• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.608-614
• /
• 2012

The effluent limitation of industrial wastewater is based on uniform regulatory criteria for effluent discharge facilities of all in Korea. But, an individual effluent limitation on each effluent discharge facility is widely applicable for regulation of industrial wastewater in US.EPA. To decide an individual effluent limitation, TBEL (Technology-based effluent limitation) and WQBEL (Water quality-based effluent limitation) are used. TBEL is based on the capability of a treatment technology to reduce the pollutants. WQBEL is based on ambient water quality standards. In this study, TBEL were derived for the pulp, paper and paper board manufacturing based on best practicable control technology currently available. It was suggested that effluent limitations were $BOD_5$ 4.7 mg/L, $COD_{Mn}$ 44.3 mg/L, SS 13.2 mg/L, TN 1.4 mg/L, TP 0.15 mg/L and best practicable control technology currently available (BPT) was neutralization, activated sludge treatment and coagulation and sedimentation for the pulp, paper and paper board manufacturing.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.90-95
• /
• 1996

This study was performed to calculate the degration rate coefficient, operating parameters to meet the effluent standards, and the temperature adjustment coefficients to each parameter of pollution by seasonal variation of concentration and temperature of influent in livestock wastewater treatment by sequencing batch reactor process in field scale. The followings are the conclusions that were derived from this study. 1. In the field, temperature of livestock wastewater in reactor was 20.3$\circ$C in summer and 6.0$\circ$C in winter. The ratio of BOD:TKN: T-P in influent was 100:80:7. BOD loadings in winter and spring were 0.26 and 0.43 kg $BOD/m^3$ day, respectively. Those in summer and fall were 0.25 and 0.13 kg $BOD/m^3$ day, respectively. 2. The degradation rate coefficient for TKN was larger in summer and fall in which temperature was high than that in which temperature was high than that in winter and spring in which concentration was high. On the contrary, the phosphorus uptake rate was larger in winter and spring than that in summer and fall. 3. The hydraulic retention time in winter and spring was longer than that in summer and fall. Especially, in order to meet the standard for TKN of 120 mg/l in winter in which temperature of wastewater was 6.0$\circ$C, as the MLSS concentration was increased from 4, 000 to 7, 000 mg/l, the hydraulic retention time was increased from 212 to 121 hours. But, in order to shorten that less than 121 hours for the economical wastewater treatment, countermeasure to increase temperature of wastewater in the reactor should be considered. 4. the temperature adjustment coefficients for BOD, $COD_{Mn}$, TKN and T-P were 1.0241, 1.0225, 1.0541 and 1.0495, respectively. Namely, the treatment of TKN was most sensitively affected by temperature. For the purpose of the effective removal of nitrogen and phosphorus which are sensitive to temperature, it is necessary to keep the temperature of livestock wastewater more than 20$\circ$C which is the temperature of it in summer.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.22 no.12
• /
• pp.1661-1669
• /
• 2013

This study conducted a laboratory simulation using artificial and natural rainfall in order to investigate the runoff characteristics of livestock resources through the analysis of the surface runoff water and infiltration water by rainfall intensity and fertilization level. Cattle manure and pig liquid fertilizer was used as livestock resource. As a result of this study, it was observed that the surface runoff occurred over 32 mm/hr rainfall intensity, and flow rate of the surface runoff water and the runoff ratio of contaminant parameters from livestock resource was increased, as rainfall intensity was stronger. With doubled fertilization level, T-N increased in compost and the amount of $COD_{Mn}$ runoff also considerably increased in liquefied fertilizer. In the case of natural rainfall, the runoff ratio of T-P clearly increased in compost and the T-N of final surface runoff ratio in compost and liquefied fertilizer was ranged from 0.13047 to 0.13623 with stronger rainfall intensity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.252-259
• /
• 1999

Anoxic sediments collected from Shiwha-ho area were used to find the relationship between the heavy-metal, organic content and anaerobic respiration bacteria by most probable number (MPN) method. Analysis of the sediments showed that COD content was higher in the sediments collected from Ansan-cheon and Shiwha-ho than those collected from sea area nearby. Particularly noticeable was the fact that heavy metal concentration was much higher in the sediments of Shiwha-ho area contaminated by heavy-metal, although they were rich in electron donor and electron acceptor for Fe(III)-reducing bacteria using lactate as an electron donor was in the range of 1.1$\times$106-4.6$\times$107MPNs/ml in the sediments collected from the sea-side of the lake, which were lower in heavy-methal concentration and higher in Fe-Mn content than those from other region. The number of Fe(III)-reducing bacteria using acetate as an electron donor was in the rang eof 4.3$\times$102-8.1$\times$105MPNs/ml in the same sediments. Chromate-reducing bacteria were more populated(4.6$\times$104-8.1$\times$105MPNs/ml) in the sediments contaminated by heavy metals. The number of sulfate-reducing bacteria wee counted in the sediments collected from the more contaminate inner-side than those from the sea-side of the lake.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.86-92
• /
• 2007

In this study, we tried to quantitatively study the distribution of estrogenic activity in sediment from Gwangyang Bay by E-screen assay. Besides, we compared the estrogenic activity and the concentration of chemical pollutants. The highest estrogenic activity was recorded at the stations(GY6 and GY8) close to industrial complex and the river mouth of Seomjin. These results obtained from the E-screen assay similar to those of simultaneous analytical detection of 310 chemicals. In particular, GY6 and GY8 sites are confirmed as the full agonist sites because of their RPE values were over 90% having strong estrogenic effect. Also, their EEQ(Estradiol Equivalency Quantity) values are 35.6 ng/g and 14.6 ng/g, low than that of other sites, and these results suggests that have relatively high estrogenic efficiency in Gwangyang Bay. From these results, we can estimate that the stations close to industrial complex and the river mouth of Seomjin are major sources of endocrine disrupter in Gwangyang Bay. On the other hand, when we tried to compare the endocrine disrupter activity and $COD_{Mn}$ value, that is not correlated.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 2012

Various Best Management Practices (BMPs) have been suggested to reduce Nonpoint source pollutant loads from agricultural fields. However, very little research regarding water quality improvement with sediment trap has been performed in Korea. Thus, effects of sediment trap were investigated in this study. Three sediment traps were installed at the edge of six plots and flow and water quality of inflow and outflow were monitored and analyzed. It was found that approximately 64.1 % of flow reduction was observed. In addition, pollutant concentration of outflow was reduced by 39.0 % for $BOD_5$. For SS, $COD_{Mn}$, DOC, T-N, T-P, approximately 62.1 %, 43.4 %, 43.5 %, 40.0 %, and 41.2 % reduction were observed, respectively. Over 80 % and 90 % of pollutant loads were reduced from sediment trap #2 and #3 because of less outflow from plots covered with rice straw/straw mat. In case of intensive rainfall events occurred from July 26~29, 2011, over 60 % of pollutant and 88.9 % of sediment reduction were observed from sediment trap #3. As shown in this study, small sediment traps could play important roles in reducing pollutant loads from agricultural fields. If proper management practices, such as rice straw/straw mat, are used to protect surface from rainfall impacts and rill formation, much pollutant reduction could be expected.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.600-606
• /
• 2007

Livestock wastewater containing concentrated organic matters and nutrients has been known as one of the major pollutants. It is difficult to apply the conventional activated sludge process to treat livestock wastewater because of high Non-biodegradable (NBD) matter and ammonia. The objectives of this study are to remove NBD matters including aromatic compounds and ammonia in livestock wastewater using Coagulation-Fenton oxidation-Zeolite (CFZ) processes and ascertain applicable feasibility in the field through pilot plant experiment. NBD matters and color remained in the treated water were removed over 92% by Fenton oxidation as the second treatment process. Ammonia was removed by over 99.5% in the zeolite ion exchange process as the last treatment method. From $UV_{254}$, $E_2/E_3$ ratio and GC/MS analyses of treated water at each process, the aromatic compound was converted to aliphatic and aromaticity was decreased. In pilot scale test, organics and ammonia removal efficiencies were not much different from the result of lab-scale test at various operation conditions. Furthermore, reaction time and dosage of Fenton reagent in pilot scale experiment reduced by 40 min and 50% rather than in lab-scale test. $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, SS, T-N and T-P of treated water in the pilot-scale experiment also met the effluent standards.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.107-110
• /
• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the quantity of Holstein dry cow manure excreted and their characteristics. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follow; The average body weight of the Holstein dry cow during experiment was 619.9kg. The feed intake(DM basis) and water consumption was 10.7, 38.6kg/day/head, repectively. The manure production of Holstein dry cow was 44.8kg/day/head (feces 26.9, urine 17.9kg). The moisture content of feces and urine was 84.5%, 95.3%, respectively. Wastewater pollutant concentration of $BOD_5$(Biochemical Oxygen demand), $COD_{Mn}$ (Chemical Oxygen demand), SS(Suspended Solids), T-N(Total Nitrogen) and T-P(Total Phosphorus), excreted from Holstein dry cow was 16,874,55,763, 87,333, 2,353, $368mg/{\ell}$ in feces and 5,621, 8,673, 518, 2,423, $3mg/{\ell}$ in urine, repectively. The fertilizer content of manure, N(Nitrogen), $P_2O_5$(Phosphoric acid) and $K_2O$(Potassium oxide) was 0.24, 0.08, 0.15% in feces and 0.24, 0.001, 0.30% in urine, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.86-91
• /
• 2009

The main purpose of this study is to search the water factor which influences to occurrence of the total coliforms. Occurrences rate of the total coliforms and the E coli were 57.9% 10.5% in 2007 and 47.4%, 23.7% in 2008 respectively. According to the result which examines the correlation analysis and a regression analysis, most the water factor which is effect was $Na^+$(0.497, p<0.05) in appearance of the total coliforms and was $Cl^-$(0.622, p<0.01) in appearance of the E coli. The water factor that simultaneously influences to the total coliforms and the E. coli appearances was the $Cl^-$. The predictable regression formula for appearance rate of the total coliforms was expressed as 0.462 + 0.028 [$Na^+$] - 0.644 [$COD_{Mn}$] - 8.889 [$PO_4-P$](R = 0.930, $R^2$ = 0.866, adjusted $R^2$ = 0.839, p<0.05), and that of the E coli was described as -0.012 + 0.004 [$Cl^-$](R = 0.622, $R^2$ = 0.387, adjusted $R^2$ = 0.351, p<0.05).

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2011.05a
• /
• pp.283-287
• /
• 2011

농업비점오염원의 오염원 관리를 위해서는 오염물질의 발생과 운반에 직접적으로 영향을 미치는 농업수문학 기술에 바탕을 두고 우리나라의 집약농업의 특성을 정확히 반영할 수 있는 최적관리방법의 개발과 비점오염저감효과를 검증할 수 있는 현장실험이 수반되어야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 지표피복재를 이용하여 밭의 토양침투를 증가시고 유속 및 유출량 감소를 통해 토양유실과 비점오염원을 저감하고자 하였다. 실험방법은 실제 영농과 동일하게 무를 재배한 뒤 볏짚거적을 이용하여 밭의 토양 표면을 피복하여 유량과 수질농도를 측정하였다. 연구기간 동안 총 3차례(2010년 9월 9~12일, 9월 21일, 10월 2~3일)의 강우가 발생하였고, 이때 발생한 강우량은 각 359.2 mm, 49 mm, 28.8 mm이였다. 각 시험포에서 볏짚거적으로 인해 저감된 유출량의 저감효율은 볏짚거적을 피복하지 않은 나지상태의 밭 보다 약 33∼75%의 저감효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 75%의 유출률 저감 효과가 가장 크게 나타난 강우사상은 30 mm 이하의 강우가 발생한 10월 2~3일의 강우사상에서 나타났다. 강우량과 강우강도는 28.8 mm와 1.92 mm/hr으로 나타났으며, 이때 발생한 유출량은 나지에서 $0.36\;m^3$, 볏짚거적을 피복한 시험포에서는 $0.08\;m^3$이 발생하였다. 나지상태와 볏짚거적을 피복한 시험포의 오염부하의 값을 비교한 결과 볏짚거적을 피복한 시험포에서 $BOD_5$ 항목은 64.3%, SS 80.8%, $COD_{Mn}$ 66.7%, DOC 80.2%, T-N 56.6% 그리고 T-P 56.1%의 오염부하 저감효과가 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과와 같이 지표를 볏짚거적으로 피복할 경우 시험포에서 유출시작 시간 지연효과와 강우에 의한 첨두유출량 및 유출량 감소 효과가 나타나는 것으로 나타났으며, 연구결과는 농업 비점오염원의 최적관리를 위한 과학적 근거자료 제공 및 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.