• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.9-15
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• 1988

In order to investigate the amino acid and fatty acid content in Thuja biotae water extract treated with alkaline, it was performed. There are 16 kinds of different amino acid and 20 kinds of different fatty acid in Thuja biotae water extract. An aspartic acid was contained 52％ and proline was contained 10％, particulary, r-aminobutyric acid was analysed. Essential fatty acids; linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid were cotained a lot amount. There are 11 different unknown materials which were identified by GC-MS spectrum, such as N-[($4{\alpha},5{\alpha}$)-cholestan-4-yl]-acetamide; 22,26-Epithio-furost-5-en-3-ol; 2-Methyl-6-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-4-heptanone; 3,12,14-Tris(acetyloxy)-pregnane-15,20-dione;22-Methyl-26-thio-furost-5-en-3-ol; 7-Ethenyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydro-1,4a,7-trimethyl-1-phenanthrene carboxyaldehyde; Methoxyiminopro-panedioic acid; 13-Methyl-13-${\beta}$-Methyl-13-vinyl-dodecaarp-7-en-3-3-ol; 22-Methyl-26-thio-furost-6-methyl-3-ol; $5{\alpha}-Androstane-2$,11-dione; 9-Methyl-heptadecanoic acid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.112-121
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• 1996

The study was designed to observe the effect of blend fat calculated from the foods consumed in Korean with those of perilla oil, beef tallow and corn oil on colonic mucosal phospholipid fatty acid composition and the levels of TXB2 and diacylglycerol (DAG) which were known as biomarkers for cancer. Male Sprague Dawley rats, at 7 weeks of age, were divided into control and 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-treated group, and each group was subdivided into four groups. The experimental diets contained one of four dietary fats, blend fat (BF), perilla oil(PO), beef tallow (BT) or corn oil (CO), at 15% (w/w) level. At the same time, each rat was injected with saline for control group or DMH twice a week for 6 weeks to give total dose of 180mg/kg body weight. DMH injection, regardless of the type of dietary fats, significantly increased the levels of PGE2 and TXB2 in colonic mucosal layer compared to control (p<0.01). However, the level of eicosanoids was influenced by the types of dietary fats in both control and DMH group. In control groups, colonic mucosal level of TXB2 was higher in beef tallow group, but lower in perilla oil group compared to that of blend fat (p<0.01). In DMH groups, the level of TXB2 was higher in beef tallow and corn oil groups(p<0.05). The level of PGE2 showed the same trends with TXB2 and beef tallow most significantly increased the level of PGE2. DMH treatment did not influence on tissue fatty acid profile, which was directly reflected by dietary fatty acid composition. Proportions of C18 : 2 in colonic mucosal phospholipid well reflected dietary level of C18 : 2 showing the order CO>BF>PO>BT. The precentage of arachidonic acid(AA) in mucosal phospholipid was the highest by CO adn BT groups and the lowest by PO group. The incorporation of $\alpha$-linolenic acid in colonic mucosal phospholipid in perilla oil group was negatively correlated to the content of AA. Dietary level of C18 : 2 might not be the only controlling factor for the production of eicosanoids in colonic mucosa layer and might function with $\omega$3 fatty acids. The level of DAG was significanlty lower in PO group than that of BT group. Therefore, $\omega$3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid rich perilla oil could be very important dietary sourec in controlling eicosanoid production DAG level in cloln and recommenced to use more often in meal preparation to reduce the risk factor against colon cancer.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.747-758
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• 2002

The skin displays a highly active metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Dietary deficiency of linoleic acid (LA), an 18-carbon (n-6) PUFA, results in characteristic scaly skin disorder and excessive epidermal water loss. Although arachidonic acid (AA), a 20-carbon (n6) PUFA, is metabolized via cyclooxygenase pathway into predominantly prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$, the metabolism of AA via the 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) pathway, which is very active in skin epidermis and catalyzes the transformation of M into predominantly 15S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15S-HETE). Additionally, the 15-LOX also metabolizes the 18-carbon LA into 13S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13S-HODE), respectively. Interestingly, 15-LOX catalyzes the transformation of $dihomo-{\gamma}-linolenic$ acid (DGLA), derived from dietary gamma-linolenic acid, to 15S-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (15S-HETrE). These monohydroxy fatty acids are incorporated into the membrane inositol phospholipids which undergo hydrolytic cleavage to yield substituted-diacylglycerols such as 13S-HODE-DAG from 13S-HODE and 15S-HETrE-DAG from 15S-HETrE. These substituted-monohydroxy fatty acids seemingly exert anti-inflammatory/antiproliferative effects via the modulation of selective protein kinase C as well as on the upstream/down-stream nuclear MAP-kinase/AP-1/apoptotic signaling events.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.33-37
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate effect of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (ALA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) on viability, acrosome reaction and mitochondrial intact in frozen-thawed boar sperm. The boar semen was collected by gloved-hand method and cryopreserved using freezing extender containing 3 ng/mL ALA and/or $20\;{\mu}g/mL$ BSA. Cryo-preserved boar sperms were thawed in $37^{\circ}C$ water-bath for 45 sec to analysis. Viability, acrosome reaction, and mitochondrial intact were analyzed using flow cytometry. In results, viability of frozen-thawed boar sperm was significantly higher in only ALA+BSA supplement group than control group (p<0.05), whereas there was no difference either in ALA or BSA supplement. However, acrosome reacted sperm in both of live and all sperm population were significantly decreased in all treatment groups than control (p<0.05). Interestingly, mitochondrial intact of boar sperm was enhanced in ALA and ALA+BSA groups compared with control (p<0.05). In this study, we showed that supplementation of ALA and BSA in freezing extender enhanced the sperm viability, mitochondrial intact and decrease acrosomal membrane damage. In conclusion, our findings suggest that quality of frozen-thawed sperm in mammalians could improve by using of ALA and BSA.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.566-577
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• 1993

The study was to compare the effect of dietary fatty acids on fatty acid profile in tissue and the status of tocopherol and lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities at two fat levels. Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing average 350g(17 weeks) were fed either low fat(LF, 4.3% w/w, 10% kcal) or high fat(HF, 20.8%, w/w, 40% kcal)diet for 6 weeks. The fats used were beef tallow as a source of saturated fatty acid, corn oil for n-6 linoleic acid, perilla oil for n-3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid and fish oil for n-3 eiocosapentatenoic acid(EPA) and n-3 docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). Palsma tocopherol was significantly reduced by fish oil compared to beef tallow at body fat level. However, there was no significant effect on the levels of plasma MDA, RBC MDA and tocopherol, and RBC hempolysis by the type and amount of dietary fat. The peroxidizibility index of fatty acid profile in plasma and liver was increased and liver MDA level was significantly increased by fish oil when dietary fat level was increased. The activities of SOD and GSHPx tended to be increased by perilla oil and fish oil at both fat oil significantly reduced the incorpration of c20:4 and increased the incorporation of c20:5 into liver compared to corn oil. The incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into tissue by perilla oil rich in $\alpha$-linolenic acid was significantly higher tan corn oil and its effect was improved with higher amount of perilla oil in diet by high fat diet. Overall, the lipid peroxidation of tissue could be prevented by tocopherol supplementation when dietary fat level was low in diet. However, at high fat diet, tocopherol supplementation might not be enough to prevent the lipid peroxidation in tissue since the potential for lipid peroxidation was tended to be increased with higher incorporation of higher unsaturated n-3 fatty acids into tissue. Therefore, it could not be recommended to consume large amount of fish oil even with excess amount of tocopherol supplemented to the high fat diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1363-1372
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• 2019

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effect of diet supplementation with rubber seed oil and flaxseed oil on serum fatty acids profile, oxidation stability of serum and milk, and immune function of dairy cows. Methods: Forty-eight mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of four treatments for 8 wk, including basal diet (CON) or the basal diet supplemented with 4% rubber seed oil (RO), 4% flaxseed oil (FO) or 2% rubber seed oil plus 2% flaxseed oil (RFO) on a dry matter basis. Results: Compared with CON, all the oil groups increased the levels of trans-11 C18:1 (vaccenic acid), cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 (conjugated linoleic acid, CLA) and C18:3 (${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, ALA) in serum. Both the activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase in serum and milk in oil groups were decreased, which were negatively correlated with the levels of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and ALA. The concentrations of proinflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ and interferon ${\gamma}$) in serum of oil groups were lower than that from the CON cows. Conclusion: These results indicate that diet supplementation with RO or FO could alter serum fatty acid profile and enhance the immune function of dairy cows. However, the negative effect on milk oxidation stability should be considered when feeding these n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched oils in dairy production.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.75-78
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• 2013

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method was developed as a candidate reference method for the accurate determination of essential fatty acids (linoleic acid, ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-linolenic acids) in food supplemental oil products. Samples were spiked with three internal standards (stearic acid-$d_{35}$, $^{13}C_{18}$-linoleic acid, and $^{13}C_{18}$-${\alpha}$-linolenic acid). Samples were then subject to saponification, derivatization for methylation, and extraction by organic solvent. For GC/MS measurement, an Agilent HP-88 column, designed for the separation of fatty acid methyl esters, was selected after comparing with other columns as it provided better separation for target analytes. Target analytes and internal standards were detected by selected ion monitoring of molecular ions of their methyl ester forms. The GC/MS method was applied for the measurement of three botanical oils in NIST SRM 3274 (borage oil, evening primrose oil, and flax oil), and measurement results agreed with the certified values. Measurement results for target analytes which have corresponding isotope-labeled analogues as internal standard were calculated based on isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) approach, and compared with results calculated by using the other two internal standards. Results from the IDMS approach and the typical internal standard approach were in good agreement within their measurement uncertainties. It proves that the developed GC/MS method can provide similar metrological quality with IDMS methods for the measurement of fatty acids in natural oil samples if a proper fatty acid is used as an internal standard.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1036-1041
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• 2003

Ecological studies have indicated that the essential fatty acids in maternal and umbilical cord blood samples are associated with gestational length and birth weight. The objectives of this study were to examine serum fatty acid concentration, particularly $\omega$3 fatty acids, in maternal and umbilical cord blood and to investigate the relationship of serum fatty acid levels in the blood of the mother and of the umbilical cord. Subjects consisted of 30 full-term and 30 pre-term mothers and neonates of both groups. Serum levels of fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. The concentration of total saturated fatty acids in pre-term pregnant women was significantly higher than that of the full-term group (p<0.05), however, the maternal level of $\omega$3 fatty acids in the pre-term group was significantly lower than that of the full-term pregnant women (p<0.05), Moreover, the concentrations of $\alpha$-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in full-term pregnant women were significantly higher than those of the pre-term group. In umbilical cord blood, the levels of total $\omega$3 fatty acid and arachidonic acid were significantly lower in the pre-term group than in the full-term group (p<0.05). Based on the coefficient of correlation between serum fatty acids in the mother and the umbilical cord, it turned out that in the full-term group, the newborn's umbilical cord serum fatty acids were not influenced by the levels of serum fatty acids in the mother. However, in the pre-term group, it seems to have positive correlations in terms of the levels of SFA, MUFA, PUFA and $\alpha$-linolenic acid. This study suggests that a lower status of $\omega$3 fatty acids in maternal and umbilical cord blood probably is a risk factor for pre-term birth.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.829-838
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• 1993

This study was designed to compare the effect of different dietary fats on the incidence of colorectal tumor, the level of plasma thromboxane B2(TXB2) and fatty acid profiles of platelet and colonic mucosal lipids in N - methyl - N - nitro - N - nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) - treated rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats, at 8 weeks old, were divided into 2 groups and infused intrarectally with saline(control group) or with 2mg MNNG(carcinogen-treated group) twice a week for 3 weeks. Each group was again divided into 4 groups and fed one of four diets(BT, CO, PO, FO) containing dietary fat at 9%(w/w) level for 37 weeks, Dietary fats were beef tallow(7.2%)+corn oil(1.8%) for BT, corn oil(9.0%) for CO, perilla oil(9.0%) for PO, fish oil (6.5%)+corn oil (2.5%) for FO diets. MNNG-treated rats had colonic tumor, while no tumors(adenocarcinoma and adenoma) than others. Tumor sizes in BT-MNNG rats ranged from 2mm papillary form to 15mm of polypoid. However, the size of tumors in PO-MNNG or FO-MNNG rats could not be measured by gross examination. BT-MNNG and CO-MNNG groups were higher in the level of plasma TXB2 and the ratio of c20 : 4/c20 :5 platelet. PO-MNNG groups were lower in the ratio of c20 : 4/c20 : 5(p<0.05) in fatty acid of colonic mucosal lipids suggesting that perilla oil and fish oil could reduce the level of PGE2 and TXB2 by modifying its precursor content and restrain tumor promotion in colon. Effect of perilla oil rich in $\alpha$-linolenic acid on colon carcinogenesis was similar to that of fish oil and thus perilla oil could have a protective effect against colon cancer possibly by inhibiting the production of arachidonic acid metabolite.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.286-294
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA), is acquired by dietary intake or the in vivo conversion of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid. Many enzymes participating in LCPUFA synthesis are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha ($PPAR{\alpha}$). Therefore, it was hypothesized that the tissue accretion of endogenously synthesized DHA could be modified by $PPAR{\alpha}$. MATERIALS/METHODS: The tissue DHA concentrations and mRNA levels of genes participating in DHA biosynthesis were compared among $PPAR{\alpha}$ homozygous (KO), heterozygous (HZ), and wild type (WT) mice (Exp I), and between WT mice treated with clofibrate ($PPAR{\alpha}$ agonist) or those not treated (Exp II). In ExpII, the expression levels of the proteins associated with DHA function in the brain cortex and retina were also measured. An n3-PUFA depleted/replenished regimen was applied to mitigate the confounding effects of maternal DHA. RESULTS: $PPAR{\alpha}$ ablation reduced the hepatic Acox, Fads1, and Fads2 mRNA levels, as well as the DHA concentration in the liver, but not in the brain cortex. In contrast, $PPAR{\alpha}$ activation increased hepatic Acox, Fads1, Fads2, and Elovl5 mRNA levels, but reduced the DHA concentrations in the liver, retina, and phospholipid of brain cortex, and decreased mRNA and protein levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in brain cortex. CONCLUSIONS: LCPUFA enzyme expression was altered by $PPAR{\alpha}$. Either $PPAR{\alpha}$ deficiency or activation-decreased tissue DHA concentration is a stimulus for further studies to determine the functional significance.