• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.805-811
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• 2012

This study was carried out in order to optimize the manufacturing condition of fried garlic flakes as well as to investigate the physicochemical properties of the flakes. Fried garlic flake samples were prepared as follows: garlic was sliced by a thickness of 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, which were measured by a thickness gage. The samples were fried in vegetable oil under different temperatures of $140{\sim}150^{\circ}C$, $160{\sim}170^{\circ}C$ and $180{\sim}185^{\circ}C$. The compression strength depending on the height (h) was measured in order to find the thickness effect by the rheometer (force control: 50 N, h: 3.25 mm). Moreover, the sample with 1.5 mm thickness showed crisp phenomena of the split compared with the crush shape of the 2.0 mm and 2.5 mm thick samples. The result of strength for time dependence showed a sample with a thickness of 1.5 mm, which was measured 5~9 times more than the 2.0 mm and 2.5 mm thick samples. We thought the reason that the 1.5 mm sample had less response power equivalent to compression force than the other samples. Alliin has been found to affect the immune responses in the blood, it is a derivative of the amino acid cysteine and is also quite heat stable. The LC system with a UV detection at 210 nm consists of a separation on a Zorbax TMS column and isocratic elution with water and ACN as a mobile phase. The alliin contents of raw and fried garlic flake under $140{\sim}150^{\circ}C$, $160{\sim}170^{\circ}C$ and $180{\sim}185^{\circ}C$ were 18.10 mg/mL, 14.0 mg/mL, 11.6 mg/mL and 11.1 mg/mL, respectively. The decrement of alliin content under different temperature was a small quantity hence, we confirmed that the increasing manufacturing temperature was not affected by the alliin content. Examining for the particle structure of fried garlic flakes by a polarization microscope, the color of the sample treated at $160{\sim}170^{\circ}C$ was pure yellow. Furder, the fiber shaped particle, which has an effect on the tough texture, almost did not appear compared to the different temperature conditions. Finally, the sensory test for the preference of fried garlic flake under different conditions was carried out and the scores for various sensory characteristics were surveyed. According to the physicochemical measurements and sensory evaluation, we confirmed that the optimum manufacturing condition of fried garlic flake was 1.5 mm thick at a temperature of $160{\sim}170^{\circ}C$.

• BMB Reports
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.116-126
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• 2002

Nitric oxide (NO), synthesized from L-arginine by NO synthases, is a small, lipophilic, diffusible, highly reactive molecule with dichotomous regulatory roles in many biological events under physiological and pathological conditions. NO can promote apoptosis (pro-apoptosis) in some cells, whereas it inhibits apoptosis (anti-apoptosis) in other cells. This complexity is a consequence of the rate of NO production and the interaction with biological molecules such as metal ion, thiol, protein tyrosine, and reactive oxygen species. Long-lasting overproduction of NO acts as a pro-apoptotic modulator, activating caspase family proteases through the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into cytosol, up-regulation of the p53 expression, and alterations in the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins, including the Bcl-2 family. However, low or physiological concentrations of NO prevent cells from apoptosis that is induced by the trophic factor withdrawal, Fas, $TNF{\alpha}$/ActD, and LPS. The anti-apoptotic mechanism is understood on the basis of gene transcription of protective proteins. These include: heat shock protein, hemeoxygenase, or cyclooxygenase-2 and direct inhibition of the apoptotic executive effectors caspase family protease by S-nitrosylation of the cysteine thiol group in their catalytic site in a cell specific way. Our current understanding of the mechanisms by which NO exerts both pro- and anti-apototic action is discussed in this review article.

• BMB Reports
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.595-606
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• 2006

Metallothioneins are a group of low molecular mass and cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins, ubiquitously found in most living organisms. They play an important role in maintaining intracellular metal homeostasis, eliminating metal toxification and protecting against intracellular oxidative damages. Analysis of complete rice genome sequences revealed eleven genes encoding putative metallothionein (OsMT), indicating that OsMTs constitute a small gene family in rice. Expression profiling revealed that each member of the OsMT gene family differs not only in sequence but also in their tissue expression patterns, suggesting that these isoforms may have different functions they perform in specific tissues. On the basis of OsMT structural and phylogenetic analysis, the OsMT family was classified as two classes and class I was subdivided into four types. Additionally, in this paper we also present a complete overview of this family, describing the gene structure, genome localization, upstream regulatory element, and exon/intron organization of each member in order to provide valuable insight into this OsMT gene family.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1862-1867
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• 2008

Streptochlorin is a small molecule isolated from marine Streptomyces sp. that is known to have antiangiogenic and anticancer properties. In this study, we examined the effects of this compound on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the association of these effects with apoptotic tumor cell death, using a human hepatocarcinoma Hep3B cell line. The results of this study demonstrated that streptochlorin mediates ROS production, and that this mediation is followed by a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ${\Delta}{\Psi}_m$), activation of caspase-3, and downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein. The quenching of ROS generation by N-acetyl-L-cysteine administration, a scavenger of ROS, reversed the streptochlorin-induced apoptosis effects via inhibition of ROS production, MMP collapse, and the subsequent activation of caspase-3. These observations clearly indicate that ROS are involved in the early molecular events in the streptochlorin-induced apoptotic pathway. Taken together, our data imply that streptochlorin-induced ROS is a key mediator of MMP collapse, which leads to the caspase-3 activation, culminating in apoptosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.104-113
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• 2003

연구배경 : Rhinovirus(RV)는 상기도 감염의 중요한 원인균으로, 성인에서 기관지천식의 급성악화의 주요 원인이다. RV에 의한 기도염증반응의 기전은 잘 알려져 있지 않지만 interleukin(IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8 및 RANTES 등의 사이토카인을 매개로 일어난다. 염증반응에 관여하는 사이토카인의 발현은 적어도 전사인자 NF-${\kappa}B$에 의존성이므로 이러한 가설을 검증하기 위해 인체기도상피세포에서 RV에 의한 IL-8의 분비양상과 NF-${\kappa}B$ 활성화 단계에서 차단 제로 이용되는 N-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC), PDTC, 및 TPCK를 투여하여 IL-8의 차단정도를 연구하여 NF-${\kappa}B$의 역할을 규명하고자 하였다. 방법 : 인체 기관지상피세포(BEAS-2B)와 RV type 14(RV14)를 ATCC로부터 구입하여 RV14 스톡을 만들고 역가를 측정하였다. 자극이 없는 대조군(배지단독)과 RV14를 상피세포에 감염시킨 후(MOI=1.0) 각각에서 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 시간에 배양 상층액(SN)을 얻었다. 또한 대조군, RV14 자극군, NAC, PDTC, 및 TPCK 처치와 함께 RV14 자극을 준 군에서 각각 배양 12시간에 배양 상층액을 수집했다. SN에서 효소면역측정법으로 IL-8의 농도를 측정하였다. 결과 : 1) 상피세포는 RV14 자극이 없는 상태에서 배양시간의 경과에 따라 약간의 IL-8의 생산이 있었다. 2) 상피세포에 RV14 감염 후 4시간에서부터 IL-8이 증가하여 배양 48시간까지 지속적으로 증가하였다. 3) NAC와 PDTC는 RV14에 의한 IL-8의 생산을 유의하게 감소시켰으나, TPCK는 RV에 의한 IL-8의 생산을 억제하였지만 통계학적으로 유의하지 않았다. 4) NAC와 PDTC는 RV에 의한 IL-8 생성을 용량 의존적으로 억제하였다. 결론 : 일부 항산화제가 RV에 의한 기도염증반응을 차단할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하며 추후 NF-${\kappa}B$ 활성화 경로의 차단 부위에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.392-402
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• 2017

Background: Previously, we reported that Korean Red Ginseng inhibited liver fibrosis in mice and reduced the expressions of fibrogenic genes in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The present study was undertaken to identify the major ginsenoside responsible for reducing the numbers of HSCs and the underlying mechanism involved. Methods: Using LX-2 cells (a human immortalized HSC line) and primary activated HSCs, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assays were conducted to examine the cytotoxic effects of ginsenosides. $H_2O_2$ productions, glutathione contents, lactate dehydrogenase activities, mitochondrial membrane permeabilities, apoptotic cell subpopulations, caspase-3/-7 activities, transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and immunoblot analysis were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism responsible for ginsenoside-mediated cytotoxicity. Involvement of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related signaling pathway was examined using a chemical inhibitor and small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. Results and conclusion: Of the 11 ginsenosides tested, 20S-protopanaxadiol (PPD) showed the most potent cytotoxic activity in both LX-2 cells and primary activated HSCs. Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis induced by 20S-PPD was blocked by N-acetyl-$\text\tiny L$-cysteine pretreatment. In addition, 20S-PPD concentration-dependently increased the phosphorylation of AMPK, and compound C prevented 20S-PPD-induced cytotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, 20S-PPD increased the phosphorylation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), an upstream kinase of AMPK. Likewise, transfection of LX-2 cells with LKB1 siRNA reduced the cytotoxic effect of 20S-PPD. Thus, 20S-PPD appears to induce HSC apoptosis by activating LKB1-AMPK and to be a therapeutic candidate for the prevention or treatment of liver fibrosis.