Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.17.1.047

The coalescence and strength of rock-like materials containing two aligned X-type flaws under uniaxial compression  

Zhang, Bo (School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University)
Li, Shucai (Research Center of Geotechnical and Structural Engineering, Shandong University)
Yang, Xueying (Shandong Urban Construction Vocational College)
Xia, Kaiwen (Impact and Fracture Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Lassonde Institute, University of Toronto)
Liu, Jiyang (School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University)
Guo, Shuai (School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University)
Wang, Shugang (Research Center of Geotechnical and Structural Engineering, Shandong University)
Publication Information
Geomechanics and Engineering / v.17, no.1, 2019 , pp. 47-56 More about this Journal
Abstract
Crossing (X-type) flaws are commonly encountered in rock mass. However, the crack coalescence and failure mechanisms of rock mass with X-type flaws remain unclear. In this study, we investigate the compressive failure process of rock-like specimens containing two X-type flaws aligned in the loading direction. For comparison purposes, compressive failure behavior of specimens containing two aligned single flaws is also studied. By examining the crack coalescence behavior, two characteristics for the aligned X-type flaws under uniaxial compression are revealed. The flaws tend to coalesce by cracks emanating from flaw tips along a potential path that is parallel to the maximum compressive stress direction. The flaws are more likely to coalesce along the coalescence path linked by flaw tips with greater maximum circumferential stress if there are several potential coalescence paths almost parallel to the maximum compressive stress direction. In addition, we find that some of the specimens containing two aligned X-type flaws exhibit higher strengths than that of the specimens containing two single parallel flaws. The two underlying reasons that may influence the strengths of specimens containing two aligned X-type flaws are the values of flaw tips maximum circumferential stresses and maximum shear stresses, as well as the shear crack propagation tendencies of some secondary flaws. The research reported here provides increased understanding of the fundamental nature of rock/rock-like material failure in uniaxial compression.
Keywords
aligned X-type flaws; rock-like material; crack coalescence; strength; uniaxial compression;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Griffith, A.A. (1921), "The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 221(582-593), 163-198.   DOI
2 Haeri, H., Shahriar, K., Marji, M.F. and Moarefvand, P. (2014), "Experimental and numerical study of crack propagation and coalescence in pre-cracked rock-like disks", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 67, 20-28.   DOI
3 Hoek, E. and Bieniawski, Z. (1965), "Brittle fracture propagation in rock under compression", Int. J. Fract. Mech., 1(3), 137-155.   DOI
4 Huang, J., Chen, G., Zhao, Y. and Wang, R. (1990), "An experimental study of the strain field development prior to failure of a marble plate under compression", Tectonophysics, 175(1), 269-284.   DOI
5 Lajtai, E.Z. (1974), "Brittle fracture in compression", Int. J. Fract., 10(4), 525-536.   DOI
6 Li, S., Wang, J., Chen, W., Li, L. and Zhang, Q. (2016), "Study on mechanism of macro failure and micro fracture of local nearly horizontal stratum in super-large section and deep buried tunnel", Geomech. Eng., 11(2), 253-267.   DOI
7 Li, Y.P., Chen, L.Z. and Wang, Y.H. (2005), "Experimental research on pre-cracked marble under compression", Int. J. Solids Struct., 42(9), 2505-2516.   DOI
8 Li, Y., Zhou, H., Zhang, L., Zhu, W., Li, S. and Liu, J. (2016), "Experimental and numerical investigations on mechanical property and reinforcement effect of bolted jointed rock mass", Construct. Build. Mater., 126, 843-856.   DOI
9 Liu, Y. and Dai, F. (2018), "A damage constitutive model for intermittent jointed rocks under cyclic uniaxial compression", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 103, 289-301.   DOI
10 Feng, P., Dai, F., Liu, Y., Xu, N.W. and Fan, P.X. (2017), "Effects of coupled static and dynamic strain rates on mechanical behaviors of rock-like specimens containing pre-existing fissures under uniaxial compression", Can. Geotech. J., 55(5), 640-652.   DOI
11 Sharafisafa, M. and Nazem, M. (2014), "Application of the distinct element method and the extended finite element method in modelling cracks and coalescence in brittle materials", Comput. Mater. Sci., 91, 102-121.   DOI
12 Shen, B., Stephansson, O., Einstein, H.H. and Ghahreman, B. (1995), "Coalescence of fractures under shear stresses in experiments", J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 100(6), 5975-5990.   DOI
13 Wong, L.N.Y. and Einstein, H.H. (2009), "Crack coalescence in molded gypsum and Carrara marble: Part 2-microscopic observations and interpretation", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 42(3), 513-545.   DOI
14 Tang, C.A., Lin, P., Wong, R.H.C. and Chau, K.T. (2001), "Analysis of crack coalescence in rock-like materials containing three flaws-part II: Numerical approach", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 38(7), 925-939.   DOI
15 Wei, M., Dai, F., Xu, N. and Zhao, T. (2016), "Stress intensity factors and fracture process zones of ISRM-suggested chevron notched specimens for mode I fracture toughness testing of rocks", Eng. Fract. Mech., 168, 174-189.   DOI
16 Wong, L.N.Y. and Einstein, H.H. (2009), "Crack coalescence in molded gypsum and Carrara marble: Part 1. Macroscopic observations and interpretation", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 42(3), 475-511.   DOI
17 Wong, L.N.Y. and Einstein, H.H. (2009), "Systematic evaluation of cracking behavior in specimens containing single flaws under uniaxial compression", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 46(2), 239-249.   DOI
18 Wong, R.H. and Chau, K. (1998), "Crack coalescence in a rocklike material containing two cracks", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 35(2), 147-164.   DOI
19 Wong, R., Chau, K., Tang, C. and Lin, P. (2001), "Analysis of crack coalescence in rock-like materials containing three flawspart I: Experimental approach", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 38(7), 909-924.   DOI
20 Liu, Y., Dai, F., Dong, L., Xu, N.W. and Feng, P. (2018), "Experimental investigation on the fatigue mechanical properties of intermittently jointed rock models under cyclic uniaxial compression with different loading parameters", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 51(1), 47-68.   DOI
21 Liu, Y., Dai, F., Fan, P., Xu, N.W. and Dong, L. (2017a), "Experimental investigation of the influence of joint geometric configurations on the mechanical properties of intermittent jointed rock models under cyclic uniaxial compression", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 50(6), 1453-1471.   DOI
22 Liu, Y., Dai, F., Zhao, T. and Xu, N.W. (2017c), "Numerical investigation of the dynamic properties of intermittent jointed rock models subjected to cyclic uniaxial compression", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 50(1), 89-112.   DOI
23 Park, C.H. and Bobet, A. (2009), "Crack coalescence in specimens with open and closed flaws: A comparison", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 46(5), 819-829.   DOI
24 Park, C.H. and Bobet, A. (2010), "Crack initiation, propagation and coalescence from frictional flaws in uniaxial compression", Eng. Fract. Mech., 77(14), 2727-2748.   DOI
25 Sahouryeh, E., Dyskin, A. and Germanovich, L. (2002), "Crack growth under biaxial compression", Eng. Fract. Mech., 69(18), 2187-2198.   DOI
26 Pu, C.Z. and Cao, P. (2012), "Failure characteristics and its influencing factors of rock-like material with multi-fissures under uniaxial compression", Trans. Nonf. Met. Soc. Chin., 22(1), 185-191.   DOI
27 Sagong, M., Park, D., Yoo, J. and Lee, J.S. (2011), "Experimental and numerical analyses of an opening in a jointed rock mass under biaxial compression", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 48(7), 1055-1067.   DOI
28 Sagong, M. and Bobet, A. (2002), "Coalescence of multiple flaws in a rock-model material in uniaxial compression", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 39(2), 229-241.   DOI
29 Zhang, B., Li, S., Xia, K., Yang, X., Zhang, D., Wang, S. and Zhu, J. (2016), "Reinforcement of rock mass with cross-flaws using rock bolt", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol., 51, 346-353.   DOI
30 Yin, P., Wong, R. and Chau, K. (2014), "Coalescence of two parallel pre-existing surface cracks in granite", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 68, 66-84.   DOI
31 Bobet, A. and Einstein, H.H. (1998), "Fracture coalescence in rock-type materials under uniaxial and biaxial compression", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 35(7), 863-888.   DOI
32 Zhou, X.P., Chen, H. and Feng, Y.F. (2014), "An experimental study of crack coalescence behaviour in rock-like materials containing multiple flaws under uniaxial compression", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 47(6), 1961-1986.   DOI
33 Zhou, X.P., Wang, Y.T., Zhang, J.Z. and Liu, F.N. (2018), "Fracturing behavior study of three-flawed specimens by uniaxial compression and 3D digital image correlation: Sensitivity to brittleness", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 1-28.
34 Yang, S.Q. (2011), "Crack coalescence behavior of brittle sandstone samples containing two coplanar fissures in the process of deformation failure", Eng. Fract. Mech., 78(17), 3059-3081.   DOI
35 Al-Shayea, N. A. (2005), "Crack propagation trajectories for rocks under mixed mode I-II fracture", Eng. Geol., 81(1), 84-97.   DOI
36 Bobet, A. (2000), "The initiation of secondary cracks in compression", Eng. Fract. Mech., 66(2), 187-219.   DOI
37 Cao, P., Liu, T., Pu, C. and Lin, H. (2015), "Crack propagation and coalescence of brittle rock-like specimens with pre-existing cracks in compression", Eng. Geol., 187, 113-121.   DOI
38 Chen, Y., Ni, J., Shao, W., Zhou, Y., Javadi, A. and Azzam, R. (2012), "Coalescence of fractures under uni-axial compression and fatigue loading", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 45(2), 241-249.   DOI
39 Cheng, H., Zhou, X., Zhu, J. and Qian, Q. (2016), "The effects of crack openings on crack initiation, propagation and coalescence behavior in rock-like materials under uniaxial compression", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 49(9), 1-14.   DOI