• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.306-312
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• 2001

We investigated the effect of physical exercise on the intakes and plasma levels of vitamin C and E in young male adults. The study population were divided into two groups: small-amount exercisers($\leq$ 30min/day, n=29) and moderate-amount exercisers(> 30min/day, n=32) according to their physical exercise habits measured by a questionnaire. Dietary intakes of vitamin C and E of the subjects were estimated by the 24 hour recall method. Plasma lipid profiles, vitamin C, $\alpha$-tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol levels were analyzed. No significant differences were observed in total cholesterol, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C of plasma between two groups. Plasma vitamin C and $\alpha$-tocopherol levels in moderate-amount exercisers were significantly higher than those in small-amount exercisers, although dietary intakes of vitamin C and vitamin E were not significantly different between two groups. However, plasma ${\gamma}$-tocopherol level of moderate-amount exercisers did not significantly differ from small-amount exercisers. There was a positive correlation between the amount of exercise and plasma $\alpha$-tocopherol level. These results suggest that moderate amount of exercise over 30 min per day would lead to a healthy life with an activated antioxidant defence system against oxidative stress.(Korean J Nutrition 34(3) : 306~312, 2001)

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.192-198
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and functions primarily as a lipid antioxidant. Inadequate vitamin E status may increase risk of several chronic diseases. Thus, the objectives of this study were to estimate intake and plasma concentration of each tocopherol and to evaluate vitamin E status of Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Three consecutive 24-h food recalls and fasting blood samples were collected from healthy 20- to 59-y-old adults (33 males and 73 females) living in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-, ${\delta}$-, and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol intakes and plasma concentrations of tocopherols (${\alpha}$-, ${\delta}$-, and ${\gamma}$- tocopherol) were analyzed by gender. RESULTS: Dietary vitamin E and total vitamin E intake (dietary plus supplemental vitamin E) was $17.68{\pm}14.34$ and $19.55{\pm}15.78mg$ ${\alpha}$-tocopherol equivalents, respectively. The mean daily ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol intakes were $3.07{\pm}2.27mg$ and $5.98{\pm}3.74mg$, respectively. Intakes of total vitamin E and each tocopherol of males were significantly higher than those of females (P < 0.05). Plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration was $15.45{\pm}10.16$ of males and $15.00{\pm}4.54{\mu}mol/L$ of females, respectively. There were no significant differences in plasma tocopherol concentrations by gender ($P{\geq}0.05$). Plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was negatively correlated with ${\gamma}$-tocopherol intake (P < 0.05). Twenty-three percent of the subjects had plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentrations < $12{\mu}mol/L$ indicating a biochemical deficiency of vitamin E. Approximately 8% and 9% of these participants had plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol:total lipid ratio less than $1.59{\mu}mol/mmol$ and plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol:total cholesterol ratio less than $2.22{\mu}mol/mmol$, respectively, which are also indicative of vitamin E deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin E intakes of Korean adults were generally adequate with the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin E. However, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol intake was lower than that reported in other countries, and 23% of the subjects in the current study were vitamin E deficient based on plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentrations.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.247-253
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• 2007

Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (${\alpha}$-TTP) is a liver cytosolic transport protein that faciliates ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\alpha}$-T) transfer into liver secreted plasma lipoproteins. Genetic defects in ${\alpha}$-TTP, like dietary vitamin E deficiency, are associated with infertility, muscular weakness and neurological disorders. Both human and ${\alpha}$-TTP deficient (${\alpha}-TTP^{-/-}$) mice exhibit severe plasma and tissue vitamin E deficiency that can be attenuated by sufficient dietary ${\alpha}$-T supplementations. In this review, we summarize the literature concerning studies utilizing the ${\alpha}-TTP^{-/-}$ mice. Levels of vitamin E in the ${\alpha}-TTP^{-/-}$ mice do not appear to be directly related to the amounts of dietary ${\alpha}$-T or to the levels of ${\alpha}$-TTP protein in tissues. The ${\alpha}-TTP^{-/-}$ mice appear to present a good model for investigating the specific role of ${\alpha}$-T in tissue vitamin E metabolism. Furthermore, ${\alpha}-TTP^{-/-}$ mice appear to be useful to elucidate functions of ${\alpha}$-TTP beyond its well recognized functions of transferring ${\alpha}$-T from liver to plasma lipoprotein fractions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.381-385
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• 1992

The effect of antioxidant activity of soyasaponin on the liposomal phospholipid membrane were investigated by spectrophotometry. The oxidation index and oxidation rate of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ containing egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) liposomes were markedly decreased in the presence of soyasaponin relative to those of purephospholipid liposmes. ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ containing liposomes delayed the oxidation of liposomes. Especially soyasaponin stimulated the antioxidant activity of ${\alpha}-tocopheroal$ in liposomes. These results indicates that soyasaponin in liposomes had some additive effect on antioxidant of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ toward liposomes.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.64-68
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• 1990

The stabilization effect of .alpha.-tocopherol incorporated into liposomal phospholipid membrane was investigated by fluorospectrophotometry and UV-visible spectretarded by the presence of .alpha.-tocopherol in the bilayer of liposomal phospholipid membrane relative to cholesterol-containing liposomes and pure phospholipid liposomes. .alpha.-tocopherol-containing liposomes prolonged the oxidation of liposomes-embedded heme as those of cholesterol-containing liposomes and pure phospholipid liposomes. Thus .alpha.-tocopherol-containing liposomes may be useful for the carrier systems of nutrients and drugs to phospholipid bilayer and stabilized liposomes.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.279-283
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• 2001

The content and composition of tocopherol were analyzed in peanuts produced in Korea. The tocopherol assay was consisted of an extraction with n-hex-ane:isopropanol mixture followed by high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Tocopherol content was higher in leaves and seeds but lower in seed coats and shells. $\alpha$-/${\gamma}$- Tocopherol ratio was as low as 0.53 in seeds and as high as 22.5 in shells. Tocopherol content in seeds of nine varieties ranged from 142 to 220 ng/mg dry weight, and the $\alpha$-/${\gamma}$-tocopherol ratio from 0.40 to 0.75. Tocopherol content decreased by 18% but $\alpha$-/${\gamma}$-tocopherol ratio increased by 44% in roasted seeds. The results indicate that the level of tocopherol in Korean peanut varieties is moderate and the ratio of $\alpha$- to ${\gamma}$-tocopherol is low.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.304-314
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• 2010

Vitamin E has been a generic term for all tocopherol and tocotrienol derivatives. The most active form of vitamin E isoforms in vivo is regarded to be $\alpha$-tocopherol which is the only form defined as vitamin E in the US Food and Nutrition Board, causing controversy over setting dietary reference intake (DRI) of vitamin E. However, most of the countries other than the US maintain the original concept that all isoforms are accepted as vitamin E but with different biopotency. The roles of the isoforms of vitamin E other than $\alpha$-tocopherol have received continuous attention. Among them those of $\gamma$-tocopherol and $\alpha$-tocotrienol have been most studied in comparison with $\alpha$-tocopherol, since $\gamma$-tocopherol comprises major form of vitamin E in many plant seeds and those of the both vitamin E have been implicated in unique physiological functions. This review summarizes findings that have led a better understanding of vitamin E absorption, transport, tissue storage and various functions common and specific to vitamin E isoforms focusing $\alpha$- and $\gamma$-tocopherol as well as tocotrienols. It is expected to help redefining vitamin E and setting its DRI for Koreans.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2005

The present study evaluated whether an exogenous antioxidants, taurine and $\alpha$-tocopherol, could, when added to the freezing extender, improve the post-thaw sperm characteristics, function, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in frozen-thawed porcine semen. CASA (computer-aided sperm analysis), HOST (hypoos-motic swelling test), chemiluminescence using luminol and lucigenin and the detection of malondialdehyde for LPO was performed in frozen-thawed porcine sper-matozoa. The results obtained in these studies are as follows. While no beneficial effects of taurine and $\alpha$-tocopherol supplementation were visible in motility, viability, acrosome reaction, tail swelling patterns, and the generation of $O^{2-}$ of frozen-thawed porcine sper-matozoa, $H_{2}O_{2}$ was decreased by all treatments except taurine 50mM treatment. In conclusion the taurine and $\alpha$-tocopherol treatments during freezing reduced generation of reactive oxygen species and production of malondialdehyde in frozen-thawed porcine semen, and the ROS savangers may minimize various damages of spermatozoa during freezing.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of $\alpha$-tocopherol and selenium on the boar semen characteristics. Semen volume and pH values were not different among treatments. However sperm concerntration, total number of sperm and sperm mortility were significantly(P＜0.05) increased comparing to the control group and sperm abnormality was significantly(P＜0.05) decreased comparing to the control group. Also, sperm mortility by storage day was significantly(P＜0.05) increased comparing to the control group. The results from this experiment indicate that dietary $\alpha$-tocopherol and selenium can affect boar semen characteristics.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.725-731
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• 2012

This study investigated the shelf life of emulsion-type sausages containing garlic powder and/or ${\alpha}$-tocopherol during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 0, 10, 20, and 30 d. Six groups of emulsion-type sausages were included: control (no additives), GP1 (1% garlic powder), GP3 (3% garlic powder), AT100 (100 IU of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol/kg of sausage), AT200 (200 IU of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol/kg of sausage), and GP1+AT100 (1% garlic powder+100 IU of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol/kg of sausage). During storage, the pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and residual nitrite content were reduced by the addition of garlic powder and/or ${\alpha}$-tocopherol relative to the control (p<0.05). In addition, emulsion-type sausages supplemented with garlic powder and/or ${\alpha}$-tocopherol improved color stability (p<0.05). The results suggest that a higher amount of garlic powder and their different combinations could improve the shelf life of emulsion-type sausages and protect against lipid oxidation.