• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2019

Maize which has very high omega-6 fatty acid content has been used as a main feed grain for Hanwoo beef production to increase marbling, and thus omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids ratio in Hanwoo beef is expected to be biased. To elucidate the current status of omega fatty acids ratio in Hanwoo beef, fatty acid profiles of neutral lipid and phospholipid fraction were analyzed separately using 55 Hanwoo steers' longissimus dorsi muscle slaughtered at Pyeongchang, Korea from Oct. to Nov. 2015. In addition, an association study was conducted to evaluate associations between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from references and omega fatty acid profiles in phospholipid of Hanwoo beef samples using analysis of variance (ANOVA). In neutral lipid fraction, composition of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids was higher and polyunsaturated fatty acids was lower compared to those in phospholipid fraction. The mean n-6/n-3 ratios of Hanwoo were $56.059{\pm}16.180$ and $26.811{\pm}6.668$ in phospholipid and neutral lipid, respectively. There were three SNPs showing statistically significant associations with omega fatty acid content. GA type of rs41919985 in fatty acid synthase (FASN) was significantly associated with the highest amount of C20:5 n-3 (p = 0.031). CC type of rs41729173 in fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) was significantly associated with the lowest amount of C22:2n-6 (p = 0.047). AG type of rs42187261 in FADS1 was significantly linked to the lowest concentration of C20:4 n-6 (p = 0.044). The total n-6/n-3 ratio of the steer which has all four SNP types in above loci (27.905) was much lower than the mean value of the total n-6/n-3 ratio in phospholipid of the 55 Hanwoo steers ($56.059{\pm}16.180$). It was found that phospholipid and neutral lipid of Hanwoo have very high n-6/n-3 ratios compared to the reported data from different cow breeds. Four SNPs in genes related with fatty acid metabolism showed significant associations with the fatty acid profile of phospholipid and may have potential as SNP markers to select Hanwoo steers in terms of n-6/n-3 balance in the future.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.102-108
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• 1989

[ $\omega3$ ] 고도불포화지방산의 투여가 체중변화, 단백질, 인지질 및 콜레스테롤 함량에 미치는 영향을 비교하기 위하여 정어리유에서 분리한 $\omega3$ 고도불포화지방산, 식물유 및 동물성지방 (대조군)을 $10\%$가 되도록 첨가한 사료로써 실험동물에 6주간 투여하였다. 체중변화는 어유 투여군이 대조군에 비해 $11.1\%\~14.4\%$로 감소하였고, 또 식물유인 옥수수기름 투여군에 비해서는 $16.4\%\~23.3\%$로 감소하였다. 간장에서의 단백질 함량은 $\omega3$ 고도불포화지방산과 정어리 기름 투여군에 비해 $6.78\%\~8.51\%$로 약간 증가하였지만, 뇌 및 혈청에서는 유의성이 없었다. 간장의 마이크로좀에서의 인지질함량은 $\omega3$ 고도불포화지방산과 정어리 기름 투여군이 대조군에 비해 감소하는 경향을 나타내고 있었다. 더우기 이들 어유 투여군은 대조군에 비해 혈청 콜레스테롤 함량이 효과적으로 감소되었다. 따라서 $\omega3$ 고도불포화지방산을 포함한 어유는 단백질 합성을 촉진함은 물론 체중 증가와 인지질 함량을 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라 콜레스테롤 함량을 효과적으로 감소시킴을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1413-1421
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• 2013

The marine microalga Isochrysis sphaerica is rich in the very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, $C20:5{\omega}-3$) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, $C22:6{\omega}-3$) that are important to human health. Here, we report a functional characterization of a ${\Delta}4$-fatty acid desaturase gene (FAD4) from I. sphaerica. IsFAD4 contains a 1,284 bp open reading frame encoding a 427 amino acid polypeptide. The deduced amino sequence comprises three conserved histidine motifs and a cytochrome b5 domain at its N-terminus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that IsFad4 formed a unique Isochrysis clade distinct from the counterparts of other eukaryotes. Heterologous expression of IsFAD4 in Pichia pastoris showed that IsFad4 was able to desaturate docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) to form DHA, and the rate of converting DPA to DHA was 79.8%. These results throw light on the potential industrial production of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids through IsFAD4 transgenic yeast or oil crops.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.217-236
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• 1999

Among polyunsaturated fatty acids (PURAs) targeted for manipulation in animal tissues (poultry eggs and meat), omega-3 PUFAs(n-3 PUFAs) are discussed in this review. 3 or 5% dietary menhaden oil (MO) supplemented layer diets was reported to increase docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents in the egg. MO at 1.5% also increased the deposition of up to 180mg total omega-3 fatty acids / yolk. Utilization of 5% ground flax seed (FS) resulted in similar total omega-3 fatty acid (FA) deposition as 1.5% MO. However, the basic feed formulations used in the Canadian feed industry usually include 10 to 20% FS in the egg laying diets. Recently several studies reported that addition of tocopherols in layer diets increased the tocopherol content more in the egg than any other tissue. One of reports said that 3.5% dietary oil with added tocopherols resulted in increasing tocopherol deposition and FA composition of the egg and other tissues. In the poultry meat, redfish meal (RM;4, 8, 12, 15 and 30% of diet) or redfish oil (RO;2.1 or 4.2% of diet) added to the practical corn-wheat-soybean based diets resulted in an increase in omega-3 FA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) contents in broiler meat lipids. Linseed oil (LO;1.0, 2.5, and 5.0% of broiler diet) supplemented in broiler diets also resulted in omega-3 FA and the ratio of omega-6 being significantly higher in poultry meat lipid than MO. Concern about fish flavor resulted in research about fish oil (FO) supplementation in broiler diets. Without the use of antioxidants, no more than 1.5% FO should be fed to broilers due to unacceptable orders from the chicken carcasses. One recent research project found that over 50mg/kg of vitamin E was required for maintaining the stability of unsaturated lipids in the meat. In regards to 'fishy'or 'crabby'taint in the eggs and poultry meat, poultry products remained acceptable when dietary fish oils were stabilized with antioxidants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2000

Effects of high fat diet and/or endurance exercise training on hepatic total and phospholipid(PL) fatty acid compositions were evaluated in rats fed one of the following diets for 31 days. control diet(CD, 5 wt% corn oil) or high fat diet(HFD, 35 wt% corn oil). Half of the rats in each group were exercise-trained regularly on a treadmill for 90 minutes/day during the entire feeding period. Total and PL fatty acid compositions of hepatic lipid extracts were determined by a gas-liquid chromatograph),. Endurance exercise training did not change the daily food intake, but significantly reduced body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio of rats, which were most prominent in animals fed HFD. Exercise training did not significantly change the percentages of ∑saturated fatty acids (SFA) and ∑polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUEA), but decreased the percentage of ∑monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) in hepatic total fatty acids, which might be associated with the decrease in (equation omitted) 9-desaturation index of hepatic total fatty acid metabolism. Exercise training significantly lowered the percentages of 16 : 0 and 22 : 5$\omega$3, and increased the percentages of 20 : 1 and 20 : 3$\omega$3 in both total and PL fatty acid compositions in rat liver. Both total fatty acid and PL fatty acid compositions of rat liver responded more sensitively to changes in dietary fat content than to endurance exercise training in this study. Feeding HFD, whoch contains high level of linoleic acid(LA, 18 : 2$\omega$6), significantly decreased the percentages of ∑SFA and $\Sigma$MUFA, and increased the percentages of ∑PUFA and ∑$\omega$6 fatty acids of hepatic total fatty acids. Hepatic total fatty acid composition was affected by dietary fat content and dietary fatty acid composition more sensitively than those found in hepatic PL fatty acid composition. HFD significantly decreased most of desaturation indices, while exercise training significantly decreased elongation index(20 : 5$\omega$3⇒22 : 5$\omega$3) of hepatic total and PL fatty acid metabolism in rats. (Korean J Nutrition 33(1) : 13-22, 2000)

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2016

Pharmacotherapy is considered the first line therapy in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Many patients also choose complementary medicine such as dietary supplements. Omega-3 has shown some efficacy for improving ADHD symptoms in several studies. The goal of this review is to integrate the previous research findings on omega-3 and understand the issues worth considering in the treatment of ADHD. The terms "attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity", "omega-3", and "dietary supplements" were searched on PubMed, Cochrane, and Google scholar. The search was further limited to clinical trials, reviews, and meta-analyses. Trials that examined treatments for ADHD, used randomized design, and placebo-controlled trials were included. Eighteen clinical trials with a total of 1,141 participants were included in this review. Fifteen trials had parallel designs, comparing an omega-3/6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) or a combination of both to a placebo and three compared omega-3/6 PUFAs to a placebo and psycho-stimulants. Seven of the included trials showed significant improvements in groups receiving omega-3/6 PUFAs compared to placebo groups, however, 11 trials showed no significant differences. Evidence that PUFAs supplementation provides benefits for ADHD was yet limited. Mixed results were due to selection variability criteria, variability of supplementation, and short follow-up intervals.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.307-315
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• 1989

${\omega}3$계와 ${\omega}6$계 PUFA의 함유비율을 달리했을때 흰쥐장기의 지질대사 및 혈청 lipoprotein 조성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실험한 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. 뇌 조직중의 총cholesterol농도는 전 식이군 간에 유의성은 없으나 ${\omega}6$계 linoleic acid 함유율이 높은 고추씨기름 10%단독 식이군에서 높은 함량을 보이는 반면 ${\omega}3$계 linolenic acid 함유율이 높은 들깨유 식이군 및 혼합 식이군에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 한편 중성지방 및 인지질 농도는 고추종자유 함유율이 높은 식이군에서 서서히 증가하지만 들깨유 함유량이 많아질수록 점차 감소하였다. 신장 조직중의 총cholesterol농도는 전 군간에 유의성이 없었으며, 중성지방 농도는 ${\omega}6$계 linoleic acid함유 비율이 높은 고추종자유 식이군이 가장 높았고 혼합 식이군에서 낮았다. 인지질 농도는 10% 고추종자유 식이군에서 현저히 낮았다. 고환 조직중의 총cholesterol농도는 혼합 식이군 및 들깨유 식이군에서 낮았으며, 중성지방 농도는 들깨유 식이군에서 상승하였고 혼합 식이군에서 감소하였다. 인지질 농도는 5군에서 낮았다. 혈청 lipoprotein pattern에서 HDL은 들깨유 함량이 많은 식이군(1,2,3군)에서 상승된 반면 고추씨기름 식이군에서는 가장 낮았으며, LDL은 들깨유 비율이 높아질수록 점차로 낮아졌다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2001

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are important components of brain phospholipds and play important role (s) in brain function. In rats, the maximum brain growth occurs during the period of lactation even though it happens during the third trimester of gestation in human. Since milk contained docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) even through the maternal diet had no DHA and/or a very small amount of its precursor, $\alpha$-linolenic acid ($\alpha$-LnA), an emphasis was given to maternal adipose tissue as a reservoir of this fatty acid. We, therefore, investigated the mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissues for their fatty acid composition in dams reared with different fat diets. Diets containing various amounts of $\omega$6 and $\omega$3 fatty acids were given to adult female rats (200-250g) throughout the pregnancy and lactation periods. Diets were composed of 10% (wt/wt) corn oil (CO), soybean oil (SO), perilla seed oil (PO) containing about 60% $\alpha$-LnA, or fish oil (FO) rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA. The fatty acid ompositions of mesenteric and subcutaneous fat were measured and evaluated at Day-2 and Day-15 after parturition. In general, major characteristics of dietary fatty acid composition was reflected on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissues. Dietary fatty acid composition was reflected more on mesenteric fat as compared to subcutaneous fat. Mesenteric fat was found to contain less arachidonic acid (AA) and mesenteric fats of CO, SO and PO groups contained less DHA than did the subcutaneous fat. The P/M/S ratios of adipose tissues were similar between experimental groups while dietary P/M/S ratios differed significantly. It was noticeable that a small proportion of DHA was found in the adipose tissues of animals of CO, SO and PO groups (Day-2) and in SO and PO groups (Day-15), the groups which do not contain DHA in their diets. The percentage of DHA in mesenteric fat o CO, SO and PO groups decreased as lactation continues, while the proportion of DHA in FO group increased. Adipose tissues of FO group had higher DHA/EPA ratio as compared to the diet. Considering the fact that the body contains a large amount of adipose tissues, our present finding suggests that the adipose tissue can serve as a reservoir of DHA for pregnant and lactating rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.437-447
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• 1999

The intake of fatty acids, and the effects of fatty acid intake patterns on serum lipid concentrations was investigated in 112 postmenopausal women. Dietary intakes of fatty acids were assessed by means of a semi-quantitative food questionnaire with food models and other measuring tools. The intakes of saturated fatty acid(SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid(MFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) were 10.85g, 11.89g and 12.09g, respectively. The ratios of P/M/S and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 fatty acid were 1.19 : 1.10 : 1 and 6.65 ; 1, respectively. Serum lipid concentrations were adjusted for age, menopausal period, BMI, stress scores, exercise habit and energy intake and the relationship between fatty acid intake and serum lipids was measured using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Serum cholesterol concentration was positively correlated with dietary intake of SFA (p<0.10), MUFA(p<0.05), palmitic acid(p<0.10), stearic acid(p<0.05), oleic aicd(p<0.05), and arachidonic acid(p<0.10). Serumk LDL-cholesterol concentration was positively correlated with MUFA(p<0.10), oleic acid(p<0.10), oleic acid(p<0.10), and arachidonic acid (p<0.10). Serum triglyceride concentration was positively correlated with arachidonic acid(p<0.10). However, serum HDL-cholesterol concentration was not found to be significantly correlated with any fatty acids.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.169-177
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• 2014

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the impact of nonsurgical periodontal treatment combined with one-year dietary supplementation with omega (${\omega}$)-3 on the serum levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and arachidonic acid (AA). Methods: Fifteen patients with chronic generalized periodontitis were treated with scaling and root planing. The test group consisted of seven patients ($43.1{\pm}6.0$ years) supplemented with ${\omega}$-3, consisting of EPA plus DHA, three capsules, each of 300 mg of ${\omega}$-3 (180-mg EPA/120-mg DHA), for 12 months. The control group was composed of eight patients ($46.1{\pm}11.6$ years) that took a placebo capsule for 12 months. The periodontal examination and the serum levels of DPA, EPA, DHA, and AA were performed at baseline (T0), and 4 (T1), and 12 (T2) months after therapy. Results: In the test group, AA and DPA levels had been reduced significantly at T1 (P<0.05). AA and EPA levels had been increased significantly at T2 (P<0.05). The ${\Delta}EPA$ was significantly higher in the test compared to the placebo group at T2-T0 (P=0.02). The AA/EPA had decreased significantly at T1 and T2 relative to baseline (P<0.05). Conclusions: Nonsurgical periodontal treatment combined with ${\omega}$-3 supplementation significantly increased the EPA levels and decreased the AA/EPA ratio in serum after one year follow-up. However, no effect on the clinical outcome of periodontal therapy was observed.