• Macromolecular Research
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.347-351
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• 2003

The hydrophobic ligand-containing hollow polypropylene (PP) membranes were synthesized by the mutual radiation induced graft copolymerization with glycidylmethacrylate (GMA) onto hollow PP membrane followed by the subsequent functionalization with L-phenylalanine. FT-IR, elemental analysis and UV spectroscopy were utilized to characterize copolymer composition, and degree of grafting, functionalization conversion and ${\gamma}$-globulins adsorption. The degree of grafting on the PP surface increased with the reaction time and total dose of E-beam. In the subsquent functionalization, the amount of L-phenylalanine increased with the increase in the degree of grafting and the degree of conversion was about 30%. The ${\gamma}$-globulins adsorption experiments showed that adsorption capacity had a maximum value at pH 8. The ${\gamma}$-globulins adsorption capacity in the basic pH region was higher than in the acidic pH region.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1965

I. A Comparison of Sodium Sulfate Precipitation and Zone(Paper, Agar) Electrophoresis; Many kinds of techniques have been used for fractionating serum proteins. In the present study, using bovine serum, the fractions obtained with sodium sulfate were compared with those determined by zone electrophoresis. 1. Fibrinogen was precipitated with 4 to 10 percent of sodium sulfate. 2. ${\gamma}$-globulin required 10 to 16 percent of the salt for precipitation. 3. ${\beta}$-globulin began to precipitate at 12 percent sodium sulfate, and completed precipitation at approximately 26 percent in paper electrophoresis, while at 22 percent in agar electrophoresis. 4. ${\alpha}$-globulin completed precipitation at 13 to 28 percent sodium sulfate in paper electrophoresis and at 22 percent in agar electrophoresis. 5. Albumin began to precipitate at 14 percent of the salt, and was free from the mixture of globulins approximately at 28 percent in paper electrophoresis, while at 22 percent in agar electrophoresis. The results of comparing fractions by the two methods were as follows: 1. Euglobulin (15%) was equal to the sum of the most ${\gamma}$-globulin and a small quantity of the ${\alpha}$-, and ${\beta}$-globulins. 2. Pseudoglobulin I (15-17.5%) corresponded to the most ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-globulins and a small quantity of albumin. 3. Pseudoglobulin II(18-22%) was a mixture of the ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-globulins and albumin fraction. 4. Albumin (above 22%) contained the most albumin fraction separated by zone electrophoresis and a small quantity of the ${\alpha}$-, and ${\beta}$-globulins. As mentioned above the fractions obtained with sodium sulfate were a mixture of the various proportion of the fractions determined by zone electrophoresis. The solubility of serum fractions to sodium sulfate coincided with the mobility of those by zone electrophoresis. (By percent of sodium sulfate we mean gram of sodium sulfate contained in $100m{\ell}$ of solution). II. Immunological Studies on Serum Protein Fractions with Sodium Sulfate; In the previous report the fractions of bovine serum protein with sodium sulfate compared with those obtained by zone electrophoresis, and the findings were that the former contained various proportion components of the latter. In this study the author studied whether or not the fractions with sodium sulfate are simple component antigenically by immunoelectrophoresis and micro double diffusion test (Immuno-precipitation), using rabbit antiserum to bovine serum. In immunoelectrophoresis, normal bovine serum developed with rabbit antibovine serum showed about ten distinct precipitin arcs. The distribution of these arcs was as follows: 1 albumin, 2 ${\alpha}_1$-, 3 ${\alpha}_2$-, 2 ${\beta}_1$-, ${\beta}_2$-, and 1 ${\gamma}$-globulin (Fig. 7, 9). In micro double diffusion test, five to six precipitation bands could be seen between antigens and antibody, the order of the precipitation bands location is albumin, ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-, and ${\gamma}$-globulin from the side of antiserum well (Fig.19). Frequently the ${\alpha}$-, and ${\beta}$-precipitation bands were separated into two or three precipitation bands, which indicated that these globuline are not a pure component antigenically as shown in immuno-electrophoresis. In both Immunological methods, the two ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-precipitin arcs and bands appeared clear and strong, indicating that the two globulins reacted as strong antigens. The precipitate reaction of ${\gamma}$-globulin was shown at 12 to 16 percent sodium sulfate; ${\beta}$-globulin at 12 to 20 percent; ${\alpha}$-globulin at 12 to 22 percent (immuno-electrophoresis), at 12 to 26 percent (Diffusion); and albumin at above 22 percent. Antigenically euglobulin contained ${\gamma}$-, ${\beta}$-, and ${\alpha}$-globulins, Pseudoglobulin I and Pseudoglobulin II were composed of ${\alpha}$-, and ${\beta}$-globulins, and albumin was a mixture of ${\alpha}$-globulin and albumin determined by zone electrophoresis. The results indicated that the fractions of serum protein obtained by either method were constituents of various proteins antigenically except ${\gamma}$-globulin and albumin by Zone electrophoresis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.201-205
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• 1994

Thirty buffalo calves were randomly categorized into three groups on the basis of age, i.e. birth to 6 months; 6 to 12 months and 12-24 months. Blood samples were collected to monitor certain vital metabolites in relation to age and prediction of performance in growing buffalo calves. Amongst the various blood parameters estimated the serum glucose, cholesterol and gamma globulins have shown highly significant correlations with age and live weight-gain of the animal as well. However, the multiple regression analysis clearly indicated the influence of age and live body weight on blood metabolites in buffalo calves.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1964

The ratios of cattle and swine serum proteins taken from the slaughter house were studied by Paper Electrophoresis. 1. Of 79 cattle and 53 swine, 49 cattle and 32 swine were observed in this studying as normal animals, the rest which was over 60% of albumin, globulin values and 1/2 of A/G (albumin/globulin) ratio was observed separately as abnormalities, because physiological examination was not made before slaughter. The ratios of the normal serum proteins were A (albumin) 58.8, ${\alpha}$(alpha-globulin) 13.7, ${\beta}$(beta-globulin) 11.9, ${\gamma}$(gamma-globulin) 28.6, G(total globulin) 49.2, A/G 1.03 in cattle and A 48.4, ${\alpha}$ 18.0, ${\beta}$ 13.6, ${\gamma}$ 20.0, G 51,6, A/G 0.93 in swine, the result including abnormalities showed A 45.5, ${\alpha}$ 14.8, ${\beta}$ 12.5, ${\gamma}$ 26.7, G 54.5, A/G 0.83 in cattle and A 44.5, ${\alpha}$ 19.8, ${\beta}$ 13.7, ${\gamma}$ 21.8, G 55.3, A/G 0.80 in Swine. 2. The A/G ratio of cattle and swine were 1.03 and 0.93 respectively, the A/G ratio of Korean cattle and swine are higher than the ration reported of others. Although A/G ratio of swine was below 1.00, and its value showed slightly higher than the others. The A/G ratio in this result including the abnormalities was relatively low but this ratio was higher than that values obtained by other reporters. 3. Twenty nine percent of cattles and 34 per cent of swines in this study, fluctuation of A/G ratio was great. The values of ${\alpha}$ and ${\gamma}$ globulins thought to be influenced by the amount of total globulin except ${\beta}$-globulin in swine. To obtain more occurate results, more sample size is required, in other hand some animals that is in subclinical condition might influence the values of this study. 4. The ratios of each fraction mobility which were regarded albumin as 100 were A 100, ${\alpha}$ 73, ${\beta}$ 47, ${\gamma}$ 30 in Cattle and A 100, ${\alpha}$ 71, ${\beta}$ 46, ${\gamma}$ 30 in Swine.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.1348-1353
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• 2006

Purpose : The reticuloendothelial system is composed of sinusoidal capillaries, through which even large protein molecules are freely movable between plasma and interstitial space, including the lymphatic system. Therefore, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) would cause a redistribution of proteins between two compartments. To investigate this hypothesis, we measured plasma protein and lipid levels in patients with Kawasaki disease before and after high-dose IVIG treatment. Methods : Thirty four children with Kawasaki disease who had complete responses to high-dose IVIG treatment (1 g/kg/day for two consecutive days), were analyzed. Before and after the administration of IVIG, serum analyses were performed for such parameters as total protein, albumin, ${\gamma}$-globulins (IgG, IgM, IgA), ${\alpha}1-$, ${\alpha}2-$, and ${\beta}-$ globulin fractions, and lipid profiles (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride). Results : The levels of ${\gamma}$-globulins including IgG, IgM, IgA were significantly increased, and IgG was increased by $1,779{\pm}304mg/dL$ after two-dose of IVIG infusion. The levels of albumin, ${\alpha}1-$, ${\alpha}2-$, and ${\beta}$ globulin fractions were significantly decreased by 18 percent, 24 percent, 19 percent and 12 percent, respectively. HDL-cholesterol level was significantly decreased by 20 percent, while LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly increased by 21 percent and 50 percent, respectively. The total cholesterol level was not changed. Conclusion : High-dose IVIG treatment decreased the levels of a variety of proteins except immunoglobulins, and the increase of IgG after IVIG treatment was lower than expected. Our results suggest that a part of infused IVIG and plasma proteins, including etiologic proteins for Kawasaki disease, may be distributed to the extravascular compartments. The rapid improvement of symptoms induced by IVIG in Kawasaki disease might be explained by this mode of action of IVIG.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 1982

Among the environmental pollutants, cadmium and lead compounds may impair human health. These compounds may inhibit the biological metabolic function of human body and may furthermore cause the disease directly or indirectly. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the immune response by intoxication of cadmium chloride and lead acetate. Cadmium chloride (8.8mg/kg, in saline 10ml) and lead acetate (15mg/kg, in saline 10ml) were administered by intraperitoneal injection. After 3 weeks, the rats were intoxicated with the above chemicals and immunized with sheep RBC. After 4 weeks, the immune response of rat spleen cells was measured by the Jerne's technique. The results were obtained as follows; 1. There was no change in leukocyte counts by the intoxication of cadmium chloride or lead acetate. 2. Cadmium chloride or lead acetate reduced hemoglobin contents for most intoxicated and immunized groups. 3. Hematocrits were decreased by the intoxication of cadmium chloride or lead acetate significantly. 4. It was determined that total protein, A/G (Albumin/Globulin), ${\alpha}-,\;{\beta}-\;and\;{\gamma}$-globulins in rat serum were not changed. 5. Intoxication by cadmium chloride or lead acetate reduced the number of hemolytic plaque to the sheep RBC in rat spleen cells. Therefore, antibody producing of rat spleen cells was suppressed by the intoxication of cadmium chloride and lead acetate.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.215-222
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• 1982

Among the environmental pollutants, parathion, chloroform and 2, 6-dichlorophenol may impair human health; they may inhibit or reduce the metabolic function of human body and may furthermore cause diseases directly or indirectly. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects on the immune response by intoxication of parathion, chloroform or 2, 6-dichlorophenol. Parathion(1.3mg/kg, olive oil 10ml), chloroform (100mg/kg, olive oil 10ml) were administered via intraperitoneal injection to rats. And 2, 6-dichlorophenol (13mg/kg, olive oil 10ml) was administered via oral injection. After 3 weeks, the rats were intoxicated with the above chemicals and immunized with sheep RBC. After 4 weeks the immune response of rat spleen cells was measured by the Jerne's technique. The results were obtained as follows. 1. There was no change of leukocyte counts by the intoxication of parathion, chloroform and 2, 6-dichlorophenol. 2. Parathion, chloroform and 2, 6-dichlorophenol reduced hemoglobin contents for most intoxicated and immunized groups. 3. Hematocrits were decreased by the intoxication of parathion, chloroform or 2, 6-dichlorophenol significantly. 4. It was determined that total protein, A/G (albumin/globulin), .alpha.-, .betha.-and .gamma.-globulins in rat serum were not changed. 5. Intoxication by parathion, chloroform or 2, 6-dichorophenol reduced the number of hemolytic plaque to the sheep RBC in rat spleen cells. Therefore, the capacity of erythrocyte production and the immune response of rat spleen cells were decreased by the intoxication of parathion, chloroform, or 2, 6-dichlorophenol.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

The present study was designed to explore the immunotoxic effects of orally administered aluminum (AI) on pregnant rats (n = 60) and their growing fetuses and consequently on the animal wealth. The animals were randomly allocated into three equal groups of 20 rats each. The first group has no treatment and kept as a control (G1). The second and third groups of pregnant rats were treated orally with aluminum chloride at 345 mg/Kg b.wt. The second group (G2) received the tested compound from the $6^{th}$ day of gestation to the end of weaning, whereas the third group (G3) received the tested compound from the $15^{th}$h day of gestation to the end of weaning. Control and treated animals (dams and offspring) were immunized ip with (0.5 ml) 20% sheep red blood cell (SRBC) suspension seven days before the end of experiments. At the end of exposure, ten dams and ten offspring from each group were used for assessment of cell-mediated immunity and a similar number of animals were sacrificed for evaluating the humoral immune response and serum protein profile. Aluminum chloride exposure of dams ($G_2&G_3$) caused significant suppression of both cell mediated and humoral immune responses in the obtained offsprings compared to the control group ($G_1$) without any significant effect on the immune responses of these dams. Moreover, the serum total globulins, albumin/ globulin (A/G) ratio and gamma globulin fraction were significantly decreased in the treated dam's offsprings compared to the corresponding controls while the serum total protein and all serum protein fractions showed non significant difference between the control and treated dams and between the two treated dam groups themselves. There were no histopathological changes observed in thymus, spleen and liver of the control and treated dams. Thymus of treated dam's offsprings (G2) showed lymphoid depletion in both cortex and medulla. Their spleens showed lymphoid depletion in the white pulps and congestion with hemosiderosis in the red pulps. Liver of treated dam's offsprings showed dilation and congestion of its central vein with degenerative changes in the hepatocytes. These histopathological changes were more severe in G2 than in G3 offsprings. It can be concluded that gestational and/ or lactation exposure of pregnant dams to AI chloride caused suppression of both cellular and humoral immune responses of their offsprings.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.195-207
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• 1982

To determine the influence of vegetarian diet on serum lipoprotein, cholesterol and protein levels, 45 young Buddhist nuns (age: $20{\sim}34$ years) and 29 female students(age: $20{\sim}22$ years) were examined. Daily caloric intakes were 1,945 Kcal for the Buddhist nuns and 1,815 Kcal for the students. The ratio of% calorie of carbohydrate: protein: fat from total calories in the Buddhist nuns was 84:11:5 and that in the students was 70:15:15. The Buddhist nuns had significantly higher carbohydrate intake but markedly lower lipid intakes than the students. Anthropometric measurement showed that the Buddhist nuns had significantly higher values of body weight, skin-fold thickness, body surface area and obesity index than the students. Both systolic and diastolic pressures of the Buddhist nuns and students were similar. Serum levels of total lipid, cholesterol and proteins in the Buddhist nuns were not different from those of the students. However, when comparing the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions, the Buddhist nuns had lower level of HDL but significantly higher LDL levels than the students. Furthermore, the Buddhist nuns had significantly lower levels of serum HDL-cholesterol but significantly higher LDL-cholesterol levels. There were significant correlations between LDL and LDL cholesterol (r=0.40), VLDL and VLDL-cholesterol(r=0.85), HDL and HDL-cholesterol(r=0.45), total serum lipid and total cholesterol (r=0.66) and total serum cholesterol and LDL(r=0.79). On the other hand, values of both serum total protein, and fractions of serum proteins were similar in the Buddhist nuns and students(ratio of albumin: ${\alpha}_{1}-:\;{\alpha}_{2}-:\;{\beta}-:\;{\gamma}-$globulins=55:3:10:13:19). Hematocrit and hemogloblin levels were similar in the Buddhist nuns and students. Above results suggest that vegetarian diets of the Buddhist nuns produced alterations in the metabolism of the lipoproteins and cholesterol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.122-136
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• 1983

The effect of dietary casein, calcium, magnesium and some vegetable oils such as seasme, perilla and soybean oil on the serum cholesterol level in the rabbit were studied for a period of 5 weeks using isocalories and isonitrogenous as basal diets. The experimental rabbits fed the following basal diets containing crude protein 68.47%, carbohydrates 13.35%. fats 16.18% and vegetable oil 10%. casein 10%, calcium and magnesium according to experimental plan making. In order to calculate the feeding efficiency, protein efficiency and calorie efficiency during period, the body weight gains were measured at the same time using same balance, respectively. The results are summarized as follows. Body weight gains per week of the group fed perilla oil, calcium and basal diet were the higher than any other groups. And body weights gains per week of the group fed basal diet, vegetable oil were the lower than any other groups. In the case of efficiency of reed, protein and calorie, the efficiency ratios of the group fed perilla oil were the higher than any other groups. Especially, perilla oil and calcium diet effect on body weight gain in rabbit. In the case of serum protein, the total proteins in serum were almost same value for all the groups. Serum albumin of group fed basal diet. vegetable oil and casein were the higher than any other groups. The ${\alpha}$-globulin of the groups, fed basal diet and calcium was the lower than any other grosps. The ${\beta}$-globulins of the groups fed basad diet, perilla oil and casein were the highest value. In serum lipoprotein, lipalbumin was almost same value for the groups fed vegetable oil, but fed vegetable oil and calcium diet was the lowest value. The ${\beta}$-lipoprotein in high cholesterol level group was increased some degree, the group fed perilla oil added was lower. The ratio of ${\beta}$-lipoprotein per lipalbumin was from 0.11 to 0.26. The ratio of lipalbumin per total lipoprotein was high in calcium and soybean oil added diet. In serum triglyceride, the level of triglyceride of groups fed seasme oil or perilla oil was the higher than any othe groups, but in the group fed casein and calcium or magnesium, the level of triglyceride level was decreased. Calcium and magnesium effect on triglyceridge level lowering action. In serum total cholesterol, the group does fed vegetable oil with basal diet and casein added more, total cholesterol level increased as much as triglyceride level increased. But the group does fed perilla oil and magnesium shows total cholesterol level decreased remarkably. In the group fed basal diet with calium, the amount of serum calcium was increased, but of serum magnesium was decreased. In the case of blood glucose, the group fed basal diet and vegetable oil was decreased. According to the regression and correlation coefficient in blood components in rabbit, there are positive correlation $${\gamma}{\sim_=}1$$ between serum cholesterol and triglyceride, ${\beta}$-lipoprotein, ${\alpha}$-globulin, calcium and magnesium according to diet composition. From the above results, the serum cholesterol level lowering factors in rabbit, was the amount of triglyceride and ${\beta}$-lipoprotein which was decreased in perilla oil fed. It assumes that serum cholesterol and triglyceride level lowering factors are not only unsaturation degree of fatty acid but the amount of calcium and magnesium and the ratio calcium per magnesium 2:1 in the diet.