This study is the first comprehensive report on the molecular cloning, structural characterization, sequence comparison between wild and mutant types, copy number in the genome, expression features and activities of a gene encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in Korean lawn grass ($Zoysia$$japonica$). The full length cDNA of the EPSPS from Korean lawn grass ($zj$EPSPS) obtained from a 3' and 5' RACE method was 1540 bp, containing a 1176 bp ORF, a 144 bp leader sequence (5' UTR) and a 220 bp 3' UTR, which was eventually decoded 391 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 41.74 kDa. The Southern blot detection of the $zj$EPSPS showed that the gene exists as a single copy in the Korean lawn grass genome. Sequence comparison of the $zj$EPSPS gene demonstrated that the glyphosate-tolerant mutant (GT) having a Pro-53 to Ser substitution in the gene seems to have a preferred binding activity of the enzyme to phosphoenol pyruvate(PEP) over glyphosate, which allows the continuous synthesis of aromatic amino acids in the shikimate pathway. From the Northern blotting analysis, the $zj$EPSPS was found to be highly expressed, with continuous increase until 36 hours after 0.5% glyphosate treatment in both wild and mutant samples, but 1.5-fold higher EPSP synthase activity was observed in the tolerant mutant when exposed to the glyphosate treatment. The molecular information of the $zj$EPSPS gene obtained from this study needs to be further dissected to be more effectively applied to the development of gene-specific DNA markers and zoysiagrass cultivars; nevertheless, the glyphosate-tolerant mutant having the featured $zj$EPSPS gene can be provided to turfgrass managers for weed problems with timely adoptable management options.
Radiotherapy is an irreplaceable method of cancer treatment. But it has several side effects, especially damages to the hemopoietic and Immune system. Therefore radioprotectors are required to treat cancer successfully. A lot of Herbs and Herbal prescriptions are reported to have radioprotective effects. Above all, those to support the healthy energy and strengthen the body resistance are found more effective. This study was performed to evaluate the radioprotective effects of prescription Shenrong Fuzheng Tang(S.F.T.), which consists of 16 kinds of herbs. We investigated proliferation of murine splenocytes, secretion of colony-stimulating-factors(CSFs), immunocompetence after irradiation in-vitro, and Endogenous spleen colony assay, survival assay in-vivo. When splenocytes were cultured with Shenrong Fuzheng $Tang(S.F.T.)(500{\mu}g/ml)$, proliferation was enhanced 5.7 times compared to control cultured with medium alone(p<0.05) and, showed highest proliferation at 4th day after incubation. In order to evaluate stimulation of hemopoiesis of Shenrong Fuzheng Tang(S.F.T.), the supernatant of splenocytes cultured with optimal concentration of Shenrong Fuzheng Tang(S.F.T.) was used to measure CSFs secretion. The result showed enhanced secretion of colony-stimulating-factors (CSFs) compared to control(p<0.05). To evaluate the protective effect of lymphocytes from irradiation, proliferation of splenocytes stimulated by LPS and ConA after incubation with Shenrong Fuzheng Tang(S.F.T.) for 24h Prior to Irradiation$(1{\sim}3\;Gy)$ was measured. The results showed higher proliferation of Shenrong Fuzheng Tang(S.F.T.) treated cells than that of non-treated cells. And percentage increases of irradiated splenocytes per non-irradiated splenocytes were also higher in Shenrong Fuzheng Tang (S.F.T.)-treated cells than control. Endogenous spleen colony assay. to evaluate the protection of hemopoietic cells from irradiation, showed increased number of colonies(p=0.03) in Shenrong Fuzheng Tang(S.F.T.) treated murine spleen$(10.3{\pm}1.9)$ compared to non-treated murine spleen$(3.4{\pm}0.8)$. Survival time of mice irradiated with lethal dose of ${\gamma}-ray(9Gy)$ was prolonged in Shenrong Fuzheng Tang(S.F.T.) treated group prior to irradiation as compared to non-treated group. According to these results we can suggest that prescription Shenrong Fuzheng Tang(S.F.T.) has radioprotective effects and can be used to protect the hemopoietic and immune system from damages of anti-cancer radiotherapy.
Sun, Jing He;Joh, Chul W;Ahn, Young Hwan;Park, Chan Hee;Shim, Chull;Park, Kyung Bae;Cho, Kyung Gi
Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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v.29
no.10
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pp.1309-1315
/
2000
Objectives : We performed an in vivo experiment to investigate the effect of $^{166}Holmium$ and $^{166}Holmium$-chitosan complex($^{166}Ho$-CHICO) on the normal brain of rats and to determine the sublethal dose of $^{166}Ho$-CHICO. Materials and Methods : $^{166}Ho$ is a beta and gamma ray emitter. $^{166}Ho$-CHICO is a novel radio-pharmaceutical complex with chitosan to facilitate the transport of $^{166}Ho$ obtained from Korea Atomic Energy Research Center(Taejon, Korea). It is in acidic form and becomes gel state at alkaline pH. One hundred and seventy consecutive rats were divided into four groups : $^{166}Ho$ treated(n=50), $^{166}Ho$-CHICO treated(n=57), saline treated(n=5) and chitosan treated(n=5) groups. $^{166}Ho$ and $^{166}Ho$-CHICO were injected into the rat brain stereotactically with various doses of 0.1mCi/$20{\mu}l$, 0.2mCi/$20{\mu}l$, 0.3mCi/$20{\mu}l$, and 0.4mCi/$20{\mu}l$ using an automated microinjector. Nuclear imaging, histopathological and hematological studies were performed in 10 rats in each group at 1 day, 3days, 7 days, 1 month and 3 months after the injections. Results : An infiltration of inflammatory cells and necrotic changes were noted in $^{166}Ho$ treated group at 1 week after the injection. A wedge-shaped tissue defect due to necrosis, lined with infiltrated glial cells in $^{166}Ho$ treated group and a cystic defect lined with reactive astroglial cells in $^{166}Holmium$-CHICO treated group at 3 months after the injection were observed. $^{166}Ho$ alone without chitosan leaked out and caused necrotic lesion on the cerebral surface but $^{166}Holmium$-CHICO treated group did not show this feature. As the dose of $^{166}Ho$ increased, the mortality rates were also increased. The mortality rate of the $^{166}Holmium$-CHICO group was higher than the $^{166}Ho$ treated group at a dose of 0.4mCi/$20{\mu}l$/300g. There was no detectable radioactivity due to the leakage or extravasation from the injected site of the brain on the scintigraphy performed at 1 hour, 24 hours and 48 hours after the injection. There was also no detectable activity of $^{166}Holmium$-CHICO in other organs including spleen, liver and kidney. Conclusions : $^{166}Ho$-CHICO did not leak out to the critical cortical surface of the brain from the injection site and induced radiation changes of the parenchyma around the injection site without cortical damage. The sublethal dose of $^{166}Ho$-CHICO for the normal brain in rats was determined to be 0.2mCi/$20{\mu}l$/300g.
Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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v.24
no.6
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pp.229-236
/
2014
A stoichiometric mixture of evaporating materials for $MnAl_2S_4$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal electric furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $MnAl_2S_4$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperatures were $630^{\circ}C$ and $410^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of the single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the $MnAl_2S_4$ obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g(T)=3.7920eV-5.2729{\times}10^{-4}eV/K)T^2/(T+786 K)$. In order to explore the applicability as a photoconductive cell, we measured the sensitivity (${\gamma}$), the ratio of photocurrent to dark current (pc/dc), maximum allowable power dissipation (MAPD) and response time. The results indicated that the photoconductive characteristic were the best for the samples annealed in S vapour compare with in Mn, Al, air and vacuum vapour. Then we obtained the sensitivity of 0.93, the value of pc/dc of $1.10{\times}10^7$, the MAPD of 316 mW, and the rise and decay time of 14.8 ms and 12.1 ms, respectively.
Proton therapy facility, which is recently installed at National Cancer Center in Korea, generally produces a large amount of radiation near cyclotron due to the secondary particles and radioisotopes caused by collision between proton and nearby materials during the acceleration. Although the level of radiation by radioisotope decreases in length of time, radiation exposure problem still exists since workers are easily exposed by a low level of radiation for a long time due to their job assignment for maintenance or repair of the proton facility. In this paper, the working environment near cyclotron, where the highest radiation exposure is expected, was studied by measuring the degree of radiation and its duration for an appropriate level of protective action guide. To do this, we measured the radiation change in the graphite based energy degrader, the efficiency of transmitted beam and relative activation degree of the transmission beam line. The results showed that while the level of radiation exposure around cyclotron and beam line during the operation is much higher than the other radiation therapy facilities, the radiation exposure rate per year is under the limit recommended by the law showing 1~3 mSv/year.
Background : Coal-worker's pneumoconiosis(CWP) is characterized by a chronic inflammatory lung reaction associated with macrophage accumulation in the alveolar spaces. CWP is usually divided into two stage : simple pneumoconiosis(SP) where there are a limited number of fibrotic lesions remain limited, with radiological opacities smaller than 1cm and progressive massive fibrosis(PMF), which is characterized by the development of a perifocal extensive fibrotic response of the lung and severe alterations in pulmonary function. In this study, the lymphocyte compartment and cytokine were evaluated by measuring the serum levels in the control, SP and PMF groups. Materials and Methods : The coal workers selected for this study were employees(patients?) of the Tae-Baek and Dong-Hae hospital. All were men, 45-76 years old and the mean duration of their exposure to coal dust was 23.2 years in the lymphocyte compartment and 24.3 years in the cytokine checked group. According to X-ray examination results, the patients were classified into either one of the SP, PMF categories. The normal controls examined were 26-70 years old men. The serum cytokine levels were estimated by using an end point enzyme immunoassay technique. Results : T lymphocyte, helper and suppressor T cells were highly related to pneumoconiosis in this study. A statistically significant decrease in the number of suppressor T lymphocytes was observed in the simple pneumoconiosis patients and at the same time, there was an increase in the lymphocyte index. Howevere, there was no statistically difference in the serum cytokines levels among the SP, PMF and control groups. Conclusion : T lymphocyte, helper T, and suppressor T cells may be highly related to the development of CWP compared to the control group particularly in the early stage of pneumoconiosis. The changes observed in the immunological system in patients with pneumoconiosis may lie at the bottom of the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Further study is needed to evaluate the lymphocyte compartment as a marker for pneumoconiosis development in the early stage.
The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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v.22
no.2
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pp.135-144
/
2010
Purpose: The purpose of this study is that through production of phantom for respiration gated radiotherapy, assessing appropriacy of exposure dose for the therapy using RPM (Real-time Position Management). Materials and Methods: We located measurement object on the phantom for respiration gated radiotherapy made of 2 linear actuator, acrylic panel, stanchion, iron plate ets. to drive (up, down, front, back). Using 4D CT scan, we analyzed patient's respiration and reproduced the movement by computer. On the phantom, we located a 2D-Array (PTW) and an White water phantom (4.5 cm) and used DMLC (interval 2 cm) in the field size $10{\times}10\;cm$, then exposed 21EX X-ray 100 MU, in the case of phantom was (1) static (2) moving (3) gated using RPM respectively gantry $0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ We measured with a 0.125 CC ionization chamber (PTW) on the phantom (7.5 cm) in the same condition. Results: Ionization chamber: There were within 0.3% of error with gating respiration and approximately 2% of error without gating in the same condition. 2D-Array: Gantry $90^{\circ}$, field size $10{\times}10\;cm$, using DMLC. There were within 3% of error with gating respiration and approximately 16% of error without gating. Conclusion: The phantom for respiration gated radiotherapy makes plans considering patient's movement, quantitative analysis of exposure dose and proper assessment therapy for IMRT patients using RPM possible.
Radioactive iodine has been widely used in patients with thyroid cancer combined with surgical treatment. However, due to individual variations in absorption and excretion and uptake by tumor tissue of radioactive iodine, there are differences in therapeutic effect and adverse effects even if the same doses are administrated. So this study compared the therapeutic effect and radiation hazard by measuring internal radiation dose. Of total 27 patients with well differentiated thyroid cancer who had been thyroidectomized, we administered radioactive iodine 100 mCi, 150 mCi, 200 mCi. According to BEL DOSIMETRY PROTO-COL, beta and gamma ray dose were estimated from a pelt of the logarithm of the percent of dose per liter of whole blood versus day, and percent dose retained versus day using somilogarithmic paper, respectively. 1) Physical dose to whole blood averaged $56.54{\pm}13.02$ rad in 100 mCi administered group, $76.83{\pm}19.97$ rad in 150 mCi administered group, $95.08{\pm}25.51$ rad in 200 mCi administered group and there has been a significant correlation among the groups. 2) Mean percent dose retained 48 hours later was 26.34%. 3) There was no significant correlation of physical dose between absence and presence of metastasis. 4) 17 of 19 patients who has been followed up with TSH and serum throglobulin, Thallium scan were successfully ablated by radioactive iodine. 5) Leukocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, platelet counts all deelined in 4.6 weeks and most of all were restored 3 months later. 6) There was no significant correlation between physical dosimetry and biologic dosimetry. Generally administered doses of radioactive iodine (100-200 mCi) to patients with thyroid cancer postoperatively had developed transient bone marrow suppression and minimal chromosomal aberration, but they were within safety dose to blood (200 rad). And there has been no significant differences in residual dose 48 hours later between Korean and western people.
Kim, Jung Yul;Kim, Joo Yeon;Nam-Koong, Hyuk;Kang, Chun Goo;Kim, Jae Sam
The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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v.18
no.1
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pp.33-42
/
2014
Purpose: I-131 scan using High Energy (HE) collimator is generally used. While, Medium Energy (ME) collimator is not suggested to use in result of an excessive septal penetration effects, it is used to improve the sensitivities of count rate on lower dose of I-131. This research aims to evaluate I-131 SPECT/CT image quality using by HE and ME collimator and also find out the possibility of ME collimator clinical application. Materials and Methods: ME and HE collimator are substituted as Siemens symbia T16 SPECT/CT, using I-131 point source and NEMA NU-2 IQ phantom. Single Energy Window (SEW) and Triple Energy Windows (TEW) are applied for image acquisition and images with CTAC and Scatter correction application or not, applied different number of iteration and sub set are reconstructed by IR method, flash 3D. By analysis of acquired image, the comparison on sensitivities, contrast, noise and aspect ratio of two collimators are able to be evaluated. Results: ME Collimator is ahead of HE collimator in terms of sensitivity (ME collimator: 188.18 cps/MBq, HE collimator: 46.31 cps/MBq). For contrast, reconstruction image used by HE collimator with TEW, 16 subset 8 iteration applied CTAC is shown the highest contrast (TCQI=190.64). In same condition, ME collimator has lower contrast than HE collimator (TCQI=66.05). The lowest aspect ratio for ME collimator and HE collimator are 1.065 with SEW, CTAC (+) and 1.024 with TEW, CTAC (+) respectively. Conclusion: Selecting a proper collimator is important factor for image quality. This research finding tells that HE collimator, which is generally used for I-131 scan emitted high energy ${\gamma}$-ray is the most recommendable collimator for image quality. However, ME collimator is also applicable in condition of lower dose, lower sensitive if utilizing energy window, matrix size, IR parameter, CTAC and scatter correction appropriately.
This research was conducted to know application of Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) and Thermoluminesce(TL) methods by irradiation dose for leaching tea, sauces and starch approved in Korea. Leaching tea, sauces and starch powder were treated with $^{60}Co$ gamma ray at dose 0~10 kGy for detection trial whether they are irradiated or not by measuring PSL and TL for whole samples. PSL values were less than threshold value 700 and were, negative for non-irradiated samples but more than 5,000 and were positive for irradiated ones. PSL results of leaching tea and sauces showed the correct identification for non-irradiated and irradiated samples, respectively except starch samples. To enhance the reliability of the TL result, the first glow curve (TL1) was compared with the second glove curve (TL2) obtained after a re-irradiation step at 1 kGy. The TL ratio ($TL_1/TL_2$) was in good agreement with the reported TL threshold for both the non-irradiated (< 0.1) and irradiated (> 0.1) samples. TL results of leaching tea, sauces, starch showed the correct identification for non-irradiated and irradiated samples, respectively. This study was performed to know application of PSL and TL methods for leaching tea, sauces and starch, and the methods were able to detect the irradiation products.
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