1 |
ToI. (2020, July). Coronavirus myth vs. fact: WhatsApp forward claiming turmeric and black pepper home remedy to cure COVID-19 is fake. Times of India (ToI). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/healthnews/coronavirus-myth-vs-fact-whatsapp-forward-claiming-turmeric-andblack-pepper-home-remedy-to-cure-covid-19-isfake/photostory/76995286.cms
|
2 |
Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
DOI
|
3 |
Mezaris, L. Nixon, S. Papadopoulos, & D. Teyssou (Eds.). Video verification in the fake news era. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 030-26752-0
|
4 |
Quandt, T., Frischlich, L., Boberg, S., & Schatto-Eckrodt, T. (2019). Fake news. In The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies (pp. 1-6). American Cancer Society. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118841570.iejs0128
|
5 |
Kaur, K. (2019, March 2). IFCN Code of Principles. IFCN. https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/application/public/pravda-mediafoundation/D27BB43D-D8FC-F85B-1C25-2AF73DF3A12C
|
6 |
Farooq, G. (2018). Politics of fake news: How WhatsApp became a potent propaganda tool in India. Media Watch, 9(1), 106-117. https://doi.org/10.15655/mw/2018/v9i1/49279
DOI
|
7 |
Islam, M. S., Sarkar, T., Khan, S. H., Mostofa Kamal, A.-H., Hasan, S. M. M., Kabir, A., Yeasmin, D., Islam, M. A., Amin Chowdhury, K. I., Anwar, K. S., Chughtai, A. A., & Seale, H. (2020). COVID-19-related infodemic and its impact on public health: A global social media analysis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(4), 1621-1629. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0812
DOI
|
8 |
Derczynski, L., Bontcheva, K., Lukasik, M., Declerck, T., Scharl, A., Georgiev, G., & Twerp, S. J. (2015). PHEME: Computing veracity-The fourth challenge of big social data. Proceedings of the Extended Semantic Web Conference EU Project Networking Session. 2nd International Workshop on Rumours and Deception in Social Media (RDSM), Italy. http://derczynski.com/sheffield/papers/pheme-eswc-pn.pdf
|
9 |
Carlson, M. (2009). The reality of a fake image news norms, photojournalistic craft, and Brian Walski's fabricated photograph. Journalism Practice, 3(2), 125-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802681140
DOI
|
10 |
Chaturvedi, S. (2016). I am a Troll: Inside the secret world of the BJP's Digital Army. Juggernaut Publication.
|
11 |
Difonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2006). Rumor psychology: Social and organizational approaches. American Psychological Association.
|
12 |
Duffy, A., Tandoc, E., & Ling, R. (2019). Too good to be true, too good not to share: The social utility of fake news. Information, Communication & Society, 23(13), 1965-1979. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1623904
DOI
|
13 |
Guacho, G. B., Abdali, S., Shah, N., & Papalexakis, E. E. (2018). Semi-supervised contentbased detection of misinformation via tensor embeddings. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining, ASONAM 2018, 322-325. https://doi.org/10.1109/ASONAM.2018.8508241
DOI
|
14 |
Haque, M. (2019, June). "Fake news" in social media: Conceptualizing, detection and finding ways of prevention. Nirikkha, 223, 9-18.
|
15 |
Kapferer, J.-N. (1992). How rumors are born. Society, 29(5), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02697095
DOI
|
16 |
Higdon, N. (2020). What is fake news? A foundational question for developing effective critical news literacy education. Democratic Communique, 29, 1-18. https://journals.flvc.org/demcom/article/view/121283
|
17 |
Brennen, J. S., Simon, F. M., Howard, P. N., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation. University of Oxford.
|
18 |
Jaster, R., & Lanius, D. (2018). What is fake news? Versus, 2(127), 207-227. https://doi.org/10.14649/91352
DOI
|
19 |
Jo, D. G. (2002). Diffusion of rumors on the Internet. The Information Society Review, 2002, 77-95.
|
20 |
Kadam, A. B., & Atre, S. R. (2020). Negative impact of social media panic during the COVID-19 outbreak in India. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa057
DOI
|
21 |
Al-Zaman, M. S. (2020, February 15). Telling good lies: Digital rhetoric and rumor in Bangladesh. South Asia Journal. http://southasiajournal.net/telling-good-liesdigital-rhetoric-and-rumor-in-bangladesh/
|
22 |
Al-Zaman, M. S. (2019). Digital disinformation and communalism in Bangladesh. China Media Research, 15(2), 68-76. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/8s6jd
DOI
|
23 |
Arun, C. (2015). On WhatsApp, rumours, and lynchings. Economic and Political Weekly, 54(6), 30-36.
|
24 |
Bali, A., & Desai, P. (2019). Fake news and social media: Indian perspective. Media Watch, 10(3), 737-750. https://doi.org/10.15655/mw/2019/v10i3/49687
DOI
|
25 |
Banaji, S., Bhat, R., Agarwal, A., Passanha, N., & Sadhana Pravin, M. (2019). WhatsApp vigilantes: An exploration of citizen reception and circulation of WhatsApp misinformation linked to mob violence in India. Department of Media and Communications, London School of Economics and Political Science. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/104316/
|
26 |
Menon, S. (2020, June). Coronavirus: The human cost of fake news in India. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53165436
|
27 |
Keelery, S. (2020b). Number of social network users in India from 2015 to 2018 with a forecast until 2023. Statista. https://statista.com/statistics/278407/number-ofsocial-network-users-in-india/
|
28 |
Khan, S. A., Alkawaz, M. H., & Zangana, H. M. (2019). The use and abuse of social media for spreading fake news. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems, I2CACIS 2019 - Proceedings, 145-148. https://doi.org/10.1109/I2CACIS.2019.8825029
DOI
|
29 |
Meel, P., & Vishwakarma, D. K. (2019). Fake news, rumor, information pollution in social media and web: A contemporary survey of state-of-the-arts, challenges and opportunities. Expert Systems with Applications, 112986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2019.112986
DOI
|
30 |
Muigai, J. W. W. (2019). Understanding fake news. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 9(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.01.2019.p8505
DOI
|
31 |
Keelery, S. (2020a). Impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) on media consumption in India as of March 2020, by type of media. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1113485/india-coronavirus-impact-onmedia-consumption-by-media-type/
|
32 |
Raj, A., & Goswami, M. P. (2020). Is fake news spreading more rapidly than COVID-19 in India? Journal of Content, Community and Communication, 11(10), 208-220. https://doi.org/10.31620/JCCC.06.20/15
DOI
|
33 |
Nielsen, R. K., & Graves, L. (2017). Audience perspectives on fake news. Reuters Institute, 1-8. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017- 10/Nielsen&Graves_factsheet_1710v3_FINAL_download.pdf
|
34 |
Mukherjee, R. (2020). Mobile witnessing on WhatsApp: Vigilante virality and the anatomy of mob lynching. South Asian Popular Culture, 18(1), 79-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/14746689.2020.1736810
DOI
|
35 |
Alt News. (n.d.). Methodology for fact checking. Alt News. https://www.altnews.in/methodology-for-fact-checking/
|
36 |
Ouedraogo, N. (2020). Social media literacy in crisis context: Fake news consumption during COVID-19 lockdown. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-43. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3601466
DOI
|
37 |
Parikh, S. B., & Atrey, P. K. (2018). Media-rich fake news detection: A survey. Proceedings - IEEE 1st Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval, MIPR 2018, 436-441. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIPR.2018.00093
DOI
|
38 |
Rodrigues, U. (2020). Can India's media shield the election from fake news? East Asia Forum. http://dro.deakin.edu.au/view/DU:30136200
|
39 |
Sukhodolov, A. P., & Bychkova, A. M. (2017). Fake news as a modern media phenomenon: Definition, types, role of fake news and ways of counteracting it. Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism, 6(2), 143-169. https://doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2017
DOI
|
40 |
Ninan, S. (2019, June 7). How India's media landscape changed over five years. The India Forum. https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/how-indias-media-landscapechanged-over-five-years
|
41 |
Sutaria, S. (2020). Coronavirus misinformation in India is not limited to health misinformation. https://meedan.com/reports/coronavirus-misinformation-inindia-is-not-limited-to-health-misinformation/
|
42 |
Tandoc, E. C., Jr., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining "fake news:" A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
DOI
|
43 |
Tandoc, E. C., Jr., Lim, D., & Ling, R. (2020). Diffusion of disinformation: How social media users respond to fake news and why. Journalism, 21(3), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919868325
DOI
|
44 |
The Economist. (2020, October 22). In Myanmar, Facebook struggles with a deluge of disinformation. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/10/22/in-myanmar-facebookstruggles-with-a-deluge-of-disinformation
|
45 |
Udupa, S. (2016). Archiving as history-making: Religious politics of social media in India. Communication, Culture & Critique, 9(2), 212-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12114
DOI
|
46 |
Udupa, S. (2017). Viral video: Mobile media, riot and religious politics. In S. Udupa & S. D. McDowell (Eds.), Media as politics in South Asia (pp. 190-205). Routledge.
|
47 |
Shin, J., Jian, L., Driscoll, K., & Bar, F. (2018). The diffusion of misinformation on social media: Temporal pattern, message, and source. Computers in Human Behavior, 83, 278-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.008
DOI
|
48 |
Al-Zaman, M. S., Sife, S. A., Sultana, M., Akbar, M., Ahona, K. T. S., & Sarkar, N. (2020). Social media rumors in Bangladesh. Journal of Information Science Theory and Practices, 8(3), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1633/JISTaP.2020.8.3.6
DOI
|
49 |
US 2020: Another Facebook disinformation election? (2019). Avaaz. https://avaazimages.avaaz.org/US_2020_report_1105_v04.pdf
|
50 |
Wardle, C. (2017, February 16). Fake news. It's complicated. First Draft. https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/fake-news-complicated/
|
51 |
Mosseri, A. (2017, April 7). Working to stop misinformation and false news. Facebook Media. https://www.facebook.com/facebookmedia/blog/working-to-stopmisinformation-and-false-news
|
52 |
Watson, J., & Hill, A. (2006). Dictionary of media and communication studies. A&C Black.
|
53 |
Wheaton, G. C. (2018). Birthers, hand signals, and spirit cooking: The impact of political fake news content on Facebook engagement during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Virginia Tech.
|
54 |
Wu, L., & Liu, H. (2018). Tracing fake-news footprints: Characterizing social media messages by how they propagate. Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, 637-645. https://doi.org/10.1145/3159652.3159677
DOI
|
55 |
Zhou, X., & Zafarani, R. (2020). A survey of fake news: Fundamental theories, detection methods, and opportunities. ACM Computing Surveys, 1. https://doi.org/10.1145/3395046
DOI
|