• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 1996

Following the subcutaneous administration of $R(-)N^6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine(600\;nmol/kg/hr)$ to rats for 1 week using t$Alzet^{\circledR}$ mini-osmotic pumps, $A_1$ adenosine receptor functions were determined using $[^3H]DPCPX$ binding, $[^{35}S]GTP_{\gamma}S$ binding, and adenylyl cyclase assays. $A_1$ adenosine receptor binding and the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity by PIA was not altered in cerebrocortical membranes prepared from PIA-treated rats. However, there was a significant decrease in the $A_1$ adenosine receptor-mediated stimulation of $[^{35}S]GTP_{\gamma}S$ binding to cerebrocortical membranes prepared from PIA-treated rats(22.0% decrease in basal activity; 19.7% decrease in maximal activity). These results suggest that the desensitization of $A_1$ adenosine receptors following chronic administration involves agonist-induced uncoupling of the receptors from G proteins rather than alteration of $A_1$ adenosine receptor molecules. It is also suggested that the determination of stimulation of $[^{35}S]GTP_{\gamma}S$ binding to G proteins is a suitable tool in studying the receptor regulation including desensitization

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.199-202
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• 1988

The present study was carried out to investigate the serum enzyme activities of racehorses. The enzymes investigated were aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (GOT, GPT), ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase(${\gamma}$-GTP), Lactic dehydrogenase(LDH), creatine phosphokinase(CPK), and alkaline phosphatase(ALP). Animals used were 30 healthy racehorses(♀17, ♂13) average weighing 435kg and were from 2 to 8 years of age. LDH activity was progressively decreased with age and next in the order of GOT and CPK activities. GOT and ${\gamma}$-GPT activities were not changed with age but ALP activity tended to be decreased wish age. Activities of GOT, GPT, ${\gamma}$-GTP and ALP were higher in female than in male. There was no difference in CPK activity by sex, and no difference was found out among breeds.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1217-1225
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of shellfish on lipid metabolism in rats fed high fat supplements. Male sprague-dawley rats weighting approximately 165g were fed a basal diet, a high fat diet, or a high fat diet plus shellfish for 4 weeks. The shellfishes on the were oyster, hard-shelled mussel, little neck clam, and march clam. Alfter 4 weeks high fat diet, supplementation of 20% lard significantly increased plasma. GOT, GPT, ${\gamma}$-GTP , and liver triglyceride (TG). Plasma GOT, GPT, ${\gamma}$-GTP , triglyceride, and total cholestrerol levels were significantly lower in shellfish groups than in basal and high-fat groups regardless of high-fat supplementation (p<0.05). The total lipid and cholesterol content in liver showed similar results(p<0.05). There were no differences in glucose, HDL-cholesterol in plasma and total cholesterol and total lipid in liver between basal and high-fat supplemented diets. Liong chain fatty acids, specific components of shellfishes group, were exclusively higher than in basal and high-fat diets, and were most well-reflected in liver and plasma. From the above results, the hypolipidemic effects of shellfish were detected in the process of inducing hyperlipidemia by high-fat supplement.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.238-244
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• 1996

$\gamma$-Glutamyl transpeptidase ($\gamma$-GTP; EC 2.3.2.2) present in the culture filtrate of Bacillus sp. KUN-17 was purified 400-fold through a consecutive procedure including organic precipitation and column chromatography. The enzyme has an estimated molecular weight of 70, 000 and consists of hetero-subunits with molecular weights of 42, 000 and 22, 000. In vitro optimal conditions for those transfer and hydrolysis reactions appeared to be pH 7.0 at $50^{\circ}C$ and pH 8.4 at $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. The denatured enzyme recovered most of its $\gamma$-GTP activity by removing detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or urea with dialysis. The enzyme showed higher affinities against a number of amino acids as $\gamma$-glutamyl acceptors than glycylglycine in the following order: L-valine, L-methionine, L-glutamic acid or L-as-paragine, L-alanine. Also, it was shown that L-glutamine was the most suitable $\gamma$-glutamyl donor for the transfer reaction among those tested. Amino acids generally inhibited the enzyme activity for the transfer reaction, but not for the hydrolysis reaction.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2001

The findings of serum biochemical tests in the inhabitants residing in some riverside areas of kyongsangnam-do were analized to know the correlation with the Clonorchis sinensis infection. A total of 2,722 fecal samples of inhabitants was examined by Kato's cellophane thick smear and formalin-ether sedimentation methods, and their serums were analized biochemically. Three hundred and thirty-three inhabitants (12.2%) were positive with C. sinensis eggs (egg-positive group), and remaining 2,389 were negative (egg-negative group). In the egg-positive group, the positive .ate of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was 6.9% (male: 10.3%; female: 3.2%), that of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was 6.3% (male: 9.1%; female: 3.2%), of $\gamma$-glutamy1 transpeptidase ($\gamma$-GIP) was 9.0% (male: 13.1%; female: 4.4%), and that of $\alpha$-fetoprotein (AEP) was 3.0% (male: 2.9%; female: 3.2%). In the egg-negative group, the positive rate of AST was 5.2% (male: 8.9%; female: 3.2%), that of ALT was 5.1% (male: 8.6%; female: 3.2%), of $\gamma$-GTP was 7.5% (male: 13.0%; female: 4.5%), and that of AFP was 0.3% (male: 0.5%; female: 0.1%). In the egg-positive group, 127 cases (38.1%) were light infection, 108 (32.4%) were moderate infection,64 (19.2%) were heavy infection, and 34 (10.2%) were very heavy infection. The positive rates of all tests were high according to the intensity of infection. From the above results, It was confirmed that prevalence of clonorchiasis is still high in some riverside areas of Kyongsangnam-do, and findings of serum biochemical tests are not different between the egg-positive group and egg-negative group. However, there were some difference in the positive rates of serum AST, ALT, $\gamma$-GTP and AEP by the age, sex and the intensity of infection.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.154-154
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• 1999

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.151-169
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• 2015

Objectives: The deleterious effects of air pollution on various health outcomes have been demonstrated. However, few studies have examined the effects of air pollution on liver enzyme levels. Methods: Blood samples were drawn up to three times between 2008 and 2010 from 545 elderly individuals who regularly visited a community welfare center in Seoul, Korea. Data regarding ambient air pollutants (particulate matter ${\leq}2.5{\mu}m$ [$PM_{2.5}$], nitrogen dioxide [$NO_2$], ozone [$O_3$], carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide) from monitoring stations were used to estimate air pollution exposure. The effects of the air pollutants on the concentrations of three liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and ${\gamma}$-glutamyltranspeptidase [${\gamma}$-GTP)]) were evaluated using generalized additive and linear mixed models. Results: Interquartile range increases in the concentrations of the pollutants showed significant associations of $PM_{2.5}$ with AST (3.0% increase, p=0.0052), ALT (3.2% increase, p=0.0313), and ${\gamma}$-GTP (5.0% increase, p=0.0051) levels; $NO_2$ with AST (3.5% increase, p=0.0060) and ALT (3.8% increase, p=0.0179) levels; and $O_3$ with ${\gamma}$-GTP (5.3% increase, p=0.0324) levels. Significant modification of these effects by exercise and alcohol consumption was found (p for interaction <0.05). The effects of air pollutants were greater in non-exercisers and heavy drinkers. Conclusions: Short-term exposure to air pollutants such as $PM_{2.5}$, $NO_2$, and $O_3$ is associated with increased liver enzyme levels in the elderly. These adverse effects can be reduced by exercising regularly and abstinence from alcohol.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.243-254
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• 2008

This study is a clinical report for hepatitic C patient and alcoholic hepatitis patient who were improved by treatment of a herbal viscous extracts(Chunggan plus). We checked up Aspartate-aminotransferase(AST), Alamine-aminotransferase(ALT) and ${\gamma}$-Glutamyl transpeptidase (${\gamma}$-GTP) and compared the level of AST, ALT, ${\gamma}$-GTP after treatment. After medication the level of AST, ALT, ${\gamma}$-GTP was significantly normalized. So we suggested that herbal viscous extracts(Chunggan plus) has effects on hepatitis.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.130-134
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• 2005

This study was conducted by surveying 616 male workers living in Ulsan City regarding their health status based on lifestyles such as alcohol consumption, smoking and exercising as well as physical measurements and biochemical tests. The average height, weight and BMI(body mass index, $kg/m^2$) of the subjects was 170.9cm, 70.2kg and 24.2, respectively. The rate of drinking was $80.9\%$ and the rate of smoking was $53.4\%$. Seventy four percent of subjects responded that they exercise regularly. The results of the blood biochemical tests revealed that the average hemoglobin concentration was 14.7g/dl, and the levels of GPT(glutamic pyruvic transaminase) and GOT (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) were 32.74unit/l, 26.99 unit/l, respectively. The average hemoglobin concentration for the subjects aged in the 50s was 14.39g/dl, which was significantly lower than those in the 20s(14.81g/dl), 30s(14.69g/dl) and 40s(14.73g/dl). The blood glucose level and the cholesterol level also increased with age. Also investigated was the blood pressure of the subjects increased with age,. and there was a significant increase(p < 0.05) for the subjects in the 50s compared to those in the 20s. The frequency of alcoholic beverages was significantly correlated with systolic/ diastolic blood pressure(p < 0.05) and $\gamma-GTP(gamma\;glutamyl\; transpeptidase)$(p<0.01). The duration of smoking showed a negative correlation(p < 0.05) with the hemoglobin and positive correlations with diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol and $\gamma-GTP(p<0.01)$. The study shows that blood pressure, blood glucose level, cholesterol level, GOT, GPT and $\gamma­GTP$ level, increase with age, which indicates higher possibility of degenerative diseases, calling for nutritional education in terms of advisable lifestyles regarding eating habits, alcohol consumption, smoking and regular exercise.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 1999

To select the desirable soybean cultivar for chonggugjang processing, the physicochemical characteristics of raw soybean materials and chonggugjang samples were investigated. Eight soybean varieties including Danyeobkong, Danbaegkong, Kwanankong, Pureunkong, Manlikong, Sinpaldalkong 2, Jinpeumkong and Hwankeumkong were used for experiment. On the basis of quality characteristics of raw materials, such as seed coat weight rate, hydration swelling, and the content of fructose, glucose and sucrose, and chonggugjang, such as hardness, ${\gamma}-glutamyltranspeptidase\;({\gamma}-GTP)$ activity, free amino acid content, and amino type nitrogen content, Sinpaldakong 2 and Danyeobkong were desirable soybean cultivars for high quality chonggugjang processing.