• Wind and Structures
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.483-497
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• 2022

Three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow around a hipped-roof building representative of UK inland conditions are conducted. Unsteady simulations are performed using three variations of the k-ϵ RANS turbulence model namely, the Standard, Realizable, and RNG models, and their predictive capability is measured against current European building standards. External pressure coefficients and wind loading are found through the BS 6399-2:1997 standard (obsolete) and the current European standards (BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 and A1:20101). The current European standard provides a more conservative wind loading estimate compared to its predecessor and the k-ϵ RNG model falls within 15% of the value predicted by the current standard. Surface shear stream-traces and Q-criterion were used to analyze the flow physics for each model. The RNG model predicts immediate flow separation leading to the creation of vortical structures on the hipped-roof along with a larger separation region. It is observed that the Realizable model predicts the side vortex to be a result of both the horseshoe vortex and the flow deflected off it. These model-specific aerodynamic features present the most disparity between building standards at leeward roof locations. Finally, pedestrian comfort and safety criteria are studied where the k-ϵ Standard model predicts the most ideal pedestrian conditions and the Realizable model yields the most conservative levels.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2024

In this study, a nickel hexacyanoferrate and manganese dioxide-polyacrylonitrile (NM-PAN) composite was synthesized and used for the sorptive removal of Co²⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ Cs⁺ in radioactive laundry wastewater. Single- and multi-solute competitive sorptions onto NM-PAN were investigated. The Freundlich (Fr), Langmuir (Lang), Kargi-Ozmıhci (K-O), Koble-Corrigan (K-C), and Langmuir-Freundlich (Lang-Fr) models satisfactorily predicted all the single sorption data. The sorption isotherms were nonlinearly favorable (Freundlich coefficient, N_F = 0.385-0.426). Cs⁺ has the highest maximum sorption capacity (q_mL = 0.855 mmol g^-1) for NM-PAN compared to Co²⁺ and Sr²⁺, wherein the primary mechanism was the physical process (mainly ion-exchange). The competition between the metal ions in the binary and ternary systems reduced the respective sorption capacities. Binary and ternary sorption models, such as the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) model coupled with single sorption models of IAST-Fr, IAST-K-O, IAST-K-C and IAST-Lang-Fr, were fitted to the experimental data; among these, the IAST-Freundlich model showed the most satisfactory prediction for the binary and ternary systems. The presence of cationic surfactants highly affected the sorption on NM-PAN due to the increase in distribution coefficients (K_d) of Co²⁺ and Cs⁺.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.475-483
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• 2012

High capacitance X5R MLCCs based on $BaTiO_3$ ceramic dielectric layers exhibit a single broad, asymmetric arc shape impedance and modulus response over the wide frequency range between 1 MHz to 0.01 Hz. Analysis according to the conventional brick-layer model for polycrystalline conductors employing a series connection of multiple RC parallel circuits leads to parameters associated with large errors and of little physical significance. A new parametric impedance model is shown to satisfactorily describe the experimental spectra, which is a parallel network of one resistor R representing the DC conductivity thermally activated by 1.32 eV, one ideal capacitor C exactly representing bulk capacitance, and a constant phase element (CPE) Q with complex capacitance $A(i{\omega})^{{\alpha}-1}$ with ${\alpha}$ close to 2/3 and A thermally activated by 0.45 eV or ca. 1/3 of activation energy of DC conductivity. The feature strongly indicate the CK1 model by J. R. Macdonald, where the CPE with 2/3 power-law exponent represents the polarization effects originating from mobile charge carriers. The CPE term is suggested to be directly related to the trapping of the electronic charge carriers and indirectly related to the ionic defects responsible for the insulation resistance degradation.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.8187-8194
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• 2015

고 중량의 궤도열차를 1G 포스이상 가속하기 위해서는 많은 추진력이 필요하다. 선형동기전동기(LSM)는 이러한 고 추력이 필요한 시스템에 적합하다. LSM의 추진 효율을 높이기 위해서 추진제어시스템은 정밀한 위상제어를 위한 실시간의 정확한 차량위치정보가 필요하다. 그러나 추진제어시스템은 전자석 길이구간마다 트랙에 설치되어져 있는 홀센서로부터 상대적으로 긴 시간간격을 갖는 불연속 위치정보를 수신하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 기존 d-q 방정식을 이용한 기본 전동기 모델을 구성하였다. LSM에 의해 추진되는 궤도열차의 모터모델은 코깅력과 마찰손실을 반영한 동적모델이다. 그리고 궤도열차용 LSM제어를 위해 차량위치 추정기를 기반으로 하는 추진제어 시스템을 제안하였다. 해당 궤도열차의 모터모델을 기반으로 위치관측기를 포함한 토크제어시스템의 특성을 확인하기 위해서 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 본 제어시스템이 선형화된 시뮬레이션 모델 분석으로부터 제어기의 대역폭과 위상여유가 충분하다는 것을 보여주고 있으며, 제시한 위치 추정기 기반의 추력제어 알고리즘이 궤도열차의 추력을 제어하는데 효과적임을 확인시켜주었다. 따라서 위치 관측기의 가용성도 확인 할 수 있었다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 1999

The aim of this study is to improve the accuracy of field placement and junction between adjacent fields and block shielding through the use of a computed tomography(CT) simulator and virtual simulation. The information was acquired by assessment of Alderson Rando phantom image using CT simulator (I.Q. Xtra - Picker), determination of each field by virtual fluoroscopy of voxel IQ workstation AcQsim and colored critical structures that were obtained by contouring in virtual simulation. And also using a coronal, sagittal and axial view can determine the field and adjacent field gap correctly without calculation during the procedure. With the treatment planning by using the Helax TMS 4.0, the dose in the junction among the adjacent fields and the spinal cord and cribriform plate of the critical structure was evaluated by the dose volume histogram. The pilot image of coronal and sagittal view took about 2minutes and 26minutes to get 100 images. Image translation to the virtual simulation workstation took about 6minutes. Contouring a critical structure such as cribriform plate, spinal cord using a virtual fluoroscopy were eligible to determine a correct field and shielding. The process took about 20 minutes. As the result of the Helax planning, the dose distribution in adjacent field junction was ideal, and the dose level shows almost 100 percentage in the dose volume histogram of the spinal cord and cribriform plate CT simulation can get a correct therapy area due to enhancement of critical structures such as spinal cord and cribriform plate. In addition, using a Spiral CT scanner can be saved a lot of time to plan a simulation therefore this function can reduce difficulties to keep the patient position without any movements to the patient, physician and radiotherapy technician.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1128-1134
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 자계 집속을 위해 메타 물질 slab을 포함하는 무선 전력 전송 성능을 공진기의 유효 Q-factor와 결합계수 예측식을 사용하여 요소적으로 분석하였다. 구체적으로, 메타 물질이 갖는 손실을 고려한 등가회로를 제안하고, 이를 이용하여 무선 전력 전송 시스템을 분석하였다. 손실이 없는 이상적 또는 저손실 메타 물질이 시스템에 삽입될 경우, 음의 투자율로 인한 자계 집속으로 인해 전송 효율이 대폭적으로 개선될 수 있다. 하지만 음의 투자율을 구현하기 위해 RR (Ring Resonator) 또는 SRR(Split Ring Resonator)로 메타 물질을 설계할 경우, 구조에 의한 손실로 효율 증가에 악영향을 끼치게 된다. 점 자하 소스가 아닌 실제의 루프 공진기에 손실이 있는 메타 물질을 사용하여 전송 효율을 향상시키기 위해서는, 메타 물질의 폭을 송수신 공진기 간 거리의 반 이하에서 최적화하여야 한다. 손실 탄제트가 0.001인 메타 물질이 두 공진체 사이에 삽입되었을 때는 그 폭과 두 공진기 사이의 거리의 비가 약 0.35일 때 전송 효율이 93%(메타물질 사용하지 않은 경우는 53 %)로 최대가 되었으며, 손실 탄젠트가 0.2(실제 손실과 유사)를 갖는 메타 물질이 삽입될 경우, 그 비가 약 0.25에서 약 61 %의 최대 전송효율을 나타내었다.