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Hardness Correction Algorithm Applicable to Korea as Related to Aquatic Toxicity Variation for Heavy Metals  

An, Youn-Joo (Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University)
Yang, Chang-Yong (Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University)
Nam, Sun-Hwa (Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University)
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Abstract
Water hardness is a significant parameter as related to aquatic toxicity of some heavy metals. Hardness dependent metals include cadmium, copper, chromium (III), nickel, lead, zinc and silver. Developed countries have applied the hardness correction procedure to derive the water quality criteria for protecting the aquatic organisms. In the present study, we investigated the hardness correction algorithms used in United States of America, European Union, Australia/New Zealand, and Canada, and analyzed the details associated with those algorithms. Toxicity values of heavy metals were definitely different after hardness correction for all of algorithms analyzed. We found that the hardness corrected toxicity values followed by the algorithms of USA and Australia/New Zealand were very similar or same, however they were slightly different for cadmium at the hardness less than 30 mg $CaCO_3\;L^{-1}$. Among the hardness correction algorithms studied, the algorithm used in Australia/New Zealand appears to be a good choice to apply in Korean situation due to its simplicity compared to the algorithm of USA.
Keywords
water hardness; hardness correction; aquatic toxicity; heavy metal;
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