• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제90권1호
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• pp.83-96
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• 2024

This paper suggests an analytical approach to investigate the free vibration and stability of functionally graded (FG) beams with both perfect and imperfect characteristics using a quasi-3D higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) with stretching effect. The study specifically focuses on FG beams resting on variable elastic foundations. In contrast to other shear deformation theories, this particular theory employs only four unknown functions instead of five. Moreover, this theory satisfies the boundary conditions of zero tension on the beam surfaces and facilitates hyperbolic distributions of transverse shear stresses without the necessity of shear correction factors. The elastic medium in consideration assumes the presence of two parameters, specifically Winkler-Pasternak foundations. The Winkler parameter exhibits variable variations in the longitudinal direction, including linear, parabolic, sinusoidal, cosine, exponential, and uniform, while the Pasternak parameter remains constant. The effective material characteristics of the functionally graded (FG) beam are assumed to follow a straightforward power-law distribution along the thickness direction. Additionally, the investigation of porosity includes the consideration of four different types of porosity distribution patterns, allowing for a comprehensive examination of its influence on the behavior of the beam. Using the virtual work principle, equations of motion are derived and solved analytically using Navier's method for simply supported FG beams. The accuracy is verified through comparisons with literature results. Parametric studies explore the impact of different parameters on free vibration and buckling behavior, demonstrating the theory's correctness and simplicity.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.29-50
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• 2015

측정된 지반진동의 최대입자속도 자료에 대한 통계분석을 통해 환산거리 개념에 기초한 안전발파 설계조건식을 구할 수 있다. 국내에서 널리 사용되는 환산거리에는 자승근 환산거리(SRSD)와 삼승근 환산거리(CRSD)의 두 가지가 있다. 하지만 SRSD와는 대조적으로, CRSD의 장약량 함수는 두 회귀식의 유사한 적합도에도 불구하고 두 함수의 교점을 지나면 기하급수적으로 증가하게 된다. 따라서 CRSD의 지나치게 많은 장약량으로 인해 발생할 지도 모를 구조물의 피해를 방지하기 위해 본 논문에서는 CRSD는 어떤 특정한 거리 이내에서만 사용하도록 제한한다. 한편, 진동의 주파수 스펙트럼에 대한 충분한 고려도 없이 PPV로부터 진동레벨(vibration level; VL)을 예측하거나 환산거리에 따라 VL을 추정하려는 시도들이 있다. 이 시도들은 발파공사 과정에서 소음진동관리법을 충족시키려는 목적으로 이루어지는 것으로 보인다. 소음진동관리법은 생활소음과 생활진동을 주로 취급하고 있다. 그러나 원칙적으로 전체 주파수 스펙트럼 상에서는 속도나 가속도 피크치 사이에는 아무런 상관관계도 존재할 수 없다. 따라서 이러한 상관관계나 추정식의 유도작업은 반드시 동일하거나 매우 유사한 주파수 스펙트럼을 지니는 파동들에 한해서 수행되어야 한다. 끝으로, 구조물의 손상은 PPV 수준과 관련이 있는 것으로 알려져 있으므로 구조물에 대한 지반진동 규제기준에서는 주파수대역별 PPV를 사용하는 것이 바람직하다고 본다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.193-203
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• 1999

In order to investigate systematically the steady shear flow properties of aqueous po1y(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solutions having various molecular weights and concentrations, the steady flow viscosity has been measured with a Rheometrics Fluids Spectrometer (RFS II) over a wide range of shear rates. The effects of shear rate, concentration, and molecular weight on the steady shear flow properties were reported in detail from the experimentally measured data, and then the results were interpreted using the concept of a material characteristic time. In addition, some flow models describing the non-Newtonian behavior (shear-thinning characteristics) of polymeric liquids were employed to make a quantitative evaluation of the steady flow behavior, and the applicability of these models was examined by calculating the various material parameters. Main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: (1) At low shear rates, aqueous PEO solutions show a Newtonian viscous behavior which is independent of shear rate. At shear rate region higher than a critical shear rate, however, they exhibit a shear-thinning behavior, demonstrating a decrease in steady flow viscosity with increasing shear rate. (2) As an increase in concentration and/or molecular weight, the zero-shear viscosity is increased while the Newtonian viscous region becomes narrower. Moreover, the critical shear rate at which the transition from the Newtonian to shear-thinning behavior occurs is decreased, and the shear-thinning nature becomes more remarkable. (3) Aqueous PEO solutions show a Newtonian viscous behavior at shear rate range lower than the inverse value of a characteristic time $1/{\lambda}_E$, while they exhibit a shear-thinning behavior at shear rate range higher than $1/{\lambda}_E$. For aqueous PEO solutions having a broad molecular weight distribution, the inverse value of a characteristic time is not quantitatively equivalent to the critical shear rate, but the power-law relationship holds between the two quantities. (4) The Cross, Carreau, and Carreau-Yasuda models are all applicable to describe the steady flow behavior of aqueous PEO solutions. Among these models, the Carreau-Yasuda model has the best validity.