction product in the alkali activated fly ash mortar is Zeolite of $Na_6-(AlO_2)_6-(SiO_2)_{10}-12H_2O$ type.

Distribution Patterns of Surface Sediments of the Jangan Linear Sand Ridge off the Northern Taean Peninsula, in the Mid-west Coast of Korea (서해 중부 태안반도 북부 해역의 장안사퇴 표층퇴적물 분포 특성)

  • TAE SOO CHANG;EUNIL LEE;DO-SEONG BYUN;HWAYOUNG LEE;SEUNG-GYUN BAEK
    • The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.14-27
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    • 2024
  • Unlike the shelf sand ridges moribund in motion, nearshore sand ridges are highly mobile, sensitive to changes in ocean environments, thereby becoming of particular interest with respect to morphological changes. About 5 km off the Daesan port, the Jangan Sand Ridge has been undergoing severe subsea morphological change over the past two decades. Understanding the nature of sand ridges is critical to elucidate the causes of morphological changes. In this context, this study aims at understanding the characteristics and distribution patterns of surface sediments of the ridge and its vicinity. For this purpose, 227 sediment samples were acquired using a grab-sampler, the grain sizes being analysed by the sieve-pipette method. In addition, comparison of grain sizes in sediments between 1997 and 2021 was made in order to investigate the 25-years change in sediment composition. Surface sediments along the ridge axis are fine to medium sands with 2-3 phi in mean grain size, whereas, in the trough of ridge, the sediments are composed of gravels and muddy sandy gravels with mean sizes of -2 to -6 phi. Sediments in the crest of the ridge are well-sorted with normal distribution, on the other hand, the basal sediments are poorly-sorted and positively skewed. Along the ridge crest, the sediments are negatively skewed. From 1997 to 2021, the ridge sediments became largely coarser about 0.5 phi. Such coarsening trend in mean grain size can be explained either by elimination of fine sediments during high waves in winter or elimination of fines suspended during sand mining activities in the past. Spatial distribution pattern of surface sediments shows that ca. 30 m thick of the sand ridge itself overlies the thin relict gravels. The strong asymmetry of sand ridge, the exposure of ridge base, and reworked gravel lags suggest that Jangan sand ridge is probably sediment-deficit and hence erosive in nature at present.

Antibacterial and Antioxidative Activity of Roasted Coffee and Red Ginseng Mixture Extracts (로스팅 커피와 홍삼 혼합추출물의 항균 및 항산화 효과)

  • Choi, Yu-Hyun;Kim, Sang-Eun;Huh, Jin;Han, Yeong-Hwan;Lee, Moon-Jo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.320-326
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    • 2012
  • This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidative activities of water and ethanol extracts from a mixture of roasted coffee and red ginseng. The antibacterial effects of each extract were determined by the classical paper disc method. A water extract of mixture samples inhibited growth of all strains, but antibacterial effects were mostly weakened. Ethanol extracts showed stronger antibacterial effects than water extracts in all strains except Gram negative Escherichia coli and the fungi strain Candida albicans. Also, the antibacterial effect of the Bacillus cereus strain appeared in all samples, and the ES2 sample formed a clear zone of 19 and 20 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. Typhimurium respectively (MIC=0.25 and 0.125 mg/mL). Determinations of free radical elimination for the different mixture extracts using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were compared with ascorbic acid and butylated hyderoxytoluene as positive controls. The water and ethanol extracts of mixture samples (100 ${\mu}g/mL$) showed 55.38~60.01% and 59.37~70.50% DPPH scavenging activities, respectively. DPPH scavenging activities of all mixture samples were slightly higher than roasted coffee and red ginseng samples. However, DPPH scavenging activity decreased when red ginseng extract composed more than 70% of the total extract. The total polyphenol in the mixture samples measured by the Folin-Denis method revealed the highest level of polyphenol content in ethanol extract of sample 3, whereas polyphenol content differed with different mixture ratios, ranging from 105.16~119.79 mg/g in ethanol extract. In the water extract, the polyphenol content was greatest with water extract of sample 1, whereas in other samples the content varied from 93.75~109.18 mg/g.