• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.1006-1013
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• 2015

Heat-stress remains a costly issue for animal production, especially for poultry as they lack sweat glands, and alleviating heat-stress is necessary for ensuring animal production in hot environment. A high ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producer Lactobacillus strain was used to investigate the effect of dietary GABA-producer on laying performance and egg quality in heat-stressed Hy-line brown hens. Hy-Line brown hens (n = 1,164) at 280 days of age were randomly divided into 4 groups based on the amount of freeze-dried GABA-producer added to the basal diet as follows: i) 0 mg/kg, ii) 25 mg/kg, iii) 50 mg/kg, and iv) 100 mg/kg. All hens were subjected to heat-stress treatment through maintaining the temperature and the relative humidity at $28.83{\pm}3.85^{\circ}C$ and 37% to 53.9%, respectively. During the experiment, laying rate, egg weight and feed intake of hens were recorded daily. At the 30th and 60th day after the start of the experiment, biochemical parameters, enzyme activity and immune activity in serum were measured. Egg production, average egg weight, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and percentage of speckled egg, soft shell egg and misshaped egg were significantly improved (p<0.05) by the increasing supplementation of the dietary GABA-producer. Shape index, eggshell thickness, strength and weight were increased linearly with increasing GABA-producer supplementation. The level of calcium, phosphorus, glucose, total protein and albumin in serum of the hens fed GABA-producing strain supplemented diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the hens fed the basal diet, whereas cholesterol level was decreased. Compared with the basal diet, GABA-producer strain supplementation increased serum level of glutathione peroxidase (p = 0.009) and superoxide dismutase. In conclusion, GABA-producer played an important role in alleviating heat-stress, the isolated GABA-producer strain might be a potential natural and safe probiotic to use to improve laying performance and egg quality in heat-stressed hens.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.109-121
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• 1992

Temporomandibular joint is a major structure to play an important role in the function & stability of the occlusion as well as the stomatognathic system. Therefore, the TMJ is the structure that requires the complete analysis for diagnosing and planning treatment of pathologic changes by TMJ dysfunction and malocclusion. So, in this study, to evaluate TMJ situation in Korean malocclusion, based on the previous accomplishments, students of the dental college of Won-Kwang Univ. are surveyed and selected in terms of Angle's classification of malocclusion, whose TMJ radiographs were taken in the centric occlusion and centric relation. In each maiocclusion groups, the mean and standard deviation of anterior, posterior and superior joint space of the right, left and both side in CO & CR are evaluated and also those of the fossa height and the articular eminence angle of the right, left and both sides are evaluated. The obtained results were as follows: 1. In the correlation coefficient between the malocclusion groups, no other items except the posterior joint space of the right side in CR between in class I and class III are significant. 2. In the correlation coefficient between the right and left side, the each joint space in class I malocclusion group and class II malocclusion group are significant. 3. In the change of each joint space during the transmit from CO to CR, there is a tendency of increasing anterior joint space and decreasing posterior, superior joint spaces in class I, II malocclusion and increasing superior joint space and decreasing anterior, posterior joint space in class III malocclusion, which is significant in the correlation coefficient, but not significant in the T-test. 4. In each malocclusion group, the correlation coefficient between the posterior joint space and the superior joint space in C.R is highly significant. 5. The fossa height of class II malocclusion group is lesser than that of class I or class III, which is not significant in T-test. 6. In the correlation coefficient between Rt. and Lt. side in the fossa height, it is not significant in class I and class III group, but significant in class II malocclusion group. 7. The articular eminence angle of class II malocclusion group is larger then that of class I or class III groups, which is fairly significant. 8. In the correlation coefficient between Rt. and Lt. side in the articular eminence angle, it is significant in each malocclusion group.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-17
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• 1991

It is widely recognized that the embryonic or fetal loss after breeding is common in the cattle and that it is an important factor affecting reproductive efficiency. The causes of this loss have been subject of extensive researches and the results indicate that the embryonic mortality may he primary factor responsible for low pregnancy rates in non-embryo transfer bovine populations as well as embryo transfer programs. However, it's causes are still not clearly understood. The embryonic mortality or pregnancy rate has been influenced by various embryonic and maternal effects related to genetic and environmental factors. The timing and extent of embryonic mortality vanes greatly according to authors and estimating methods, because it is difficult to make direct measurements. The major important factors that may influence the embryonic losses or pregnancy rates after embryo transfer can be summeirized. 1.When an embryo is transferred to unmated recipients, the contralateral transfer to corpus luteum results in a lower survival rate than ipsilateral deposition. When the embryos are transferred for the production of twin calves, their survivals and twin pregnancies have quite inconsistent according to the transfer methods either to the unmated-synchronized or already mated recipients and more works are needed to accurrately clarify the previous results. 2.Although embryos can be cultured in vitro some hours without the great declines in pregnancy rates, the rates differ markedly among culture times and media but may be improved by co-transfer systems. 3.Embryo developmental stages and quality grades clearly affect the survival rate following freezing and the pregnancy rate after transfer and the selection of embryos without chromosome abnormalities and of high fertile semen may also be considered to increase the pregnancy rates. 4.Many researches have attempted to relate the plasma progesterone levels to pregnancy rates and others have done either direct progesterone supplementation or luteal stimulation by hCG treatment in order to increase the pregnancy rates. However, these effects on pregnancy rates are inconsistent and also contradictory. 5.The asynchrony between donors or embryos and recipients may he a major cause of embryo death and low pregnancy rate and the sensitivity to uterine asynchyony differs in according to the quality and stages of embryos. 6.The extremes of poor or over nutrition during early pregnancy in the recipients are detrimental to the survival of embryos and the good body condition is required to prevent a reduejion of pregnancy rates. The uterine pathogens in embryonic mortality or fertility have been questioned but the infection of C.pyogenes and Campylobacter fetus is still important pathogens. 7.The heat stress during early pregnancy may reduce conceptus weight and possibly increase the embryonic mortality.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2005

매복치란 정상적으로 맹출해야 하는 시기를 지나서도 맹출되지 않고 구강점막하 또는 악골내에 묻혀 있는 치아로 대부분 영구치에서 발생하며, 유치의 매복은 매우 드물게 나타난다. 유치의 매복은 제2유구치에서 가장 많이 나타난다. 매복된 유치는 계승 영구치의 발육 및 맹출을 방해하고, 인접치의 경사이동을 야기해 부정교합을 일으킬 수 있다. 증례 1은 하악 좌측 제2유구치의 조기 유착으로 인해 해당 치아와 계승 영구치인 하악 좌측 제2소구치가 매복된 증례로, 유착된 유구치를 발거한 후에 상실된 공간을 회복함과 동시에 계승 영구치의 자발적 맹출을 기대하며 관찰 중이다. 증례 2는 상악 우측 제2유구치의 치근 발육부전에 따른 맹출력 부족으로 매복된 증례이다. 상실된 공간확보 후 자발적 맹출을 기대하였으나 유구치가 맹출되지 않았고, 초진시 선천적 결손으로 진단된 계승 영구치인 상악 우측 제2소구치가 매복된 유구치를 우회하여 맹출하였다. 증례 3은 맹출 중인 유구치가 유착된 증례로, 주기적 방사선 검사를 통해 유착된 유구치의 흡수 과정과 계승 영구치의 맹출 양상을 관찰하기로 하였다. 증례 4는 맹출 중인 유구치의 치근발육부전 및 맹출 경로 이상으로 해당 유구치의 매복 및 계승 영구치가 변위된 증례로 계승 영구치의 발육을 위해 매복된 유구치를 발거하기로 하였다. 유치의 매복은 매우 드물고 발병 원인에 대해서는 다양한 의견이 있다. 치료법으로는 매복된 유치가 계승 영구치의 발육 및 맹출을 방해한다면 외과적 발거를 우선 고려 할 수 있고, 발거가 인접치의 발육에 영향을 줄 수 있다면 인접치 맹출 후로 그 발거 시기를 늦출 수 있다. 또한 맹출공간 확보를 통해 자발적 맹출을 기대할 수 있다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.187-197
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was carried out to determine nutritional status of elderly patients in a long-term care hospital according to meal type and eating ability. Methods: Subjects were 47 female patients aged over 65 ($79.3{\pm}7.1$ years) who resided in a long-term care hospital in Seoul. Thirty seven patients who ate diet orally were grouped according to meal type (27 general diet and 10 soft diet) and eating ability (26 eating by oneself and 11 eaten with help) and 10 were on tube feeding. Nutritional status was determined by food consumption and mid-arm circumference. Results: The mean adequacy ratios (MARs) of 12 nutrients (protein, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, niacin, folic acid, vitamin C) were 0.687 for general diet, 0.565 for soft diet, 0.680 for eating by oneself and 0.677 for eaten with help, which were significantly lower than 0.982 for tube feeding (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The patients on tube feeding had significantly lower % arm circumference compared to those who ate general diet (84.0% vs. 95.4%, respectively, p < 0.05). Nutrients intakes, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and index of nutritional quality (INQ) were not different between meal types as well as eating ability. The most insufficiently consumed nutrients by the patients on diet were folic acid, vitamin $B_2$, and calcium (NAR 0.334~0.453, 0.515~ 0.539, and 0.516~0.533, respectively). Conclusions: The results suggested that regardless of meal type or eating ability, the subjects who were on diets in this study might have inadequate intake of folic acid as well as vitamin $B_2$, and calcium, which need to be reflected on menu planning. The measurement of mid-arm circumference presented more risk of malnutrition of patients on tube feeding than those on diets, despite apparently better nutrient consumption.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.34-44
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• 2016

Purpose: A prospective phase II trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and toxicity of regional hyperthermia and whole liver irradiation (WLI) for numerous chemorefractory liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: Enrolled patients had numerous chemorefractory hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Five sessions of hyperthermia and seven fractions of 3-gray WLI were planned. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was determined using the Korean version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality of life questionnaire C-30 and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary version 4.0. Objective and pain response was evaluated. Results: A total of 12 patients consented to the study and the 10 who received WLI and hyperthermia were analyzed. WLI was completed as planned in nine patients and hyperthermia in eight. Pain response was partial in four patients and stable in four. Partial objective response was achieved in three patients (30.0%) and stable disease was seen in four patients at the 1-month follow-up. One patient died 1 month after treatment because of respiratory failure related to pleural metastasis progression. Other grade III or higher toxicities were detected in three patients; however, all severe toxicities were related to disease progression rather than treatment. No significant difference in HRQoL was noted at the time of assessment for patients who were available for questionnaires. Conclusion: Combined WLI and hyperthermia were well tolerated without severe treatment-related toxicity with a promising response from numerous chemorefractory hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.201-210
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• 2008

본 연구는 가축분 퇴비의 가공에 따른 품질 및 이용성을 향상시키는 기술을 개발하는 목적으로 수행되었다. 펠렛퇴비의 가공효과 개선 및 관련 기술 개발 그리고 퇴비 이용성 개선이 본 과제 수행에 있어 핵심적 해결요소이다. 본 과제 수행에 있어 지금까지 도출된 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 1 펠렛퇴비 최적가공조건 설정시험 결과, 돈분발효퇴비의 펠렛가공 효과는 재료의 구성과 혼합을 그리고 퇴비원료의 수분함량에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 스쿠루 형태의 제조방법이나 펄렛밀 형태의 제조방법을 취하는 경우, 두 방법 모두 펠렛화 과정에 따른 퇴비중의 양분손실 현상은 크게 나타나지 않았다. 3. 가공온도가 높고 계분이 함유된 처리구에서 암모니아 발생정도가 가장 높았고 동일한 수준의 돈분뇨 퇴비를 함유한 시험구의 경우, 가공온도와 암모니아 발생량이 정의 상관관계를 보이는 것으로 판단된다. 단 첨가재로 이용된 물질이 가공단계에서 퇴비재료의 pH를 상승시키는 역할을 할 경우 암모니아 발생을 촉진한다. 4. 정상상태의 실온에 보관하였을 경우 펄렛퇴비의 중량은 점차 감소하는 경향을 보인다. 펠렛퇴비 중량의 경우 가공 후 최초 15일 까지는 시간의 흐름에 비례하는 감소하는 경향을 보이고 그 이후부터는 감소율이 낮아지는 결과를 보인다. 펠렛퇴비의 중량감소 정도는 원재료의 구성보다는 경과일수에 영향을 더 받는다. 부피도 시간의 흐름에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보이는데 중량변화보다는 그 변이가 크지 않은 결과를 보였다. 5. 돈분퇴비와 패각을 혼합한 처리구의 내압축력이 상대적으로 낮았던 반면에 돈분과 계분퇴비에 버섯배지와 패각 그리고 미강을 혼합하여 제조한 펠렛퇴비의 내압축적이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제1권1_2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 1989

전남(全南) 영암군(靈岩郡) 덕진면(德津面) 덕진리(德津里) 영암천(靈岩川)에서 채포(採捕)한 친어(親魚)를 사육(飼育)하던 중 1989년(年) 4월(月)과 6월(月)에 걸쳐 5차례 인공수정(人工受精)시켜 난발생(卵發生), 자어발육(仔魚發育) 및 자어(仔魚)의 표피상돌기(表皮上突起)를 관찰(觀察)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 성숙란(成熟卵)은 타원형으로 난경(卵徑)은 $1.89{\sim}2.01{\times}1.56{\sim}1.64mm$이며 란황(卵黃)은 담황색(淡黃色)이고 유구(油球)는 없다. 사육수온(飼育水溫) $22{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서 수정후(受精後) 44시간(時間)만에 대부분(大部分)의 란(卵)이 부화(孵化)한다. 부화직후(孵化直後)의 자어(仔魚)는 전장(全長) 3.04mm로 란황(卵黃)은 크며 두부(頭部)는 낮고 그 앞끝은 란황(卵黃) 전단부(前端部)보다 훨씬 뒷쪽에 위치(位置)한다. 부화(孵化) 몇 시간후(時間後)의 자어(仔魚)는 3.64mm로 24~29개(個)의 근절(筋節)이 형성(形成)되고, 안포(眼胞)와 이포(耳胞)의 원기(原期)가 나타난다. 부화후(孵化後) 8일(日)째 전장(全長) 5.98mm자어(仔魚)는 심장(心臟)이 분화(分化)하여 박동하기 시작(始作)하고, 척색말단(脊索末端)은 위로 굽어진다. 13일(日)째 전장(全長) 6.86mm 자어(仔魚)에서 처음으로 한쌍의 비공(鼻孔)이 분화(分化)하며 흑색소포(黑色素胞)는 체측(體側)과 미부(尾部)의 등쪽과 배쪽정중선(正中線)에 나타난다. 부화후(孵化後) 17일(日)째의 전장(全長) 7.25mm인 자어(仔魚)에서 지느러미 중 처음으로 꼬리지느러미 줄기가 정수(定數)에 달(達)하고, 자유유영(自由游泳)을 하는 21일째 전장(全長) 8.30mm의 자어(仔魚)에서 2실(室)의 부레가 분화(分化)한다. 부화후(孵化後) 27일(日)째의 전장(全長) 8.47mm인 자어(仔魚)에서 가슴지느러미 줄기와 배지느러미 원기(原期)가 분화(分化)하며, 등지느러미와 뒷지느러미 줄기는 정수(定數)에 달(達)하고, 34일(日)째 전장(全長) 11.84mm의 자어(仔魚)는 모든 막지느러미가 소실(消失)하고, 배지느러미 줄기가 분화(分化)하기 시작(始作)한다. 자어(仔魚)의 표피상돌기(表皮上突起)는 부화직후(孵化直後)의 자어(仔魚)에서 $5{\sim}10{\mu}m$ 정도(程度)의 사면형(斜面型) 인상돌기(鱗狀突起)가 나타나고, 부화(孵化) 2일(日)째의 자어(仔魚)에서는 $20{\sim}40{\mu}m$정도(程度)로 높아진다. 부화후(孵化後) 15일(日)째부터 돌기(突起)의 크기는 작아지고 17일이후(日以後)가 되면 거의 모든 개체(個體)의 표피상돌기(表皮上突起)가 소실(消失)한다. 산란기(産卵期)는 4월 하순에서 6월 상순으로 한 개체(個體)가 다회(多回) 산란종(産卵鍾)이고, 1회(回)에 평균(平均) 195개(個)의 란(卵)을 산란(産卵)한다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.746-763
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• 1996

An alternative design to conventional class II cavity preparation for proximal carious lesions is the tunnel preparation. It preserves the marginal ridge intact, thus making it possible to maintain the natural contact relationship with the adjacent tooth and minimize tooth reduction. This in vitro study was purposed to evaluate the effect of the materials' elastic constants and shear-bond strength on the marginal ridge fracture resistance of teeth restored by the tunnel technique, and to find the materials of choice for tunnel restorations. $Resinomer^{(R)}$, $Ketac-silver^{(R)}$, $Miracle-Mix^{(R)}$, and Tytin were used as restorative material. The elastic constants of each restorative material were evaluated by ultrasonic pulse measurement. Young's modulus and bulk modulus of the restorative materials were evaluated in three specimens for each material type. The shear-bond strength of the restorative materials to the dentin surface was measured after thermocycling 400 times between 6 and $60^{\circ}C$, using ten specimens for each material type. For measuring marginal ridge strength, 60 sound extracted molar teeth were distributed into six groups by size. Sound molar teeth were used as a Control group and unfilled prepared teeth were grouped as Unrestored. Another four groups were named Resinomer group, Ketac-Silver group, Miracle Mix group, and Tytin group by type of restorative material. Tunnel cavity preparation was done with ' 1/2, 2, and 4 round burs in sequence. Initial access to proximal surface was made through an occlusal access preparation started at least 2mm from the marginal ridge, and the proximal opening was formed about 2.5mm below the marginal ridge. After restoration and thermocycling, marginal ridge strength was measured using a universal testing machine. The results were as follows: 1. The Young's modulus of $Tytin^{(R)}$ was 63.95 GPa, followed by $Ketac-Silver^{(R)}$ 27.60 GPa, $Miracle-mix^{(R)}$ 18.48 GPa, and $Resinomer^{(R)}$ 10.74 GPa showing significant differences between the groups(P<0.05). The bulk modulus of the materials showed the same order as Young's modulus. The value of $Tytin^{(R)}$ showed 59.57 GPa indicating that it will deform less than other materials under the same stress. It was followed by $Ketac-Silver^{(R)}$ 23.57 GPa, Miracle $Mix^{(R)}$ 12.50 GPa, and $Resinomer^{(R)}$ 11.60 GPa. 2. The Resinomer group had a shear-bond strength of 7.41 MPa which was significantly higher than those of the Ketac-Silver group (1.80 MPa) and the Miracle Mix group (2.84 MPa) (P<0.01). All the specimens of Tytin group detatched from the dentin surface during thermocycling. 3. The mean marginal ridge strength of the Unrestored group(46.14 kgf) was significantly lower than that of the Control group (84.24 kgf) (P<0.01). The marginal ridge strength of teeth restored by the tunnel technique was, in order, Ketac-Silver group 74.06 kgf, Miracle Mix group 73.36 kgf, Resinomer group 63.47 kgf, and Tytin group 58.76 kgf. The Ketac-Silver, Miracle Mix, and Resinomer groups showed no significant difference with the Control group (P>0.05), but the Tytin group showed significantly lower strength compared to the Control group(P<0.05). The results showed that the marginal ridge strength of the teeth restored by the tunnel technique was not significantly lower than that of sound teeth. They also demonstrated that the bonding strength of the restorative material to the tooth surface should be high and the modulus of elasticity should not be lower than that of the tooth in order to restore the marginal ridge strength to its natural condition.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.320-328
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• 1992

춘천, 수원, 청주, 광주, 이리, 진주의 20년간 (1971년 부터 1990년 까지) 기온, 일조시수, 강우 기상자료에 따른 콩 수량 예측모형을 SAS의 STEPWISE, MAXR, $C_{P}$에 의하여 작성 되었으며 선정된 설명변수들(explanatory variables)은 GLM에 의하여 유의차 검정을 하였다. 6개 지역 콩 수량에 영향을 미치는 기상요소의 반응은 다음과 같다. 1. 춘천 지역의 주효과 기상 요소에서 1차 효과(linear term)는 8월일조시수, 2차 효과(quadratic term)는 8월강우, 교호작용(interaction)은 6월기온과 8월강우, 5월기온과 8월강우였으며 8월강우는 고도의 유의성이 인정 되었다. 콩수량 예측 평균값은 198.0kg/10a였으며 년차 변이가 인정되었다. 2. 수원 지역의 기상 요소 1차 효과는 6월기온이 부영향 이었으며 2차 효과는 6월일조시수, 6월강우(부효과)였다. 교호작용은 7월의 기온과 일조시수, 6월일조시수와 7월강우, 5월기온과 7월강우, 6, 7월강우가 유의성이 인정 되었으며 년차 변이가 있었다. 콩 수량 예측값은 178.1kg /10a 였다. 3. 청주 지역은 1차 효과는 6월기온, 2차 효과는 8월강우, 교호작용은 5월기온과 6월강우, 7월과 8월의강우, 7월기온과 6월강우이었다. 콩수량 예측 값은 197.9kg /10a였다. 4. 광주 지역의 1차 효과는 7월강우(부), 2차 효과는 6월기온과 7월강우였으며 6, 7월일조시수가 부교호작용 이었다. 콩 수량 예측 평균값은 227.4kg /10a였다. 5. 이리 지역의 기상요소 1차 효과는 5월일조시수, 2차 효과는 5월일조시수와 7월일조시수, 교호작용은 5월의 기온과 강우, 5, 7월의 일조시수, 6, 7월의 강우였고 7월일조시수의 quadratic term은 부효과 였다. 5월의기온과 강우, 6, 7월의강우도 부교호작용 이었다. 콩 수량 예측값은 160.4kg /10a였다. 6. 진주 지역의 기상 요소 반응에 따른 1차 효과는 6월과 8월강우, 교호작용은 8월의기온과 일조시수, 6월일조시수와 7월강우, 6, 8월강우였다. 6, 8월강우는 linear term에서 부효과, 8월의 기온과 일조시수는 부교호작용이었다. 콩 수량 예측 평균값은 208.0kg /10a였다. 7. 춘천, 수원, 광주, 진주 지역의 모형식에 선정된 년차변이(YR)는 기술 개선 요인(technological improvement factors)으로 인정된다.다.