Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.9718/JBER.2018.39.5.188

Three-dimensional Bio-printing Technique: Trend and Potential for High Volume Implantable Tissue Generation  

Duong, Van-Thuy (Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulsan)
Kim, Jong Pal (Mobile Healthcare Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute Technology)
Kim, Kwangsoo (Department of Electronics and Control Engineering, Hanbat National University)
Ko, Hyoungho (Department of Electronics, Chungnam National University)
Hwang, Chang Ho (Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine)
Koo, Kyo-in (Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulsan)
Publication Information
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research / v.39, no.5, 2018 , pp. 188-207 More about this Journal
Abstract
Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing of biological tissues and organ has become an attractive interdisciplinary research topic that combines a broad range of fields including engineering, biomaterials science, cell biology, physics, and medicine. The 3D bioprinting can be used to produce complex tissue engineering scaffolds based on computer designs obtained from patient-specific anatomical data. It is a powerful tool for building structures by printing cells together with matrix materials and biochemical factors in spatially predefined positions within confined 3D structures. In the field of the 3D bioprinting, three major categories of the 3D bioprinting include the stereolithography-based, inkjet-based, and dispensing-based bioprinting. Some of them have made significant process. Each technique has its own advantages and limitations. Compared with non-biological printing, the 3D bioprinting should consider additional complexities: biocompatibility, degradability of printing materials, cell types, cell growth, cell viability, and cell proliferation factors. Numerous 3D bioprinting technologies have been proposed, and some of them have been making great progress in printing several tissues including multilayered skin, cartilaginous structures, bone, vasculature even heart and liver. This review summarizes basic principles and key aspects of some frequently utilized printing technologies, and introduces current challenges, and prospects in the 3D bioprinting.
Keywords
3D Bioprinting; Stereolithography-based; Inkjet-based; Dispensing-based; Microfluidic Nozzle;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Y.-J. Seol, T.-Y. Kang, and D.-W. Cho, "Solid freeform fabrication technology applied to tissue engineering with various biomaterials," Soft Matter, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1730-1735, 2012.   DOI
2 F.P. W. Melchels, J. Feijen, and D.W. Grijpma, "A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering," Biomaterials, vol. 31, no. 24, pp. 6121-6130, 2010.   DOI
3 R. Britain and M. Box, "Reseurch Britain," vol. 25, pp. 79-82, 1984.
4 M.N. Cooke, J.P. Fisher, D. Dean, C. Rimnac, and A. G. Mikos, "Use of stereolithography to manufacture criticalsized 3D biodegradable scaffolds for bone ingrowth," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., vol. 64B, no. 2, pp. 65-69, 2003.   DOI
5 K.W. Lee, S. Wang, B.C. Fox, E.L. Ritman, M.J. Yaszemski, and L. Lu, "Poly(propylene fumarate) bone tissue engineering scaffold fabrication using stereolithography: Effects of resin formulations and laser parameters," Biomacromolecules, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1077-1084, 2007.   DOI
6 F. Melchels, J. Malda, N. Fedorovich, J. Alblas, and T. Woodfield, Organ Printing. 2011.
7 S. Maruo, "Development of Functional Devices Using Three-dimensional Micro / nano Stereolithography," vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 382-388, 2014.
8 Y. Kajihara, T. Takeuchi, S. Takahashi, and K. Takamasu, "Development of a Nano-Stereolithography System Using Evanescent Light for Submicron Fabrication," Am. Soc. Precis. Eng. Annu. Meet., vol. 39, pp. 111-114, 2006.
9 C. Sun, N. Fang, D.M. Wu, and X. Zhang, "Projection micro-stereolithography using digital micro-mirror dynamic mask," Sensors Actuators, A Phys., vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 113-120, 2005.   DOI
10 S. Maruo and K. Ikuta, "Submicron stereolithography for the production of freely movable mechanisms by using single-photon polymerization," Sensors Actuators, A Phys., vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 70-76, 2002.   DOI
11 J.S. Choi, H.W. Kang, I.H. Lee, T.J. Ko, and D.W. Cho, "Development of micro-stereolithography technology using a UV lamp and optical fiber," Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 41, no. 3-4, pp. 281-286, 2009.   DOI
12 F.P.W. Melchels, J. Feijen, and D. W. Grijpma, "A poly(d,llactide) resin for the preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds by stereolithography," Biomaterials, vol. 30, no. 23-24, pp. 3801-3809, 2009.   DOI
13 C. Mandrycky, Z. Wang, K. Kim, and D. H. Kim, "3D bioprinting for engineering complex tissues," Biotechnol. Adv., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 422-434, 2016.   DOI
14 T.M. Seck, F.P.W. Melchels, J. Feijen, and D. W. Grijpma, "Designed biodegradable hydrogel structures prepared by stereolithography using poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(d,l-lactide)-based resins," J. Control. Release, vol. 148, no. 1, pp. 34-41, 2010.   DOI
15 F.P.W. Melchels, K. Bertoldi, R. Gabbrielli, A. H. Velders, J. Feijen, and D. W. Grijpma, "Mathematically defined tissue engineering scaffold architectures prepared by stereolithography," Biomaterials, vol. 31, no. 27, pp. 6909-6916, 2010.   DOI
16 S.D. Gittard and R.J. Narayan, "Laser direct writing of micro- and nano-scale medical devices," Expert Rev Med Devices, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 343-356, 2010.   DOI
17 V. Chan, P. Zorlutuna, J. H. Jeong, H. Kong, and R. Bashir, "Three-dimensional photopatterning of hydrogels using stereolithography for long-term cell encapsulation," Lab Chip, vol. 10, no. 16, p. 2062, 2010.   DOI
18 T.M. Valentin et al., "Stereolithographic Printing of Ionically-Crosslinked Alginate Hydrogels for Degradable Biomaterials and Microfluidics," Lab Chip, 2017.
19 K. Arcaute, B.K. Mann, and R.B. Wicker, "Stereolithography of three-dimensional bioactive poly(ethylene glycol) constructs with encapsulated cells," Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1429-1441, 2006.   DOI
20 R. Raman et al., "High-Resolution Projection Microstereolithography for Patterning of Neovasculature," Adv. Healthc. Mater., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 610-619, 2016.   DOI
21 R. Zhang and N. B. Larsen, "Stereolithographic hydrogel printing of 3D culture chips with biofunctionalized complex 3D perfusion networks," Lab Chip, 2017.
22 C. Processing, "United States Patent," vol. 1, no. 12, 2003.
23 R. G. Sweet, "High frequency recording with electrostatically deflected ink jets," Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 131-136, 1965.   DOI
24 T. Wang, R. Patel, and B. Derby, "Manufacture of 3-dimensional objects by reactive inkjet printing," Soft Matter, vol. 4, no. 12, p. 2513, 2008.   DOI
25 E. Sachs, M. Cima, and J. Cornie, "Three-dimensional printing: rapid tooling and prototypes directly form a CAD model," CIRP Ann. -Manuf. Technol., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 201-204, 1990.   DOI
26 Y. Guo, H. S. Patanwala, B. Bognet, and A. W. K. Ma, "Inkjet and inkjet-based 3D printing: connecting fluid properties and printing performance," Rapid Prototyp. J., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 562-576, 2017.   DOI
27 R.A. Barry, R.F. Shepherd, J.N. Hanson, R.G. Nuzzo, P. Wiltzius, and J. A. Lewis, "Direct-write assembly of 3D hydrogel scaffolds for guided cell growth," Adv. Mater., vol. 21, no. 23, pp. 2407-2410, 2009.   DOI
28 T. Shimoda, K. Morii, S. Seki, and H. Kiguchi, "Inkjet Printing of Light-Emitting Polymer Displays," MRS Bull., vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 821-827, 2003.   DOI
29 A. Seidi, M. Ramalingam, I. Elloumi-Hannachi, S. Ostrovidov, and A. Khademhosseini, "Gradient biomaterials for soft-to-hard interface tissue engineering," Acta Biomater., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1441-1451, 2011.   DOI
30 H. Sirringhaus et al., "High-resolution Inkjet Printing of All- Transistor Circuits," Science (80-. )., vol. 290, no. 2000, pp. 2123-2126, 2000.   DOI
31 J. Bharathan and L. Angeles, "the ink-jet printing technology," vol. 3279.
32 K. Crowley, E. O'Malley, A. Morrin, M. R. Smyth, and A. J. Killard, "An aqueous ammonia sensor based on an inkjetprinted polyaniline nanoparticle-modified electrode," Analyst, vol. 133, no. 3, p. 391, 2008.   DOI
33 H.-Y. Chen et al., "Polymer solar cells with enhanced opencircuit voltage and efficiency," Nat. Photonics, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 649-653, 2009.   DOI
34 A.M.J. van den Berg, P.J. Smith, J. Perelaer, W. Schrof, S. Koltzenburg, and U. S. Schubert, "Inkjet printing of polyurethane colloidal suspensions," Soft Matter, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 238-243, 2007.   DOI
35 A. Rida, L. Yang, R. Vyas, and M. M. Tentzeris, "Conductive inkjet-printed antennas on flexible low-cost paperbased substrates for RFID and WSN applications," IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 13-23, 2009.   DOI
36 J. Perelaer, B.J. De Gans, and U.S. Schubert, "Ink-jet printing and microwave sintering of conductive silver tracks," Adv. Mater., vol. 18, no. 16, pp. 2101-2104, 2006.   DOI
37 J. Vaithilingam et al., "3-Dimensional inkjet printing of macro structures from silver nanoparticles," Mater. Des., vol. 139, pp. 81-88, 2018.   DOI
38 R.J. Klebe, "Cytoscribing: A method for micropositioning cells and the construction of two- and three-dimensional synthetic tissues," Exp. Cell Res., vol. 179, no. 2, pp. 362-373, 1988.   DOI
39 K.A.M. Seerden, N. Reis, J.R.G. Evans, P.S. Grant, J.W. Halloran, and B. Derby, "Ink-Jet Printing of Wax-Based Alumina Suspensions," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., vol. 84, no. 11, pp. 2514-2520, 2001.   DOI
40 B. Cappi, E. Ozkol, J. Ebert, and R. Telle, "Direct inkjet printing of Si3N4: Characterization of ink, green bodies and microstructure," J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., vol. 28, no. 13, pp.2625-2628, 2008.   DOI
41 N.E. Sanjana and S.B. Fuller, "A fast flexible ink-jet printing method for patterning dissociated neurons in culture," J. Neurosci. Methods, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 151-163, 2004.   DOI
42 B. Derby, "Bioprinting: inkjet printing proteins and hybrid cell-containing materials and structures," J. Mater. Chem., vol. 18, no. 47, p. 5717, 2008.   DOI
43 T. Okamoto, T. Suzuki, and N. Yamamoto, "Microarray fabrication with covalent attachment of DNA using Bubble Jet technology," Nat. Biotechnol., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 438-441, 2000.   DOI
44 J.T. Delaney, P.J. Smith, and U.S. Schubert, "Inkjet printing of proteins," Soft Matter, vol. 5, no. 24, p. 4866, 2009.   DOI
45 B. Lorber, W.K. Hsiao, I.M. Hutchings, and K.R. Martin, "Adult rat retinal ganglion cells and glia can be printed by piezoelectric inkjet printing," Biofabrication, vol. 6, no. 1, 2014.
46 B. Derby, "Additive Manufacture of Ceramics Components by Inkjet Printing," Engineering, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 113-123, 2015.   DOI
47 N. Reis, C. Ainsley, and B. Derby, "Ink-jet delivery of particle suspensions by piezoelectric droplet ejectors," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 97, no. 9, 2005.
48 S.B. Hong, N. Eliaz, E.M. Sachs, S.M. Allen, and R.M. Latanision, "Corrosion behavior of advanced titaniumbased alloys made by three-dimensional printing (3DPTM) for biomedical applications," Corros. Sci., vol. 43, no. 9, pp.1781-1791, 2001.   DOI
49 R. Noguera, M. Lejeune, and T. Chartier, "3D fine scale ceramic components formed by ink-jet prototyping process," J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., vol. 25, no. 12 SPEC. ISS., pp.2055-2059, 2005.   DOI
50 K.K.B. Hon, L. Li, and I.M. Hutchings, "Direct writing technology-Advances and developments," CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, vol. 57, no. 2. pp. 601-620, 2008.   DOI
51 T. Boland et al., "Drop-on-demand printing of cells and materials for designer tissue constructs," Mater. Sci. Eng. C, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 372-376, 2007.   DOI
52 Y. Nishiyama et al., "Development of a Three-Dimensional Bioprinter: Construction of Cell Supporting Structures Using Hydrogel and State-Of-The-Art Inkjet Technology," J. Biomech. Eng., vol. 131, no. 3, p. 035001, 2009.   DOI
53 A. Butscher, M. Bohner, S. Hofmann, L. Gauckler, and R. Muller, "Structural and material approaches to bone tissue engineering in powder-based three-dimensional printing," Acta Biomater., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 907-920, 2011.   DOI
54 F.D. Modeling, "Rapid Prototyping Using FDM : A Fast , , Precise , Safe Technology," System, pp. 301-308, 1992.
55 S. Knowlton, S. Onal, C.H. Yu, J.J. Zhao, and S. Tasoglu, "Bioprinting for cancer research," Trends Biotechnol., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 504-513, 2015.   DOI
56 I. Zein, D. W. Hutmacher, K.C. Tan, and S.H. Teoh, "Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications," Biomaterials, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1169-1185, 2002.   DOI
57 S. Khalil and W. Sun, "Biopolymer deposition for freeform fabrication of hydrogel tissue constructs," Mater. Sci. Eng. C, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 469-478, 2007.   DOI
58 I.S. Scott Crump (Stratasys, "Apparatus and method for creating three-dimensional objects," vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 2-6, 1992.
59 D.W. Hutmacher, T. Schantz, I. Zein, K.W. Ng, S.H. Teoh, and K.C. Tan, "Mechanical properties and cell cultural response of polycaprolactone scaffolds designed and fabricated via fused deposition modeling," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 203-216, 2001.   DOI
60 K. Jakab, C. Norotte, F. Marga, K. Murphy, G. Vunjak-Novakovic, and G. Forgacs, "Tissue engineering by selfassembly and bio-printing of living cells," Biofabrication, vol. 2, no. 2, 2010.
61 F. Dolati, Y. Yu, Y. Zhang, A.M. De Jesus, E.A. Sander, and I. T. Ozbolat, "In vitro evaluation of carbon-nanotube-reinforced bioprintable vascular conduits," Nanotechnology, vol. 25, no. 14, 2014.
62 V. Mironov, V. Kasyanov, and R.R. Markwald, "Nanotechnology in vascular tissue engineering: from nanoscaffolding towards rapid vessel biofabrication," Trends Biotechnol., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 338-344, 2008.   DOI
63 D.B. Kolesky, R.L. Truby, A. S. Gladman, T.A. Busbee, K. A. Homan, and J. A. Lewis, "3D bioprinting of vascularized, heterogeneous cell-laden tissue constructs," Adv. Mater., vol. 26, no. 19, pp. 3124-3130, 2014.   DOI
64 "An additive manufacturing-based PCL-alginate chondroccyte bioprinted scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering.pdf.".
65 V. Keriquel et al., "In vivo bioprinting for computer- and robotic-assisted medical intervention: Preliminary study in mice," Biofabrication, vol. 2, no. 1, 2010.
66 J. O. Hardin, T.J. Ober, A. D. Valentine, and J.A. Lewis, "Microfluidic printheads for multimaterial 3D printing of viscoelastic inks," Advanced Materials, vol. 27, no. 21. pp.3279-3284, 2015.   DOI
67 J.S. Lee, J.M. Hong, J.W. Jung, J.H. Shim, J.H. Oh, and D. W. Cho, "3D printing of composite tissue with complex shape applied to ear regeneration," Biofabrication, vol. 6, no. 2, 2014.
68 C. Norotte, F. S. Marga, L. E. Niklason, and G. Forgacs, "Scaffold-free vascular tissue engineering using bioprinting," Biomaterials, vol. 30, no. 30, pp. 5910-5917, 2009.   DOI
69 R. Zhang and N.B. Larsen, "Stereolithographic hydrogel printing of 3D culture chips with biofunctionalized complex 3D perfusion networks," Lab Chip, 2017.
70 B. Duan, L.A. Hockaday, K.H. Kang, and J.T. Butcher, "3D Bioprinting of heterogeneous aortic valve conduits with alginate/gelatin hydrogels," J. Biomed. Mater. Res. -Part A, vol. 101 A, no. 5, pp. 1255-1264, 2013.   DOI
71 L.D. Loozen, F. Wegman, F.C. Oner, W.J.A. Dhert, and J. Alblas, "Porous bioprinted constructs in BMP-2 non-viral gene therapy for bone tissue engineering," J. Mater. Chem. B, vol. 1, no. 48, p. 6619, 2013.   DOI
72 S. Catros et al., "Laser-assisted bioprinting for creating ondemand patterns of human osteoprogenitor cells and nanohydroxyapatite," Biofabrication, vol. 3, no. 2, 2011.
73 X. Cui, K. Breitenkamp, M.G. Finn, M. Lotz, and D. D. D'Lima, "Direct Human Cartilage Repair Using Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Technology," Tissue Eng. Part A, vol. 18, no. 11-12, pp. 1304-1312, 2012.   DOI
74 T. Xu et al., "Hybrid printing of mechanically and biologically improved constructs for cartilage tissue engineering applications," Biofabrication, vol. 5, no. 1, 2013.
75 Z. Wang, R. Samanipour, K. Koo, and K. Kim, "Development and Investigation of a Sweetness Sensor for Sugars - Effect of Lipids-," Sensors Mater., no. February 2016, p. 1, 2015.
76 W. Liu et al., "Rapid Continuous Multimaterial Extrusion Bioprinting," Adv. Mater., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1-8, 2017.
77 L. Serex, A. Bertsch, and P. Renaud, "Microfluidics: A new layer of control for extrusion-based 3D printing," Micromachines, vol. 9, no. 2, 2018.
78 M. Nie, P. Mistry, J. Yang, and S. Takeuchi, "Microfluidic enabled rapid bioprinting of hydrogel $\mu$fiber based porous constructs," Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). 2017. pp. 589-591.
79 W. Jia et al., "Direct 3D bioprinting of perfusable vascular constructs using a blend bioink," Biomaterials, vol. 106, pp. 58-68, 2016.   DOI
80 C.Y. Lee, C.L. Chang, Y.N. Wang, and L.M. Fu, "Microfluidic mixing: A review," Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 3263-3287, 2011.   DOI
81 Y.Z. Liu, B.J. Kim, and H.J. Sung, "Two-fluid mixing in a microchannel," Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 986-995, 2004.   DOI
82 A. D. Stroock, "Chaotic Mixer for Microchannels," Science (80-. )., vol. 295, no. 5555, pp. 647-651, 2002.   DOI
83 N. S. G. K. Devaraju and M. A. Unger, "Pressure driven digital logic in PDMS based microfluidic devices fabricated by multilayer soft lithography," Lab Chip, vol. 12, no. 22, p.4809, 2012.   DOI
84 T. Braschler et al., "A virtual valve for smooth contamination-free flow switching," Lab Chip, vol. 7, no. 9, p. 1111, 2007.   DOI
85 C.M. Owens, F. Marga, G. Forgacs, and C. M. Heesch, "Biofabrication and testing of a fully cellular nerve graft," 2013.
86 J. Visser et al., "Biofabrication of multi-material anatomically shaped tissue constructs," Biofabrication, vol. 5, no. 3, 2013.
87 S.P. Grogan et al., "Acta Biomaterialia Digital micromirror device projection printing system for meniscus tissue engineering," Acta Biomater., vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 7218-7226, 2013.   DOI
88 S. Michael et al., "Tissue Engineered Skin Substitutes Created by Laser- Assisted Bioprinting Form Skin-Like Structures in the Dorsal Skin Fold Chamber in Mice," vol. 8, no.3, 2013.
89 "A 3D bioprinted complex structure for engineering the muscle- tendon unit.pdf." .
90 Y. Zhao, R. Yao, L. Ouyang, and H. Ding, "Three-dimensional printing of Hela cells for cervical tumor model in vitro," 2014.
91 M. Gruene, "Adipogenic differentiation of laser-printed 3D tissue grafts consisting of human adipose-derived stem cells," 2011.
92 J.J. Song, J.P. Guyette, S.E. Gilpin, G. Gonzalez, J.P. Vacanti, and H. C. Ott, "Regeneration and experimental orthotopic transplantation of a bioengineered kidney," Nat. Med., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 646-651, 2013.   DOI
93 H. Onoe et al., "Metre-long cell-laden microfibres exhibit tissue morphologies and functions," Nat. Mater., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 584-590, 2013.   DOI
94 A. Terray and S.J. Hart, "'Off-the-shelf' 3-D microfluidic nozzle," Lab Chip, vol. 10, no. 13, p. 1729, 2010.   DOI
95 J.B. Knight, A. Vishwanath, J.P. Brody, and R.H. Austin, "Hydrodynamic focusing on a silicon chip: Mixing nanoliters in microseconds," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 80, no. 17, pp. 3863-3866, 1998.   DOI
96 R. Aoki, M. Yamada, M. Yasuda, and M. Seki, "In-channel focusing of flowing microparticles utilizing hydrodynamic filtration," Microfluid. Nanofluidics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 571-576, 2009.   DOI
97 X. Xuan, J. Zhu, and C. Church, "Particle focusing in microfluidic devices," Microfluid. Nanofluidics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 2010.   DOI
98 R.P. Visconti, V. Kasyanov, C. Gentile, J. Zhang, R. R. Markwald, and V. Mironov, "Towards organ printing: engineering an intra-organ branched vascular tree," Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 409-420, 2010.   DOI
99 J.M. Perez-Pomares, V. Mironov, J.A. Guadix, D. Macias, R. R. Markwald, and R. Munoz-Chapuli, "In vitro selfassembly of proepicardial cell aggregates: An embryonic vasculogenic model for vascular tissue engineering," Anatomical Record - Part A Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology, vol. 288, no. 7. pp. 700-713, 2006.
100 J. Kreuter, "Nanoparticles and microparticles for drug and vaccine delivery.," J. Anat., vol. 189 (Pt 3, no. Ii, pp. 503-505, 1996.
101 V.T. Duong et al., "Twenty-Day Culturing of Tubular Scaffolds Using Micro- Connector With Heart-Mimicking Medium Pumping for Blood Vessel Modeling," MicroTAS 2017, 2017.
102 D. Oh, S. Lee, K. Koo, and J. Seo, "6th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering," vol. 45, pp. 322-325, 2015.
103 C.J. Ferris, K.G. Gilmore, G.G. Wallace, and M. In Het Panhuis, "Biofabrication: An overview of the approaches used for printing of living cells," Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 97, no. 10, pp. 4243-4258, 2013.   DOI
104 Y.C. Li, Y.S. Zhang, A. Akpek, S.R. Shin, and A. Khademhosseini, "4D bioprinting: The next-generation technology for biofabrication enabled by stimuli-responsive materials," Biofabrication, vol. 9, no. 1, 2017.
105 J. An, C.K. Chua, and V. Mironov, "A Perspective on 4D Bioprinting," Int. J. Bioprinting, vol. 2, no. 0, pp. 3-5, 2016.
106 J.S. Miller et al., "Rapid casting of patterned vascular networks for perfusable engineered three-dimensional tissues," Nat. Mater., vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 768-774, 2012.   DOI
107 T.J. Hinton et al., "Three-dimensional printing of complex biological structures by freeform reversible embedding of suspended... Three-dimensional printing of complex biological structures by freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels," no. Oct., 2015.
108 D. L. D. Bourell, J. J. Beaman, M. C. Leu, and D. W. Rosen, "A brief history of additive manufacturing and the 2009 roadmap for additive manufacturing: looking back and looking ahead," US-Turkey Work. …, no. 2, pp. 2005-2005, 2009.
109 R.U.S.A. Data, P.E.H. Silbaugh, and A.E.L. Fertig, "Date of Patent : U.S. Patent," no. 19, 1990.
110 M. Nakamura, S. Iwanaga, C. Henmi, K. Arai, and Y. Nishiyama, "Biomatrices and biomaterials for future developments of bioprinting and biofabrication," Biofabrication, vol. 2, no. 1, 2010.
111 M. Nakamura et al., "Biocompatible Inkjet Printing Technique for Designed Seeding of Individual Living Cells," Tissue Eng., vol. 11, no. 11-12, pp. 1658-1666, 2005.   DOI
112 C.H. Droplets, S. Moon, D. Ph, S.K. Hasan, Y.S. Song, and D. Ph, "Layer by Layer Three-Dimensional Tissue," vol. 16, no. 1, 2010.
113 S.V. Murphy and A. Atala, "3D bioprinting of tissues and organs," Nat. Biotechnol., vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 773-785, 2014.   DOI
114 F. Pati et al., "Printing three-dimensional tissue analogues with decellularized extracellular matrix bioink," Nat. Commun., vol. 5, pp. 1-11, 2014.
115 L. Koch et al., "Laser printing of skin cells and human stem cells," Tissue Eng Part C Methods, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 847-854, 2010.   DOI
116 M. Gruene et al., "Laser Printing of Stem Cells for Biofabrication of Scaffold-Free Autologous Grafts," Tissue Eng. Part C Methods, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 79-87, 2011.   DOI
117 M. Gruene et al., "Laser Printing of Three-Dimensional Multicellular Arrays for Studies of Cell-Cell and Cell-Environment Interactions," Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods, vol. 17, no. 10. pp. 973-982, 2011.   DOI
118 and K. K. Ru Dai, Zongjie Wang, Roya Samanipour, Kyoin Koo, "Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications," Stem Cells Int., vol. Volume 201, p. 19, 2016.
119 E.D.F. Ker et al., "Engineering spatial control of multiple differentiation fates within a stem cell population," Biomaterials, vol. 32, no. 13, pp. 3413-3422, 2011.   DOI
120 J.A. Phillippi, E. Miller, L. Weiss, J. Huard, A. Waggoner, and P. Campbell, "Microenvironments Engineered by Inkjet Bioprinting Spatially Direct Adult Stem Cells Toward Muscle-and Bone-Like Subpopulations," Stem Cells, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 127-134, 2008.   DOI
121 T. Xu, J. Jin, C. Gregory, J. J. Hickman, and T. Boland, "Inkjet printing of viable mammalian cells," Biomaterials, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 93-99, 2005.   DOI
122 T. Xu et al., "Viability and electrophysiology of neural cell structures generated by the inkjet printing method," Biomaterials, vol. 27, no. 19, pp. 3580-3588, 2006.   DOI
123 Z. Wang, R. Abdulla, B. Parker, R. Samanipour, S. Ghosh, and K. Kim, "A simple and high-resolution stereolithography-based 3D bioprinting system using visible light crosslinkable bioinks," Biofabrication, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 45009, 2015.   DOI
124 R. Chang, J. Nam, and W. Sun, "Effects of Dispensing Pressure and Nozzle Diameter on Cell Survival from Solid Freeform Fabrication-Based Direct Cell Writing," Tissue Engineering Part A, vol. 14, no. 1. pp. 41-48, 2008.   DOI
125 R. Gauvin et al., "Microfabrication of complex porous tissue engineering scaffolds using 3D projection stereolithography," Biomaterials, vol. 33, no. 15, pp. 3824-3834, 2012.   DOI
126 A. Tirella et al., "Substrate stiffness influences high resolution printing of living cells with an ink-jet system," J. Biosci. Bioeng., vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 79-85, 2011.   DOI
127 E.A. Roth, T. Xu, M. Das, C. Gregory, J.J. Hickman, and T. Boland, "Inkjet printing for high-throughput cell patterning," Biomaterials, vol. 25, no. 17, pp. 3707-3715, 2004.   DOI