Browse > Article

Antisense DNAs as Targeted Genetic Medicine to Treat Cancer  

Chochung, Yoo-S. (Cellular Biochemistry Section, Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute)
Publication Information
Archives of Pharmacal Research / v.26, no.3, 2003 , pp. 183-191 More about this Journal
Abstract
Nucleic acid therapies represent a direct genetic approach for cancer treatment. Such an approach takes advantage of mechanisms that activate genes known to confer a growth advantage to neoplastic cells. The ability to block the expression of these genes allows exploration of normal growth regulation. Progress in antisense technology has been rapid, and the traditional antisense inhibition of gene expression is now viewed on a genomic scale. This global view has led to a new vision in antisense technology, the elimination of nonspecific and undesirable side effects, and ultimately, the generation of more effective and less toxic nucleic acid medicines. Several antisense oligonucleotides are in clinical trials, are well tolerated, and are potentially active therapeutically. Antisense oligonucleotides are promising molecular medicines for treating human cancer in the near future.
Keywords
Antisense; Oligonucleotides; Cancer; Chemotherapy; Gene expression; Growth inhibition;
Citations & Related Records

Times Cited By Web Of Science : 4  (Related Records In Web of Science)
Times Cited By SCOPUS : 6
연도 인용수 순위
1 Agrawal, S., Antisense oligonucleotides: towards clinical trials. Trends Biotechnol., 14, 376-387 (1996a)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
2 Agrawal, S. and Zhao, Q., Mixed backbone oligonucleotdes: improvement in oligonucleotide-induced toxicity in vivo. Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 8, 135-139 (1998a)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
3 Chi, K. N., Gleave, M. E., Klasa, R., Murray, N., Bryce, C., Lopes de Menezes, D. E., D'Aloisio, S., and Tolcher, A. W., A phase I dose-finding study of combined treatment with an antisense Bcl-2 oligonucleotide (Genasense) and mitoxantrone in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer. Res., 7, 3920-3927 (2001)   PUBMED
4 Citro, G., D'Agnano, I., Leonetti, C., Perini, R., Bucci, B., Zon, G., Calabretta, B., and Zupi, G., c-myc antisense oligodeoxynucleotides enhance the efficacy of cisplatin in melanoma chemotherapy in vitro and in nude mice. Cancer Res., 58, 283-289 (1998)   PUBMED
5 Cowsert, L. M., In vitro and in vivo activity of antisense inhibitors of ras: potential for clinical development. Anticancer Drug Des., 12, 359-371 (1997)   PUBMED
6 Dove, A., Antisense and sensibility. Nat. Biotechnol., 20, 121-124 (2002)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
7 Guvakova, M. A., Yakubov, L. A., Vlodavsky, I., Tonkinson, J. L., and Stein, C. A., Phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides bind to basic fibroblast growth factor, inhibit its binding to cell surface receptors, and remove it from low affinity binding sites on extracellular matrix. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 2620-2627 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Harada, H., Becknell, B., Wilm, M., Huang, L. J., Taylor, S. S., Scott, J. D., and Korsmeyer, S. J., Phosphorylation and inactivation of BAD by mitochondria-anchored protein kinase A. Mol. Cell., 3, 413-422 (1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Hendrzak, J. A. and Brunda, M. J., Interleukin-12. Biologic activity, therapeutic utility, and role in disease. Lab. Invest., 72, 619-637 (1995)   PUBMED
10 Jansen, B., Wacheck, V., Heere-Ress, E., Schlagbauer-Wadl, H., Hoeller, C., Lucas, T., Hoermann, M., Hollenstein, U., Wolff, K., and Pehamberger, H., Chemosensitisation of malignant melanoma by Bcl-2 antisense therapy. Lancet., 356, 1728-1733 (2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
11 McDaid, H. M., Cairns, M. T., Atkinson, R. I., McAleer, S., Harkin, D. P., Gilmore, P., and Johnston, P. G., Increased expression of the RI$\alpha$ subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A is associated with advanced stage of ovarian cancer. Br. J. Cancer., 79, 933-939 (1999)   DOI   PUBMED
12 Metelev, V., Liszlewicz, J., and Agrawal, S., Study of antisense oligonucleotide phosphorothioates containing segments of oligodeoxynucleotides and 2'-O-methyloligoribonucleotides. Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett., 4, 2929-2934 (1994)   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Miller, W. R., Watson, D. M. A., Jack, W., Chetty, U., and Elton, R. A., Tumor cyclic AMP binding proteins: An independent prognostic factor for disease recurrence and survival in breast cancer. Breast. Cancer. Res. Treat., 26, 89-94 (1993b)   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Nesterova, M. and Cho-Chung, Y. S., Oligonucleotide sequencespecific inhibition of gene expression, tumor growth inhibition, and modulation of cAMP signaling by an RNA-DNA hybrid antisense targeted to protein kinase A RI$\alpha$ subunit. Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development, 10, 423-433 (2000)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
15 Tortora, G., Bianco, R., Damiano, V., Fontanini, G., De Placido, S., Bianco, A. R., and Ciardiello, F., Oral antisense that targets protein kinase A cooperates with taxol and inhibits tumor growth, angiogenesis, and growth factor production. Clin. Cancer Res., 6, 2506-2512 (2000)   PUBMED
16 Nesterova, M. V., Yokozaki, H., McDuffie, L., and Cho-Chung, Y. S., Overexpression of RII regulatory subunit of protein kinase A in human colon carcinoma cell induces growth arrest and phenotypic changes that are abolished by site-directed mutation of RII$\beta$. Eur. J. Biochem., 235, 486-494 (1996)   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Steinberg, R. A. and Agard, D. A., Turnover of regulatory subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in S49 mouse lymphoma cells. Regulation by catalytic subunit and analogs of cyclic AMP. J. Biol. Chem., 256, 10731-10734 (1981)   PUBMED
18 Tamm, I., Dorken, B., and Hartmann, G., Antisense therapy in oncology: new hope for an old idea? Lancet., 358, 489-497 (2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Uhlmann, E., Oligonucleotide technologies: synthesis, production, regulations and applications. 29-30th November 2000, Hamburg, Germany. Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther., 1, 319-328 (2001)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
20 Wang, Y. and Patel, D. J., Solution structure of a parallelstranded G-quadruplex DNA. J. Mol. Biol., 234, 1171-1183 (1993)   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Yang, W. L., Iacono, L., Tang, W. M., and Chin, K. V., Novel function of the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A: regulation of cytochrome c oxidase activity and cytochrome c release. Biochemistry, 37, 14175-14180 (1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Yokozaki, H., Budillon, A., Tortora, G., Meissner, S., Beaucage, S. L., Miki, K., and Cho-Chung, Y. S., An antisense oligodeoxynucleotide that depletes RI$\alpha$ subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase induces growth inhibition in human cancer cells. Cancer Res., 53, 868-872 (1993)   PUBMED
23 Gewirtz, A. M., Oligonucleotide therapeutics: a step forward. J. Clin. Oncol., 18, 1809-1811 (2000)   DOI   PUBMED
24 Young, M. R., Montpettit, I. M., Lozano, Y., Djordjevic, A., Devata, S., Matthews, I. P., Yedavalli, S., and Chejfec, G., Regulation of Lewis lung carcinoma invasion and metastasis by protein kinase A. Int. J. Cancer, 61, 104-109 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Geiger, T., Muller, M., Dean, N.M., and Fabbro, D., Antitumor activity of a PKC-$\alpha$ antisense oligonucleotide in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents against various human tumors transplanted into nude mice. Anticancer Drug Des., 13, 35-45 (1998)   PUBMED
26 Stein, C. and Cheng, Y.-A., Antisense inhibition of gene expression, In V. DeVita, S. Rosenberg and S. Hellman, Eds. Principles and Practice of Oncology. New York, Lippincott, pp. 3059-3074 (1997)
27 Shibahara, S., Mukai, S., Morisawa, H., Nakashima, H., Kobayashi, S., and Yamamoto, N., Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) replication by synthetic oligo-RNA derivatives. Nucleic Acids. Res., 17, 239-252   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Waters, J. S., Webb, A., Cunningham, D., Clarke, P. A., Raynaud, F., di Stefano, F., and Cotter, F. E., Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide therapy in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol., 18, 1812-1823 (2000)   DOI   PUBMED
29 Bold, R. J., Alpard, S., Ishizuka, J., Townsend, Jr. C. M., and Thompson, J. C., Growth-regulatory effect of gastrin on human colon cancer cell lines is determined by protein kinase a isoform content. Regul. Pept., 53, 61-70 (1994)   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Amieux, P. S., Cummings, D. E., Motamed, K., Brandon, E. P., Wailes, L. A., Le, K., Idzerda, R. L., and McKnight, G. S., Compensatory regulation of RIalpha protein levels in protein kinase A mutant mice. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 3993-3998 (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Krieg, A. M., Yi, A. K., Matson, S., Waldschmidt, T. J., Bishop, G. A., Teasdale, R., Koretzky, G. A., and Klinman, D. M., CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation. Nature, 374, 546-549 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Calabretta, B. and Skorski, T., Targeting c-myc in leukemia. Anticancer Drug Des., 12, 373-381 (1997)   PUBMED
33 Cho-Chung, Y. S., Antisense DNAs as targeted therapeutics for cancer: No longer a dream. Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 3, 934-939 (2002)
34 Fennewald, S. M. and Rando, R. F., Inhibition of high affinity basic fibroblast growth factor binding by oligonucleotides. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 21718-21721 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Monia, B. P., Lesnik, E. A., Gonzalez, C., Lima, W. F., McGee, D., Guinosso, C. J., Kawasaki, A. M., Cook, P. D., and Freier, S. M., Evaluation of 2'-modified oligonucleotides containing 2'-deoxygaps as antisense inhibitors of gene expression. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 14514-14522 (1993)   PUBMED
36 Simpson, B. J. B., Ramage, A. D., Hulme, M. J., Burns, D. J., Katsaros, D., Langdon, S. P., and Miller, W. R., Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-binding proteins in human ovarian cancer: Correlations with clinicapachological features. Clin. Cancer Res., 2, 201-206 (1996)   PUBMED
37 Strieter, R. M., Standiford, T. J., Huffnagle, G. B., Colletti, L. M., Lukacs, N. W., and Kunkel, S. L., “The good, the bad, and the ugly.” The role of chemokines in models of human disease. J. Immunol., 156, 3583-3586 (1996)   PUBMED
38 Cho-Chung, Y. S., Clair, T., Tagliaferri, P., Ally, S., Katsaros, D., Tortora, G., Neckers, L., Avery, T. L., Crabtree, G. W., and Robins, R. K., Site-selective cyclic AMP analogs as new biological tools in growth control, differentiation and protooncogene regulation. Cancer Inv., 7, 161-177 (1989)   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Alizadeh, A. A., Eisen, M. B., Davis, R. E., Ma, C., Lossos, I. S., Rosenwald, A., Boldrick, J. C., Sabet, H., Tran, T., Yu, X., Powell, J. I., Yang, L., Marti, G. E., Moore, T., Hudson, J., Lu, Jr., L., Lewis, D. B., Tibshirani, R., Sherlock, G., Chan, W. C., Greiner, T.C., Weisenburger, D. D., Armitage, J. O., Warnke, R., Staudt, L. M., Levy, R., Wilson, W., Grevor, M. R., Byrd, J. C., Botstein, D., and Brown, P. O., Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature, 403, 503-511 (2000)/ࠀ患⨀儀덀倀Ѐꠏ?⨀Ā쀒렄⨀Ѐं덐蠒?⨀蠏?⨀䀀Ȁ衕잖⨀뀛?⨀섂돀烫?⨀塨?⨀联잖⨀怂⨀餂덐ꢎ⨀頂堕?⨀联잖⨀ЀЀ܀退㄀푄ሄ怕?⨀뢣⨀䤀礀䀐䲜Ā䀀ሀĀࠀࢤ憭憭¥憭₥憭ᢣ徨塓ꂛ쁶잖⨀ᨀ笀㪬Ā䀀ሀĀ਀뀽ᄊ?ᄊᄊᄊ颷㒰낷㒰졷잖⨀଀礀존뚓   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Alper, O., Hacker, N. F., and Cho-Chung, Y. S., Protein kinase A RI$\alpha$ subunit-directed antisense inhibition of ovarian cancer cell growth: crosstalk with tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. Oncogene, 18, 4999-5004 (1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Stein, C. and Krieg, A., Applied Antisense Oligonucleotide Technology. New York, NY, Wiley-Liss, Inc. (1998)
42 Dorr, F., Antisense Oligonucleotides in the Treatment of Cancer. Antisense Nucleic. Acid. Drug Dev., 9, 391-396 (1999)
43 Srivastava, R. K., Srivastava, A. R., Korsmeyer, S. J., Nesterova, M., Cho-Chung, Y. S., and Longo, D. L., Involvement of microtubules in the regulation of Bcl2 phosphorylation and apoptosis through cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Mol. Cell Biol., 18,3509-3517 (1998a)   DOI   PUBMED
44 Agrawal, S., Jiang, Z., Zhao, Q., Shaw, D., Cai, Q., Roskey, A., Channavajjala, L., Saxinger, C., and Zhang, R., Mixed-backbone oligonucleotides as second generation antisense oligonucleotides: in vitro and in vivo studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 2620 (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Ciardiello, F., Pepe, S., Bianco, C., Baldassarre, G., Ruggiero, A., Selvam, M. P., Bianco, A. R., and Tortora, G., Downregulation of RIa subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase induces growth inhibition of human mammary epithelial cells transformed by c-Ha-ras and c-erbB-2 proto-oncogenes. Int. J. Cancer, 53, 438-443 (1993)   DOI   PUBMED
46 Srivastava, R. K., Srivastava, A. R., Seth, P., Agrawal, S., and Cho-Chung, Y. S., Growth arrest and induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells by antisense depletion of protein kinase A-RI alpha subunit: p53-independent mechanism of action. Mol. Cell Biochem., 195, 25-36 (1999)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
47 Wickstrom, E., Clinical Trials of Genetic Therapy with Antisense DNA and DNA Vectors. New York, Marcel Dekker (1998)
48 Cho, Y. S., Kim, M.-K., Cheadle, C., Neary, C., Becker, K. G., and Cho-Chung, Y. S., Antisense DNAs as multisite genomic modulators identified by DNA microarray. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 9819-9823 (2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Crooke, S., Antisense Research and Application. New York, Springer (1998)
50 Klinman, D. M., Yi, A. K., Beaucage, S. L., Conover, J., and Krieg, A. M., CpG motifs present in bacteria DNA rapidly induce lymphocytes to secrete interleukin 6, interleukin 12, and interferon gamma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 2879-2883 (1996)   DOI
51 Tortora, G., Ciardiello, F., Ally, S., Clair, T., Salomon, D. S., and Cho-Chung, Y. S., Site-selective 8-chloroadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate inhibits transformation and transforming growth factor alpha production in Ki-ras-transformed rat fibroblasts. FEBS Lett., 242, 363-367 (1989)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
52 Agrawal, S., Antisense therapeutics. New Jersey, Humana Press (1996b)
53 Handschin, J. S. and Eppenberger, U., Altered cellular ratio of type I and type II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in human mammary tumors. FEBS Lett., 106, 301-304 (1979)   DOI   ScienceOn
54 Sharma, H., Hsiao, W. R., and Narayanan, R., Telomerase as a potential molecular target to study G-quartet phosphorothioates. Antisense Nucleic. Acid Drug Dev., 6, 3-7 (1996)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
55 Nesterova, M. and Cho-Chung, Y. S., A single-injection protein kinase A-directed antisense treatment to inhibit humor growth. Nat. Med., 1, 528-633 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
56 Cho-Chung, Y. S., Nesterova, M., Pepe, S., Lee, G. R., Noguchi, K., Srivastava, R. K., Srivastava, A. R., Alper, O., Park, Y. G., and Lee, Y. N., Antisense DNA-targeting protein kinase ARI a subunit: a novel approach to cancer treatment. Front. Biosci., 4, D898-907 (1999)   DOI   PUBMED
57 Gewirtz, A. M., Antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics for human leukemia. Curr. Opin. Hematol., 5, 59-71 (1998)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
58 Paterson, B. M., Roberts, B. E., and Kuff, E. L., Structural gene identification and mapping by DNA-mRNA hybrid-arrested cell-free translation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74, 4370-4374 (1977)   DOI   ScienceOn
59 Schena, M., Shalon, D., Davis, R. W., and Brown, P. O., Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray. Science, 270, 467-470 (1995)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
60 Monia, B. P., First- and second-generation antisense inhibitors targeted to human c- raf kinase: in vitro and in vivo studies. Anticancer Drug Des., 12, 327-339 (1997)   PUBMED
61 Cho-Chung, Y. S., Clair, T., Tortora, G., and Yokozaki, H., Role of site-selective cAMP analogs in the control and reversal of malignancy. Pharmac. Ther., 50, 1-33 (1991)   DOI   ScienceOn
62 Tortora, G., Caputo, R., Damiano, V., Bianco, R., Fontanini, G., Cuccato, S., De Placido, S., Bianco, A. R., and Ciardiello, F., Combined blockade of protein kinase A and bcl-2 by antisense strategy induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis. Clin. Cancer Res., 7, 2537-2544 (2001)   PUBMED
63 Akhtar, S. and Agrawal, S., In vivo studies with antisense oligonucleotides. Trends Pharmacol Sci., 18, 12-18 (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
64 Bradbury, A. W., Carter, D. C., Miller, W. R., Cho-Chung, Y. S., and Clair, T., Protein kinase A (PK-A) regulatory subunit epxression in colorectal cancer and related mucosa. Br. J. Cancer, 69, 738-742 (1994)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
65 Srivastava, R. K., Srivastava, A. R., Park, Y. G., Agrawal, S., and Cho-Chung, Y., Antisense depletion of R1-alpha subunit of protein kinase A induces apoptosis and growth arrest in human breast cancer cells, Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 49, 97 (1998b)   DOI   ScienceOn
66 Miller, W. R., Hulme, M. J., Cho-Chung, Y. S., and Elton, R. A., Types of cyclic AMP binding proteins in human breast cancers. Eur. J. Cancer, 29A, 989-991 (1993a)   PUBMED
67 Gordge, P. C., Hulme, M. J., Clegg, R. A., and Miller, W. R., Elevation of protein kinase A and protein kinase C activities in malignant as compared with normal human breast tissue. Eur. J. Cancer, 32A, 2120-2126 (1996)   PUBMED
68 Nesterova, M., Noguchi, K., Park, Y. G., Lee, Y. N., and Cho- Chung, Y. S., Compensatory stabilization of RII$\beta$ protein, cell cycle deregulation, and growth arrest in colon and prostate carcinoma cells by antisense-directed down-regulation of protein kinase A RI$\alpha$ protein. Clinical. Cancer. Research, 6, 3434-3441 (2000)
69 Tortora, G., Yokozaki, H., Pepe, S., Clair, T., and Cho-Chung, Y. S., Differentiation of HL-60 leukemia cells by type I regulatory subunit antisense oligodeoxynucleotide of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 2011-2015 (1991b)   DOI   ScienceOn
70 Chen, L., Agrawal, S., Zhou, W., Zhang, R., and Chen, J., Synergistic activation of p53 by inhibition of MDM2 expression and DNA damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 195-200 (1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
71 Pisetsky, D. S., Immune activation by bacterial DNA: a new genetic code. Immunity, 5, 303-310 (1996)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
72 Bennett, C. F., Antisense oligonucleotides: is the glass half full or half empty? Biochem. Pharmacol., 55, 9-19 (1998)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
73 Zamecnik, P. and Stephenson, M., Inhibition of Rous sarcoma virus replication and cell transformation by a specific oligodeoxynucleotide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 280-284 (1978)   DOI   ScienceOn
74 Tortora, G., Pepe, S., Yokozaki, H., Meissner, S., and Cho- Chung, Y. S., Cooperative effect of 8-Cl-cAMP and rhGMCSF on the differentiation of HL-60 human leukemia cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 177, 1133-1140 (1991a)   DOI   ScienceOn
75 Zhang, R., Zeng, X. F., Bowman, J. D., and Agrawal, S., Growth inhibition of human lung cancer A549 xenografts in nude mice following oral administration of mixed-backbone oligonucleotides targeted at protein kinase A. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 39, 3522 (1998)
76 Buolamwini, J. K., Novel anticancer drug discovery. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 3, 500-509 (1999)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
77 Chen, H. X., Marshall, J. L., Ness, E., Martin, R. R., Dvorchik, B., Rizvi, N., Marquis, I., McKinlay, M., Dahut, W., and Hawkins, M. J., A safety and pharmacokinetic study of a mixed-backbone oligonucleotide (GEM 231) targeting the type I protein kinase A by 2-hour infusions in patients with refractory solid tumors. Clin. Cancer. Res., 6, 1259-1266 (2000)   PUBMED
78 Krieg, A. M., Leukocyte stimulation by oligodeoxynucleotides, In C. A. Stein and A. M. Krieg, Eds. Applied Antisense Oligonucleotide Technology. New York, Wiley-Liss, pp. 431-448 (1998)
79 Tortora, G., Caputo, R., Damiano, V., Bioance, R., Peppe, S., and et al., Synergistic inhibition of human cancer cell growth by cytotoxic drugs and mixed backbone antisense oligonucleotides targeting protein kinase A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 12586-12591 (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
80 Agrawal, S. and Zhao, Q., Antisense therapeutics. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 2, 519-528 (1998b)   DOI   ScienceOn
81 Cho, Y. S., Kim, M. K., Tan, L., Srivastava, R., Agrawal, S., and Cho-Chung, Y. S., Protein kinase A RI$\alpha$ antisense inhibition of PC3M prostate cancer cell growth: Bcl-2 hyperphosphorylation, Bax up-regulation, and Bad- hypophosphorylation. Clin. Cancer. Res., 8, 607-614 (2002)   PUBMED
82 Krebs, E. G., Protein kinases. Curr. Top. Cell. Regul., 5, 99-133 (1972)   PUBMED
83 Zhao, Q., Temsamani, J., Zhou, R. Z., and Agrawal, S., Pattern and kinetics of cytokine production following administration of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in mice. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 7, 495-502 (1997)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
84 Wyatt, J. R. and Stein, C. A., G-quartet inhibitory effects of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, In L. Rabbani, Eds. Applications of Antisense Therapies to Restenosis. Norwell, Kluwer Acad (1999)
85 Cho-Chung, Y. S., Antisense and therapeutic oligonucleotides: toward a gene-targeting cancer clinic. Exp. Opin. Ther. Patent., 10, 1711-1724 (2000)   DOI
86 Klasa, R. J., Gillum, A. M., Klem, R. E., and Frankel, S. R., Oblimersen Bcl-2 antisense: facilitating apoptosis in anticancer treatment. Antisense Nucleic. Acid. Drug Dev., 12, 193-213 (2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
87 Luger, S. M., O'Brien, S. G., Ratajczak, J., Ratajczak, M. Z., Mick, R., Stadtmauer, E. A., Nowell, P. C., Goldman, J. M., and Gewirtz, A. M., Oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated inhibition of c-myb gene expression in autografted bone marrow: a pilot study. Blood., 99, 1150-1158 (2002)   DOI   ScienceOn