• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.75-89
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• 2006

Objective : This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of Rhododendron simsii Planch(RSP) on the Alzheimer's disease. Method : The effects of RSP on amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA of PC-12 cell treated by amyloid ${\beta}$ protein$(A{\beta})$ and $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of THP-1 cell treated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS), AChE activity of PC-12 cell lysate treated by $A{\beta}$ and behavior of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine, and glucose, AChE in serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine were investigated, respectively. Result : 1. RSP suppressed APP, AChE, GFAP mRNA in PC-12 celt treated by $A{\beta}$. 2. RSP suppressed $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in THP-1 cell treated by LPS. 3. RSP suppressed AChE activity in cell lysate of PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}$. 4. RSP increased glucose and decreased AChE significantly in the serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine. 5. RSP group showed significantly inhibitory effect on the scopolamine-induced impairment of teaming and. memory in the experiment of Morris water maze. Conclusion : According to the above results, it is suggested that RSP might be usefully applied for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and memory deficit symptom.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2013

Amyloid-${\beta}$ peptide ($A{\beta}$), generated by proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The key step in the generation of $A{\beta}$ is cleavage of APP by beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). Levels of BACE1 are increased in vulnerable regions of the AD brain, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. In the present study, we reported the effects of ferrous ions at subtoxic concentrations on the mRNA levels of BACE1 and a-disintegrin-and-metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) in PC12 cells and the cell responses to ferrous ions. The cell survival in PC12 cells significantly decreased with 0 to 0.3 mM $FeCl_2$, with 0.6 mM $FeCl_2$ treatment resulting in significant reductions by about 75%. 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining showed that the nuclei appeared fragmented in 0.2 and 0.3 mM $FeCl_2$. APP-${\alpha}$-carboxyl terminal fragment (APP-${\alpha}$-CTF) associations with ADAM10 and APP-${\beta}$-CTF with BACE1 were increased. Levels of ADAM10 and BACE1 mRNA increased in response to the concentrations of 0.25 mM, respectively. In addition, p-ERK and p-Bad (S112, S155) expressions were increased, suggesting that APP-CTF formation is related to ADAM10/ BACE1 expression. Levels of Bcl-2 protein were increased, but significant changes were not observed in the expression of Bax. These data suggest that ion-induced enhanced expression of AMDA10/BACE1 could be one of the causes for APP-${\alpha}/{\beta}$-CTF activation.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.283-288
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• 2020

Although the evolution of Arabidopsis thaliana and humans diverged approximately 1.6 billion years ago, recent studies have demonstrated that protein function and cellular processes involved in disease response remain remarkably conserved. Particularly, γ-secretase, a multisubunit protein complex that participates in intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) regulation, is also known to mediate the cleavage of more than 80 substrates including the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the Notch receptor. Although the genes (PS1/2, APH-1, PEN-2, and NCT) coding for the γ-secretase complex components are present in plant genomes, their function remains largely uncharacterized. Given that the deposition of 42 amino acid long amyloid-β peptides (hAβ₄₂) is thought to be one of the main causes of Alzheimer's disease, we aimed to examine the physiological effects of hAβ₄₂ peptides on plants. Interestingly, we found that Arabidopsis protoplast death increased after 24 h of exposure to 3 or 5 µM hAβ₄₂ peptides. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the hAβ₄₂ gene exhibited changes in primary root length and silique phyllotaxy. Taken together, our results demonstrate that hAβ₄₂ peptides, a metazoan protein, significantly affect Arabidopsis protoplast viability and plant morphology.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.96-101
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• 2006

Amyloid$\beta(A{\beta})$ has been reported have an effect on the induction of oxidative stress that involves the functional and structural abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. As a role of a radical scavenger, a green tea treatment was found have some inhibitory effect on the neurodegenerative process. The aim of this study was to determine if green tea catechin (GTC) reduces in transgenic model. To test this, transgenic mice carrying neuronspecific enolase (NSE) controlled C-terminus (105) of APP (APP-C105) were created and treated them with a low ana high dose of GTC for 6 months. Herein, we conclude that transgenic mice expressing NSE/APP-C105 were successfully created and the GTC-treated group exhibited significant reduction in body weight. Thus, GTC might be a good prevention of obesity or good treatment for AD patient.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.305.1-305.1
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• 2007

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.278-284
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• 2016

Background: The ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) is the most abundant compound in the root of Panax ginseng. Recent studies have shown that Rb1 has a neuroprotective effect. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect are still unknown. Methods: We used stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture, combined with quantitative mass spectrometry, to explore a potential protective mechanism of Rb1 in ${\beta}$-amyloid-treated neuronal cells. Results: A total of 1,231 proteins were commonly identified from three replicate experiments. Among these, 40 proteins were significantly changed in response to Rb1 pretreatment in ${\beta}$-amyloid-treated neuronal cells. Analysis of the functional enrichments and protein interactions of altered proteins revealed that actin cytoskeleton proteins might be linked to the regulatory mechanisms of Rb1. The CAP1, CAPZB, TOMM40, and DSTN proteins showed potential as molecular target proteins for the functional contribution of Rb1 in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Conclusion: Our proteomic data may provide new insights into the protective mechanisms of Rb1 in AD.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.793-825
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• 1999

For the development of drugs for alzheimer,s disease, the study was done to review the oriental pathology, clinical data, recent trends for research and strategy for future study. The results were as follows: 1. The medical term Chi-dsi implying alzheimer,s disease was referred for the first time in a medical book, Hwatasheneubijeon written by Hwa-Ta and its differentiation and treatment were studied more in Ming or Ching dynasties. Chi-dai can be differentated as weak(虛) syndrome and Shi(實) syndrome. This can be caused by deficiencies of renal Yin, renal Yang, cardiac Yin and hepatic blood, while that by deficiencies of pathological fluid(痰飮) and clotted blood(瘀血). 2. Dementia can be roughly classified as alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct disease. Its causes were known to be cholinergic transmitter, C-peptide, amyloid-${\beta}$, apolipoprotein, APP(amyloid precursor protein), TGF, MMP-9 and free radical. 3. In Korea experimental studies were chiefly done for the elimataion of C-peptide, amyloid-${\beta}$, apolipoprotein, APP for alzheimer's disease, for the development of drug inhibiting degerative change following CVA and loss of memory and also administrative measure was done by support of government. 4. Drugs of dimentia developed so far were Chi-Dai dan, extracts from aloe, mushroom, green tea, Ganoderma and also folic acid, vitamin C, DHEA and silk amino acid were reported to be effective in dimenta. 5. Future strategic research had better be done on dementia-inducing factors such as acetylcholine, C-peptide, amyloid-${\beta}$, apolipoprotein, APP, TGF, MMP-9 and free radical, development of animal model for dimentia, clinical study, epidemiology, nursing and administrative studies and also consortium for dimentia research should be formed so that repeated investment be avoided.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.227-237
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• 2022

Amyloid beta (Aβ) is produced from an amyloid precursor protein by the activation of the amyloidogenic pathway, and it is widely known to cause Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of three flavonoids, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, and afzelin, from Acer okamotoanum against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Aβ_25-35 treatments resulted in decreased cell viability and increased levels of nuclei condensation and fragmentation. However, an isoquercitrin treatment dose-dependently increased cell viability and decreased nuclei condensation and fragmentation levels. SH-SY5Y cells treated with Aβ_25-35 showed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared to that from cells not treated with Aβ_25-35. However, treatment with the three flavonoids significantly inhibited ROS production compared to an Aβ_25-35-treated control group, indicating that the three flavonoids blocked neuronal oxidative stress. For a closer examination of the neuroprotective mechanisms, we measured the expressions of the non-amyloidogenic pathway-related proteins of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) and the tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE). An isoquercitrin treatment enhanced the expressions of ADAM10 compared to the control group. In addition, the three flavonoids activated the non-amyloidogenic pathway via the upregulation of TACE. In conclusion, we demonstrated neuroprotective effects of three flavonoids from A. okamotoanum, in particular isoquercitrin, on neurotoxicity by the regulation of the non-amyloidogenic pathway in Aβ_25-35-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, we suggest that flavonoids from A. okamotoanum may have some potential as therapeutics of AD.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.254-259
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• 2004

Jeongshin-tang (JST) is a Korean herbal prescription, which has been successfully applied for the various neuronal diseases. However, it's effect remains unknown in experimental models. To investigate the biological effect of JST in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in vitro model, we analized the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, and expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in IL-1β plus β-amyloid [25-35] fragment (A)-stimulated human astrocytoma cell line U373MG. JST alone had no effect on the cell viability. The production of IL-6 and IL-8 was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with JST (1mg/㎖) on IL-1β plus A-stimulated U373MG cells. Maximal inhibition rate of IL-6 and IL-8 production by JST was about 41.22% (P<0.01) and 34.45% (P<0.05), respectively. The expression level of COX-2 protein was up-regulated by IL-1β plus A but the increased level of COX-2 was inhibited by pretreatment with JST (1 mg/㎖). These data indicate that JST has a regulatory effect on cytokine production and COX-2 expression, which might explain it's beneficial effect in the treatment of AD.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.566-571
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• 2017

Background: A number of reports have described the protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the protective mechanisms of Rg1 in AD remain elusive. Methods: To investigate the potential mechanisms of Rg1 in ${\beta}$-amyloid peptide-treated SH-SY5Y cells, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture combined with nano-LC-MS/MS. Results: We identified a total of 1,149 proteins in three independent experiments. Forty-nine proteins were significantly altered by Rg1 after exposure of the cells to ${\beta}$-amyloid peptides. The protein interaction network analysis showed that these altered proteins were clustered in ribosomal proteins, mitochondria, the actin cytoskeleton, and splicing proteins. Among these proteins, mitochondrial proteins containing HSD17B10, AARS2, TOMM40, VDAC1, COX5A, and NDUFA4 were associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD. Conclusion: Our results suggest that mitochondrial proteins may be related to the protective mechanisms of Rg1 in AD.