• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2004

The characteristics of dough and the quality of white pan bread with 0∼1.5％ $\pi$-water were investigated. The fermentation volume and weight of the white pan bread with $\pi$-water (0.1％, 0.5％, 1.0％, 1.5％) was higher than that of the control. The volume of white pan bread with $\pi$-water (0.1％, 1.0％, 1.5％) was higher than that of the control. Color L value of crust with $\pi$-water increased from 34.98 to 36.38∼41.36 and increased from 34.32 to 34.90∼43.33 after 3 days. Color a value increased from 14.78 to 14.99∼16.75. The hardness of the white pan bread increased from 29011.0 g/㎤ to 18681.7∼43551.2 g/㎤ as the added amount of $\pi$-water increased. The overall acceptability score of white pan bread was the highest with 0.1％ $\pi$-water.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.04c
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• pp.82-85
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• 2008

Polyimide is widely used as a high-temperature insulating material. Space charge distributions in polyimide (PI) films strongly depend upon electric field, temperature, water content and so on. We observed space charge distributions in PI films with various water contents. When a dc field was applied to as-received PI films or water-treated PI films, positive and negative homo space charges were observed near the respective electrodes at 333 K. In dried PI films, the homo space charges were much reduced, and positive and negative hetero space charges in the bulk were clearly observed. The space charge amounts in water-treated PI films were smaller than in as-received ones, while the current density in water-treated PI film was larger than that in as-received one by two or more orders of magnitude. These suggest not only that the charge injection from the electrode is enhanced by absorbed water but also that absorbed water makes carriers mobile. The decay of space charge was also faster in water-treated PI than in as-received or dried one. This also supports the enhancement of apparent mobilities of carriers in PI by absorbed water.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.311-312
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• 2007

Polyimide is widely used as a high-temperature insulating material. Space charge distributions in polyimide (PI) films strongly depend upon electric field, temperature, water content and so on. We observed space charge distributions in PI films with various water contents. When a dc field was applied to as-received PI films or water-treated PI films, positive and negative homo space charges were observed near the respective electrodes at 333 K. In dried PI films, the homo space charges were much reduced, and positive and negative hetero space charges in the bulk were clearly observed. The space charge amounts in water-treated PI films were smaller than in as-received ones, while the current density in water-treated PI film was larger than that in as-received one by two or more orders of magnitude. These suggest not only that the charge injection from the electrode is enhanced by absorbed water but also that absorbed water makes carriers mobile. The decay of space charge was also faster in water-treated PI than in as-received or dried one. This also supports the enhancement of apparent mobilities of carriers in PI by absorbed water.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2007.07a
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• pp.1984-1985
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• 2007

Polyimide is widely used as a high-temperature insulating material. Space charge distributions in polyimide (PI) films strongly depend upon electric field, temperature, water content and so on. We observed space charge distributions in PI films with various water contents. When a dc field was applied to as-received PI films or water-treated PI films, positive and negative homo space charges were observed near the respective electrodes at 333 K. In dried PI films, the homo space charges were much reduced, and positive and negative hetero space charges in the bulk were clearly observed. The space charge amounts in water-treated PI films were smaller than in as-received ones, while the current density in water-treated PI film was larger than that in as-received one by two or more orders of magnitude. These suggest not only that the charge injection from the electrode is enhanced by absorbed water but also that absorbed water makes carriers mobile. The decay of space charge was also faster in water-treated PI than in as-received or dried one. This also supports the enhancement of apparent mobilities of carriers in PI by absorbed water.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 1996.10b
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• pp.3-12
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• 1996

Cold fusion technologies now are being developed very successfully. The $\pi$-far infrared rays are generated from three dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings of oxygen atoms in water molecules. The growing cavity in water molecules make near resonance state and a vortex of infrared rays and attracts $\pi$-far infrared rays in the water. The cavity surrounded by a lot of $\pi$-far infrared rays has a very strong gravitational field. The $\pi$-far infrared rays are contracted into $\pi$-far infrared rays of half wave length and of one wave length. The $\pi$-far infrared rays of half wave length generate heat while $\pi$-far infrared rays of one wave length are contracted into $\pi$-gamma rays of one wave length. The contracted $\pi$-gamma rays of one wave length make nucleons and mesons, which is the creation and transmutation of matter by covalent bondings and three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings into implosion bonding. Patterson power cell generates a very strong gravitational cavity because the electrolysized oxygen atoms make $\pi$-far infrared rays than in plain water.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 1996.10b
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• pp.18-28
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• 1996

The outer-most electrons of metal atoms and the remaining valence electrons of any molecular atoms make three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings. The rotating electrons on the three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bonding orbitals of atoms make $\pi$-far infrared rays. Longitudinal wave is a propagation of a bundle of $\pi$-far infrared rays, which are produced by a dynamic impact on a solid bar. The $\pi$-far infrared rays make three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings in the material, which reproduce the same $\pi$-far infrared rays. If a current signal is input into water molecules under a given electric potential field with $\pi$-far infrared rays (input information), the signal can be amplified because the $\pi$-far infrared rays make the $\pi$-bondings, which reduce electric resistance. The three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings can induce normal electrons to move from one orbital to next one with a aid of potential electric field. Quantum Resonance Spectrometer is composed of tesla coil absorbing $\pi$-far infrared rays, tesla coil emitting varying electromagnetic waves signal generator, signal storage, human body amplifier, signal analyzer and data indicator. The absorbing tesla coil making varying magnetic field and downward and upward electric field, which resonates the $\pi$-far infrared rays coming out from specimen and absorbs them. The modulated current signal from the input square signal can generate and emit varying electromagnetic waves from the tesla coil. The varying electro-magnetic waves make the three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings and the $\pi$-far infrared rays in the water molecules.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.33-38
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• 2020

In the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, GaN is one of the most promising photoanode materials due to high stability in electrolytes and adjustable energy band position. However, the application of GaN is limited because of low efficiency. To improve solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency, we introduce a Cobalt Phosphate (Co-pi) catalyst by photo-electrodeposition. The Co-pi deposition GaN were characterized by SEM, EDS, and XPS, respectively, which illustrated that Co-pi was successfully decorated on the surface of GaN. PEC measurement showed that photocurrent density of GaN was 0.5 mA/㎠ and that of Co-pi deposited GaN was 0.75 mA/㎠. Impedance and Mott-Schottky measurements were performed, and as a result of the measurement, polarization resistance (R_p) and increased donor concentration (N_D) values decreased from 50.35 Ω to 34.16 Ω were confirmed. As a result of analyzing the surface components before and after the water decomposition, it was confirmed that the Co-pi catalyst is stable because Co-pi remains even after the water decomposition. Through this, it was confirmed that Co-pi is effective as a catalyst for improving GaN efficiency, and when applied as a catalyst to other photoelectrodes, it is considered that the efficiency of the PEC system can be improved.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2000

Leaf area is critical for crop light interception, and thereby has a substantial influence on crop yield. This experiment was conducted to characterize the development of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] leaf area. Plastochron index and leaf relative growth rate of Jackson was contrasted with the PI416937, which also has demonstrated tolerance to drought. First, plastochron ratio (PR) and plastochron index (PI) were evaluated in greenhouse to compare the leaf growth rate between two genotypes under well-watered condition. There was reasonable constancy of PR between two genotypes. The PR means of Jackson and PI416937 were 0.41 and 0.44, respectively. A fairly smooth increase of PI during vegetative stage was observed. Second, the relative growth rates were graphed against leaf area, normalized with respect to final leaf area, under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. Leaf growth was sustained longer in well-watered condition than water-deficit condition and there was a sizable proportion of leaves which was ceased earlier their growth in water-deficit condition compared to well-watered condition. The leaf relative growth rate of Jackson until leaves had completed at 45% of their growth during water deficit period was higher than that of PI416937.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.106-115
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• 2002

The performance of an inverter-driven water-to-water heat pump with an electronic expansion valve (EEV) was measured as a function of compressor frequency, load conditions, and EEV opening. Based on the test results, a controller using proportional integral (PI) feedback or PI feedforward algorithm was designed and tested to investigate capacity modulation and transient response control of the system. Although the relation between superheat and EEV opening of the heat pump showed nonlinear characteristics, a control gain obtained at the rated frequency was applicable to various operating conditions without causing large deviations. When the simple PI feedback control algorithm was applied, a large overshoot of superheat and wet compression were observed due to time delay effects of compressor frequency. However, applying PI feedforward control scheme yielded better system performance and higher reliability, compared to the PI feedback algorithm.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.187-194
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• 2015

This paper describes the PI controller design based on a practical transfer function model for centrifugal water chillers. The rotational speed of a compressor and the opening angle of an electronic expansion valve were simultaneously regulated as manipulated variables to maintain temperature reference and to ensure high efficiency of the chiller. The COP according to the change in each variable was investigated by performing some static experiments, and it was reflected in the PI controller design to accomplish the high efficiency control. Especially, the practical transfer function model of the chiller was built based on the dynamic experimental data considering the strong inherent non-linearity and complexity of the chiller system. The validity of the designed PI controller was proven by some experimental results using the test facility and the results were also compared to the conventional evaporating pressure control results.